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Ig levels distribution in the presence of IE. The bar graph shows the comparison among immunoglobulins data at 25 (light gray), 50 (gray) and 75 percentile (black) between H group (n = 423) and IE group (n = 477)
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Background:
Colostrum is the primary source of maternal immunoglobulin A (IgA) for the newborn. IgA participates in protection and regulation mechanisms of the immune response at the neonate's mucosa. Several studies have evaluated infectious diseases and vaccine protocols effects during pregnancy on maternal milk IgA levels, with the aim to under...
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Citations
... 15 La leche materna no es solo una fuente de nutrimentos para el bebé; también es un vehículo para una amplia variedad de componentes bioactivos, incluidos los microorganismos, que contribuyen a la composición de la microbiota de la leche materna, incluidos los prebióticos, probióticos, inmunoglobulinas y otros factores que promueven el crecimiento y la colonización de bacterias beneficiosas en el intestino del bebé. [16][17][18][19][20][21][22] La composición de la microbiota de la leche materna puede variar entre mujeres y también a lo largo del tiempo. Se han detectado diferentes géneros bacterianos en la leche materna, como: Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, y otros. ...
El establecimiento de la microbiota intestinal del recién nacido es un proceso crucial que ocurre durante el nacimiento y la lactancia, jugando un papel fundamental en el desarrollo del sistema inmunológico y la salud del bebé a lo largo de su vida. En esta pequeña revisión exponemos los principales componentes de la microbiota neonatal y damos un panorama general de su efecto en el desarrollo de la respuesta inmunológica en el intestino del recién nacido.
... Serum IgA is mainly composed of IgA1, while intestinal secretory IgA is mainly IgA2 [13]. Secretory IgA2 protects against potentially harmful pathogens [14]. Serum IgA level has not been shown to be a predictive factor for PSC in previous studies [15,16], whereas our present data indicated that high serum IgA was predictive of poor survival. ...
Background/purpose:
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare chronic liver disease. The mechanisms and prediction of PSC progression are unclear. Recent investigations have shown that general conditions, such as oxidative stress, affect the course of chronic diseases. We investigated the clinical course and oxidative stress-related condition of PSC to determine prognostic factors.
Methods:
We recruited 58 patients with PSC (mean age; 37.4 years, mean observation period; 1382 days) who visited our department from 2003 to 2021. Clinical characteristics were investigated to define prognostic factors. Oxidative stress status was evaluated using two types of markers: an oxidative stress marker (serum reactive oxygen metabolite; dROM) and an antioxidant marker (serum OXY adsorbent test; OXY).
Results:
The revised Mayo risk, Child-Pugh, model for end-stage liver disease-sodium (MELD-Na) scores or fibrosis-related FIB-4 index significantly predicted poor overall survival. High intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) levels predicted poor survival. Among patients with high and intermediate revised Mayo risk scores, those with physiologically high dROM levels showed better survival than those with lower dROM levels. In this population, dROM was negatively correlated with AST and IgA, which are both correlated with survival.
Conclusions:
High and intermediate revised Mayo risk score group predicted a poor clinical course in PSC. Additionally, the Child-Pugh score, MELD-Na score, FIB-4 index, and serum IgA were significantly correlated with survival. In patients with high and intermediate revised Mayo risk scores, physiologically high oxidative stress status correlated with low IgA levels and a good prognosis.
... Detection of IgA1 and IgA2 in saliva was performed by developing a sandwich ELISA previously reported (29). We used flat bottom microtiter plates (Thermo Scientific) that were coated overnight at 4°C with 1 µg/mL of anti-human Ig light chain antibody in 0.2 M Na 2 CO 3 / NaHCO 3 , pH: 9.4. ...
Introduction
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is the main antibody isotype in body fluids such as tears, intestinal mucous, colostrum, and saliva. There are two subtypes of IgA in humans: IgA1, mainly present in blood and mucosal sites, and IgA2, preferentially expressed in mucosal sites like the colon. In clinical practice, immunoglobulins are typically measured in venous or capillary blood; however, alternative samples, including saliva, are now being considered, given their non-invasive and easy collection nature. Several autoimmune diseases have been related to diverse abnormalities in oral mucosal immunity, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren’s syndrome, and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
Methods
We decided to evaluate the levels of both IgA subtypes in the saliva of SLE patients. A light chain capture-based ELISA measured specific IgA1 and IgA2 levels in a cohort of SLE patients compared with age and gender-matched healthy volunteers.
