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![Identification of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4) in the unpolished rice extract and digest. (A) A chromatogram of the standard solution containing IP3, IP4, IP5, and IP6 [dipotassium salt (PS)] that was obtained by ion chromatography. The value at each peak represents the retention time (in minutes) for each component. (B) A chromatogram of the unpolished rice extract. (C) A chromatogram of the unpolished rice digest. (D) Amounts of IP3, IP4, IP5, and IP6 in the unpolished rice extract and digest that were determined using the standard solution. ND, not detected.](publication/260033958/figure/fig1/AS:267542874816562@1440798600849/Identification-of-myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate-IP6-and-myo-inositol-tetrakisphosphate.png)
Identification of myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate (IP4) in the unpolished rice extract and digest. (A) A chromatogram of the standard solution containing IP3, IP4, IP5, and IP6 [dipotassium salt (PS)] that was obtained by ion chromatography. The value at each peak represents the retention time (in minutes) for each component. (B) A chromatogram of the unpolished rice extract. (C) A chromatogram of the unpolished rice digest. (D) Amounts of IP3, IP4, IP5, and IP6 in the unpolished rice extract and digest that were determined using the standard solution. ND, not detected.
Source publication
![IP6 [sodium salt (SS)] inhibits BACE1 activity. IP6 (SS), IP5, IP4, and...](publication/260033958/figure/fig2/AS:267553947779072@1440801240418/IP6-sodium-salt-SS-inhibits-BACE1-activity-IP6-SS-IP5-IP4-and-IP3-were_Q320.jpg)
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is widely considered to be caused by amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) accumulation in the brain. Aβ is excised from amyloid-β precursor protein through sequential cleavage by β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and γ-secretase. Thus, BACE1 inhibition could prevent Aβ accumulation. Here, we identified myo-inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) as a BACE1...
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Context 1
... is abundant in water-soluble rice bran [12]. Thus, we ana- lyzed whether IP6 and its degradation products, IP3, IP4, and IP5, existed in the unpolished rice extract and digest. As shown in Fig. 3, both the rice extract and digest contained IP6 and IP4, but IP3 or IP5 were not detected in these samples. We next tested whether IP3-6 inhibited BACE1 activity by an in vitro BACE1 activ- ity assay. As shown in Fig. 4, IP6 (SS) strongly inhibited BACE1 activity at a final concentration of 1 lg/ml, and this potency was comparable to ...Context 2
... this study, we demonstrated that rice grains contained com- ponents that inhibited BACE1 activity in vitro, as well as Ab produc- tion in cultured cells (Figs. 1 and 2). Furthermore, we identified IP6 as one of these potent components (Figs. 3-6). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of BACE1 inhibition by rice com- ponents and IP6. Existing c-secretase inhibitors are known to pro- duce undesirable side effects in clinical trials due to their low specificity toward the APP processing pathway [13,14]. In addition, the BACE1 inhibitor LY2811376 has been shown ...Similar publications
Starting from the central benzodiazepine receptor (CBR) ligand CGS-13767, we designed a series of imidazoquinazolinone derivatives acting as 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) ligands, and deprived of affinity for CBR. These compounds, as well as ligands of reference (Ro5-4864, XBD173, SSR180575), were assessed for their ability to restore neuroste...
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is contributed by multiple pathogenic causes. The anomalous protein amyloid-β (Aβ) is regarded as a pivotal factor in AD, and originates from enzymatic cleavage of a precursor protein by the secretase family. 1-(3',4'-Dichloro-2-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (CHF5074) is a -secretase modulator and...
Citations
... However, different results reported in the literature may be due to the different extraction protocols performed and even to the origin of the raw plant material. Abe et al., (2014) have shown that there are different compositions of C. sativus depending on its geographical origin [35]. As we can see, our results are a little lower than the rest; this could also be since we have calculated the content in phenolic compounds separately, i.e., in a double fraction (hydrophilic and lipophilic) and not in a single fraction as they did in the other trials [34]. ...
... However, different results reported in the literature may be due to the different extraction protocols performed and even to the origin of the raw plant material. Abe et al., (2014) have shown that there are different compositions of C. sativus depending on its geographical origin [35]. As we can see, our results are a little lower than the rest; this could also be since we have calculated the content in phenolic compounds separately, i.e., in a double fraction (hydrophilic and lipophilic) and not in a single fraction as they did in the other trials [34]. ...
Saffron spices are composed of dehydrated stigmas of Crocus sativus L. A large amount of bio-residues (stamens, tepals, and stigmas) is generated during the production of this spice (~92 g of bio-residues per 100 g of flowers). These bio-residues are usually discarded losing the chance to obtain interesting bioactive compounds from them. In this work, we use the saffron bio-residues as possible source of natural bioactive compounds. Different extraction conditions were applied obtaining hydrophilic and lipophilic components. The antioxidant activity of the bioactive compounds in the different conditions were analysed using the ABTS method developed by our team. Furthermore, the total content of phenolic compounds and flavonoids present in the bio-residues were estimated. We demonstrated that bio-residues contain a high amount of both phenolic and flavonoid compounds with a strong antioxidant potential effect. Moreover, we compared the antioxidant activities of saffron bio-residues (obtained from stamens, tepals, and stigmas). The extraction was made at two different pH (4.5 and 7.5) and measured (antioxidant activity, flavonoid and phenol content) at pH 7.5. Another extraction done at pH 7.5 measured antioxidant activity, flavonoid and phenol content at time 0 (t = 0 h) and after 24 h (t = 24 h) at pH 4.5 and 7.5. We point out that bioresidues contain antioxidant activity (up to 8.42 µmoles Trolox/100 g DW), total phenols (up to 111.91 µmoles EG/100 g DW) and total flavonoids (up to 109.25 µmoles QE/100 g DW) as bioactive compounds. The applicability of bio-residues as additives is promising, both in the pharmaceutical and in the food industry as nutraceuticals and phytogenics. The variability in pH and the colour originating from it must be taken into account.
... Moreover, InsP6 but not InsP3, InsP4 or InsP5 inhibits the activity of amyloid-β precursor protein (BACE1), a protein involved in amyloid-beta accumulation. BACE1 inhibition could prevent Aβ accumulation [75]. All these results have been obtained in in vitro models. ...
Phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate or InsP6) is the main phosphorus reservoir that is present in almost all wholegrains, legumes, and oilseeds. It is a major component of the Mediterranean and Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diets. Phytate is recognized as a nutraceutical and is classified by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS). Phytate has been shown to be effective in treating or preventing certain diseases. Phytate has been shown to inhibit calcium salt crystallization and, therefore, to reduce vascular calcifications, calcium renal calculi and soft tissue calcifications. Moreover, the adsorption of phytate to the crystal faces can inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution and bone resorption, thereby playing a role in the treatment/prevention of bone mass loss. Phytate has a potent antioxidation and anti-inflammatory action. It is capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation through iron chelation, reducing iron-related free radical generation. As this has the effect of mitigating neuronal damage and loss, phytate shows promise in the treatment/prevention of neurodegenerative disease. It is reported that phytate improves lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, increases adiponectin, decreases leptin and reduces protein glycation, which is linked with macrovascular and microvascular diabetes complications. In this review, we summarize the benefits of phytate intake as seen in in vitro, animal model, epidemiological and clinical trials, and we also identify questions to answer in the future.
... Phytic acid is a predominantly plant-based compound that tends to interact with the absorption or bioavailability of mineral nutrients. However, phytate possesses bioactive properties that were identified in a study, with implicative roles in potentially intercepting the buildup of Aβ in the brain and neuroblastoma cells [162]. The inhibition of β-secretase 1 and γ-secretase enzymes offers a potential biomechanistic pathway or trajectory in the aversion of Alzheimer's disease. ...
... Selenium is found in plant foods, such as staples and cereals. The neuroprotective activity of selenium (1.5 mg/kg), along with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) in brain trauma apoptosis and oxidative stress, in the hippocampus has been reported [162]. ...
Active principles in plant-based foods, especially staple fruits, such as bananas and plantains, possess inter-related anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, antioxidative, and neuromodulatory activities. Neurodegenerative diseases affect the functionality of the central and peripheral nervous system, with attendant cognitive deficits being hallmarks of these conditions. The dietary constitution of a wide range of bioactive compounds identified in this review further iterates the significance of the banana and plantain in compromising, halting, or preventing the pathological mechanisms of neurological disorders. The neuroprotective mechanisms of these biomolecules have been identified by using protein expression regulation and specific gene/pathway targeting, such as the nuclear and tumor necrosis factors, extracellular signal-regulated and mitogen-activated protein kinases, activator protein-1, and the glial fibrillary acidic protein. This review establishes the potential double-edged neuro-pharmacological fingerprints of banana and plantain fruits in their traditionally consumed pulp and less utilized peel component for human nutrition.
... Rice bran oil, the only domestic edible vegetable oil made from the rice bran produced in Japan, is known to have high oxidative stability and serum cholesterol-lowering activity [97,98] inhibited Aβ production in neuroblastoma cells without causing cytotoxicity, suggesting such foods may prevent Alzheimer's disease [103]. Pigmented rice contains naturally occurring colored substances that be-long to the flavonoid group called anthocyanins. ...