Results
Surprisingly, our results indicated that in the saliva of SLE patients, total IgA and IgA1 subtype were significantly elevated; we also found that salivary IgA levels, particularly IgA2, positively correlate with anti-dsDNA IgG antibody titers. Strikingly, we also detected the presence of salivary anti-nucleosome IgA antibodies in SLE patients, a feature not previously reported elsewhere.
Conclusions
According to our results and upon necessary validation, IgA characterization in saliva could represent a potentially helpful tool in the clinical care of SLE patients with the advantage of being a more straightforward, faster, and safer method than manipulating blood samples.
... It has been reported that, in most cases, IgA2 levels are slightly higher than IgA1 in colostrum [25,26]. The concentrations of IgA1 and IgA2 in colostrum vary according to infectious diseases and or immunizations during pregnancy [25]. ...
... It has been reported that, in most cases, IgA2 levels are slightly higher than IgA1 in colostrum [25,26]. The concentrations of IgA1 and IgA2 in colostrum vary according to infectious diseases and or immunizations during pregnancy [25]. The results from this study also show the predominance of total IgA2 over IgA1. ...
... 1132249) were coated with 100 μL of H. pylori antigen solution. Helicobacterium pylori antigen adjusted to 2 μg/mL in carbonates buffer (pH 9.6) and incubated overnight at 4°C as previously described [25,60]. The plate wells were blocked with 200 μL of 5% of BSA (Sigma-Aldrich Company®, USA, Cat. ...
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative bacterium found on the luminal surface of the gastric mucosa in at least 50% of the world's human population. The protective effect of breastfeeding against H. pylori infection has been extensively reported; however, the mechanisms behind this protection remain poorly understood. Human IgA from colostrum has reactivity against H. pylori antigens. Despite that IgA1 and IgA2 display structural and functional differences, their reactivity against H. pylori had not been previously determined. We attested titers and reactivity of human colostrum-IgA subclasses by ELISA, immunoblot, and flow cytometry. Colostrum samples from healthy mothers had higher titers of IgA; and IgA1 mostly recognized H. pylori antigens. Moreover, we found a correlation between IgA1 reactivity and their neutralizing effect determined by inhibition of cytoskeletal changes in AGS cells infected with H. pylori. In conclusion, colostrum-IgA reduces H. pylori infection of epithelial gastric cells, suggesting an important role in preventing the bacteria establishment during the first months of life. As a whole, these results suggest that IgA1 from human colostrum provides protection that may help in the development of the mucosal immune system of newborn children.
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... Colostrum is highly beneficial in many gastrointestinal disorders and diseases [23]. It protects from bacterial infection in mucosal sites due to release of IgA antibodies [24]. It also lowers down gastrointestinal carriage of uropathogenic Escherichia coli [25] and repairs intestinal injury [26]. ...
Colostrum is naturally secreted nutritionally rich thick biological fluid that contains various bioactive molecules such as proteins,
carbohydrates, fats, hormones, growth factors, vitamins, lectoferrins, and good repertoire of immunoglobulins which play important
role in innate immune defense in new born infants. It contains disease protective and growth promoting micro and macronutrients.
Colostrum or milk suckling by mammalian new born babies is a unique phenomenon as it passively transfers important growth factors,
which are highly essential for maturation and post natal development. Presence of IgA, IgG and IgM in colostrums protects new
born babies from gut mucosal microbial infection. It is highly beneficial for health of sport persons and has high therapeutic value.
Commercial storage of colostrums can be used for long term treatment of preterm babies, immunocompromised patients and elderly.
Hence, sterilize colostrum collection systems be developed for its clinical and therapeutic use. More specially, for preterm babies constitutive
colostrum feeds can be generated with infant formula to protect them from microbial gut infection mainly colonizing bacteria
at larger scale. Present review is emphasizing benefits of breast feeding in newborn infants and sketches out immune-protective,
nutritional and growth promoting properties of colostrums.