... Low glycemic index foods inhibit rapid increases in blood glucose and insulin secretion after meals [93,94]. Antioxidative capacity of brown rice and rice oil may be useful for the prevention of dementia [96,98,103]. In this study, we investigated the palatability of boiled rice and inhibition of an abrupt increase in blood glucose level (BGL) and amyloid β peptide production after eating blend of ordinary brown rice, "Koshihikari" and anthocyaninrich black-rice, "Okunomurasaki" unpolished rice cooked after a high-pressure treatment (HPT KO). ...
... For a long time, phytate is considered an antinutrient, but recent studies have proven its antioxidant properties (Bhowmik et al., 2017;Mora-Boza et al., 2019;Silva & Bracarense, 2016;Wang & Guo, 2021). Phytate exhibits therapeutic properties on various diseases such as Alzheimer's (Abe & Taniguichi, 2014), Parkinson (Xu et al., 2011), and management of blood glucose for type 2 diabetes (Lee et al., 2006). Similarly, phytate exhibits anticancer properties against the prostate (Raina et al., 2008), hepatocarcinoma (Al-Fatlawi et al., 2014), colorectal (Navarro et al., 2016, rhabdomyosarcoma (Vucenik, 1998), skin (Wawszczyk, 2015), and breast (Hussein et al., 2006) cancers. ...
Achieving zero hunger in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) without minimizing postharvest losses of agricultural products is impossible. Therefore, a holistic approach is vital to end hunger, simultaneously improving food security, diversity, and livelihoods. This review focuses on the African nightshades (ANS) Solanum spp. contribution to improving food and nutrition security in SSA. Different parts of ANS are utilized as food and medicine; however, pests and diseases hinder ANS utilization. African nightshade is rich in micronutrients such as β‐carotene, vitamins C and E, minerals (iron, calcium, and zinc), and dietary fiber. The leaves contain a high amount of nutrients than the berries. Proper utilization of ANS can contribute to ending hidden hunger, mainly in children and pregnant women. Literature shows that ANS contains antinutritional factors such as oxalate, phytate, nitrate, and alkaloids; however, their quantities are low to cause potential health effects. Several improved varieties with high yields, rich in nutrients, and low alkaloids have been developed in SSA. Various processing and preservation techniques such as cooking, drying, and fermentation are feasible techniques for value addition on ANS in SSA; moreover, most societies are yet to adopt them effectively. Furthermore, promoting value addition and commercialization of ANS is of importance and can create more jobs. Therefore, this review provides an overview of ANS production and challenges that hinder their utilization, possible solutions, and future research suggestions. This review concludes that ANS is an essential nutritious leafy vegetable for improving nutrition and livelihoods in SSA.
... F2, the most effective AE subfraction in attenuating hyperglycemia and insulin resistance [31], is composed of polysaccharide and sugar derivatives including myoinositol. It was reported intragastric administration of Codonopsis pilosula polysaccharide rescued p-Tau overexpressioninduced cognitive defects [32], and the myoinositol was identified as a molecule inhibiting β-secretase [33]. Hence the effect of F2 could be at least partly attributed to its polysaccharide and myoinositol. ...
Background
Insulin resistance could be associated with the development of Alzheimer disease (AD). The neuropathological hallmarks of AD are beta amyloid (Aβ) produced from sequential cleavage initiated by β-secretase and degraded by insulin degradation enzyme (IDE), as well as hyperphosphorylation of tau (p-tau). Insulin action involves the cascades of insulin receptor substrates (IRS) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), while phosphorylation of IRS-1 at ser307 (p-ser307IRS-1) hinders the response. Our previous report suggested dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) is crucial to insulin resistance, and the subfractions of Abelmoschus esculentus (AE), F1 and F2, attenuate the signaling. Here we aim to investigate whether AE works to reduce Aβ generation via regulating DPP4 and insulin resistance.
Methods
The subfractions F1 and F2 were prepared according to a succession of procedures. F1 was composed by quercetin glycosides and triterpene ester, and F2 contained a large amount of polysaccharides. The in vitro insulin resistance model was established by SK-N-MC cell line treated with palmitate. MTT was used to define the dose range, and thereby Western blot, ELISA, and the activity assay were used to detect the putative markers. One-way ANOVA was performed for the statistical analysis.
Results
Treatment of palmitate induced the level of p-ser307IRS-1. Both F1 and F2 effectively decrease p-ser307IRS-1, and recover the expression of p-PI3K. However, the expression of total IRS plunged with 25 μg/mL of F1, while descended steadily with 5 μg/mL of F2. As palmitate increased the levels of Aβ40 and Aβ42, both AE subfractions were effective to reduce Aβ generation of and β-secretase activity, but IDE was not altered in any treatment conditions. The expression of DPP4 was also accompanied with insulin resistance signals. Inhibition of DPP4 attenuated the activity of β-secretase and production of Aβ. Moreover, the present data revealed that both AE subfractions significantly decrease the level of p-Tau.