... The method was previously reported by [30]. Brie y, at-bottom 96-well polystyrene plates (Thermo scienti c® MaxiSorp USA) were sensitized with 100 µL of mouse monoclonal antibody 7A09 anti-human light chain (Cat# ab1942, Abcam®), at 1 µg / mL in PBS. ...
Background: Microbiota colonization during labor and through the first meals contributes to immune maturation and development of the newborn. Mother provides probiotics and prebiotics factors through colostrum and maternal milk to shape the first neonatal microbiota. Previous works have reported that immunoglobulin A (IgA) secreted in colostrum is coating a fraction of maternal microbiota.
Methods: Thus, to better characterize the IgA-associated microbiota, we used flow cytometry coupled with 16S rDNA gene sequencing (IgA-Seq) in human colostrum and neonatal feces. We identified IgA-bound bacteria (IgA+) and characterized its diversity to elucidate possible role of IgA subclasses during neonatal bacterial colonization of the colon.
Results: We found that IgA2 in the colostrum has an active role during microbiota colonization. Colostrum IgA2 is mainly associated with Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, and Bacteroidetes genera. This association seems to give these bacteria an advantage during their establishment since metabolic pathways related to epithelial adhesion and carbohydrate consumption are enriched within fecal IgA2+ microbiota. Association with specific bacteria could be explained since IgA2 recognizes common antigens expressed on surfaces among bacteria genera.
Conclusions: Our data suggest a specific targeting of commensal bacteria by IgA2 revealing a specialized function of IgA microbiota association during neonatal intestinal colonization during the first days of life.
... Igs are one of the most important bioactive components in breast milk (BM), as they replenish the neonate's intestinal Ig levels and exert important functions such as opsonization of pathogens, selection of a favorable gut microbiota, and control of inflammation [1][2][3][8][9][10]. These functions are especially beneficial in preterm infants who acquire smaller amounts of transplacental Igs compared with full-term infants [11] and suffer from various immunological immaturities [12]. ...
Introduction/Background & Aims
Enrichment of breast milk (BM) with immunoglobin (Ig)A and IgG, through maternal vaccination, could help young infants combat targeted pathogens. However, evidence on this effect after preterm delivery is lacking. This study investigated the total and anti-pertussis toxin (anti-PT) specific IgA and IgG production in BM after term or preterm delivery in the presence of maternal Tdap (tetanus, diphtheria, acellular pertussis) vaccination.
Methods
Serum and BM samples of lactating women, who delivered at term or prematurely and did or did not receive Tdap vaccine (Boostrix®, GSK Biologicals) during pregnancy, were collected as part of a clinical study (N=234, NCT02511327). Anti-PT IgA/IgG (IBL®; MSD®) and Total IgA/IgG (Thermofisher®, on BM samples only) immunosorbent assays were performed on all samples collected at 72 hours, 4, 8, and 12 weeks postpartum.
Results
BM after preterm delivery contained anti-PT IgA and IgG geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) comparable to those after term delivery (e.g. colostrum anti-PT IgA: 5.39 International Units per milliliter (IU/mL) vs 6.69 IU/mL, respectively). Maternal Tdap vaccination induced significantly higher anti-PT IgG GMC’s in colostrum of vaccinated compared to unvaccinated women delivering at term (0.110 IU/mL vs 0.027 IU/mL, p=0.009). Compliance with postpartum vaccination led to no differences in BM after 4 weeks postpartum. Anti-PT antibodies persisted up to 12 weeks postpartum.
Conclusions
This study provides evidence that maternal Tdap vaccination induces high Ig levels in BM after both term and preterm delivery and that these antibodies remain abundantly present throughout lactation, possibly offering additional mucosal protection during the most vulnerable period in early life.
... In serum subclass IgA1 dominates, whereas in mucosal secretions the proportion between IgA1 and IgA2 depends on the site of production, e.g., up to: 60% IgA1 in saliva, 90% IgA1 in nasal and 60% IgA2 in intestinal secretions [5]. In the human colostrum approximately 48% of immunoglobulins correspond to IgA2 and 40% to the IgA1 subclass [7] that confers an adaptation to protect against potentially harmful pathogens, and which is also a way to regulate the colonization of the microbiota in newborns. ...
... Infections and immunizations modulate maternal SIgA at the mammary gland impacting the development and protection of the newborn. [7] Dietary antigens are essential for a normal antigen-specific IgA response to bacteria. ...
Secretory IgA (SIgA) is the dominant antibody class in mucosal secretions. The majority of plasma cells producing IgA are located within mucosal membranes lining the intestines. SIgA protects against the adhesion of pathogens and their penetration into the intestinal barrier. Moreover, SIgA regulates gut microbiota composition and provides intestinal homeostasis. In this review, we present mechanisms of SIgA generation: T cell-dependent and -independent; in different non-organized and organized lymphoid structures in intestinal lamina propria (i.e., Peyer’s patches and isolated lymphoid follicles). We also summarize recent advances in understanding of SIgA functions in intestinal mucosal secretions with focus on its role in regulating gut microbiota composition and generation of tolerogenic responses toward its members.
... Several controlled clinical studies have evaluated the effects of antigenic stimulation (vaccine protocols and infectious diseases) during pregnancy on colostrum and milk IgA levels 8,9 . In a previous study by our group, we found that infectious episodes in the gastrointestinal tract during pregnancy induce higher IgA2 levels in colostrum 10 . After recurrent gastrointestinal bacterial infections, LPS levels increase in the blood 11 . ...
Background:
Several studies have evaluated the effect of infectious diseases and vaccine protocols during pregnancy on maternal milk immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, to understand the protection conferred by lactation on newborns. Colostrum is the primary source of maternal IgA for the newborn. IgA participates in protection mechanisms in the neonate's mucosa. In humans, IgA has two subclasses with differential anatomical distribution among mucosal compartments. Total IgA levels in maternal milk vary after antigen stimulation and have differential affinities in function of the chemical composition of the antigens. We studied the effect of antigenic stimulation during pregnancy on the concentrations of specific IgA1 and IgA2 subclasses in human colostrum.
Methods:
We analyzed data from 113 women in Mexico City and compared the amount of IgA subclasses in colostrum against three antigens: two from vaccine protocols (tetanus toxoid and pneumococcal polysaccharides) and lipopolysaccharide, a ubiquitous antigen in the gastrointestinal tract.
Results:
In agreement with the previous reports, we showed that IgA1 from colostrum mainly recognized protein antigens; in sharp contrast, IgA2 was mostly directed against polysaccharide antigens. These levels increased in women who had previous contacts through vaccination or infections during pregnancy.
Conclusions:
Antigen interaction during pregnancy increased the amount of specific IgA subclasses, depending on the chemical composition of the antigen.
... Moreover, in women with respiratory tract infections during pregnancy, the proportion of IgA1 in colostrum was higher, while in women with gastrointestinal infections, levels of IgA2 were increased (83). These observations suggest that the mother's immune system seeks to shield the infant from the specific pathogens of the surrounding environment. ...
Over the last years, an increasing number of outbreaks of vaccine-preventable infectious diseases has been reported. Besides elderly and immunocompromised individuals, newborns and small infants are most susceptible to infections, as their immune system is still immature. This vulnerability during infancy can be mitigated by the transplacental transfer of pathogen-specific antibodies and other mediators of immunity from mother to the fetus during pregnancy, followed postnatally by breast milk-derived immunity. Since this largely antibody-mediated passive immunity can prevent the newborn from infections, neonatal immunity depends strongly on the maternal concentration of respective specific antibodies during pregnancy. If titers are low or wane rapidly after birth, the protection transferred to the child may not be sufficient to prevent disease. Moreover, emerging concepts propose that mothers may transfer active immunity to the newborns via vertical transfer of pathogen-specific T cells. Overall, a promising strategy to augment and prolong neonatal immunity is to vaccinate the mother before or during pregnancy in order to boost maternal antibody concentrations or availability of specific T cells. Hence, a large number of pre-and postconceptional vaccine trials have been carried out to test and confirm this concept. We here highlight novel insights arising from recent research endeavors on the influence of prenatal maternal vaccination against pathogens that can pose a threat for newborns, such as measles, pertussis, rubella and influenza A. We delineate pathways involved in the transfer of specific maternal antibodies. We also discuss the consequences for children’s health and long-term immunity resulting from an adjustment of prenatal vaccination regimes.