Conclusions
In conclusion, we demonstrated that AE would be a potential adjuvant to prevent insulin resistance and the associated pathogenesis of AD, and F2 seems more feasible to be developed.
... In Alzheimer's disease, the enzyme β-secretase 1 (BACE1) and c-secretase play a key role to cleave Aβ peptides from amyloid-β precursor protein [103]. IP6 significantly inhibited BACE1 activity and reduced Aβ production in cultured SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells without cytotoxicity, whereas IP3, IP4, and IP5 seemed to have no effect on BACE1 activity [104]. ...
Recently, inositols, especially myo-inositol and inositol hexakisphosphate, also known as phytic acid or IP6, with their biological activities received much attention for their role in multiple health beneficial effects. Although their roles in cancer treatment and prevention have been extensively reported, interestingly, they may also have distinctive properties in energy metabolism and metabolic disorders. We review inositols and inositol phosphate metabolism in mammalian cells to establish their biological activities and highlight their potential roles in energy metabolism. These molecules are known to decrease insulin resistance, increase insulin sensitivity, and have diverse properties with importance from cell signaling to metabolism. Evidence showed that inositol phosphates might enhance the browning of white adipocytes and directly improve insulin sensitivity through adipocytes. In addition, inositol pyrophosphates containing high-energy phosphate bonds are considered in increasing cellular energetics. Despite all recent advances, many aspects of the bioactivity of inositol phosphates are still not clear, especially their effects on insulin resistance and alteration of metabolism, so more research is needed.
... Since AD lacks effective cure, thus dietary intervention might play a role in its prevention [72]. In a report by Abe and Taniguchi [75], it was hypothesized that rice grains contain some component like PA capable of preventing Ab accumulation in the brain. According to the report, Ab is excised from amyloid-beta precursor protein through sequential cleavage by aspartic protease bsecretase 1(BACE 1) and g-secretase [75]. ...
... In a report by Abe and Taniguchi [75], it was hypothesized that rice grains contain some component like PA capable of preventing Ab accumulation in the brain. According to the report, Ab is excised from amyloid-beta precursor protein through sequential cleavage by aspartic protease bsecretase 1(BACE 1) and g-secretase [75]. Inhibition of the aforementioned enzymes (b-secretase 1and g-secretase), could be a logical target for the prevention of AD. ...
... Inhibition of the aforementioned enzymes (b-secretase 1and g-secretase), could be a logical target for the prevention of AD. Study also revealed that rice component (PA) significantly inhibits Ab production in neurobalstoma cells, with no harm to normal cells, suggesting PA as a potent and safer therapeutic agent in preventing AD [75]. Similarly, Anekonda et al. [76] examined the protective role of PA against Ab pathology in MC65 cells and Tg2576 mouse model. ...
Background & Aims: Inadequate knowledge and intake of a balance diet is a contributing factor of micronutrient deficiencies in developing countries. Phytic acid contributes in inhibiting the bioavailability of some micronutrients. In spite of the anti-nutritional effect of phytic acid, it is known to exhibit some medicinal effects. This study investigated the medicinal significance of phytic acid as an indispensable anti-nutrient in diseases.
Methods: Relevant scientific literatures from the major databases such as Pubmed, Medline and Google Scholar. The keywords searched and reviewed in this study were phytic acid, anti-nutrients, minerals, diseases and plants.
Results: The published peer reviewed literatures searched showed that phytic acid, though an anti-nutrient, plays an indispensable role directly or indirectly in several disease conditions. It exhibits antioxidant function, a property that qualifies it to possess multiple medicinal values like: anti-diabetic, anticancer, anti-inflammatory properties to mention a few. Its chelating property affects the absorption and toxicities associated with essential and nonessential heavy metals, a scenario that could prevent neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson diseases and other related diseases.
Conclusion: The medicinal values of phytic acid outweighed its negative impact. Hence, there is critical need for developing countries to improve on the dietary pattern of its people in addition to nutrition education.
... Jensen et al. [34] and Qureshi et al. [35] showed that an increased daily consumption of bran significantly reduced the risk of coronary heart disease and lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides in serum. Abe et al. [36] showed that rice components that included inositol hexaphosphate significantly inhibited Aβ production in neuroblastoma cells without causing cytotoxicity, suggesting that such foods might prevent AD. ...
... Intake of fermented brown rice could minimize insulin secretion, thus attenuating any subsequent rise in the levels of blood sugar [24]. Abe et al. showed that rice components including inositol hexaphosphate significantly inhibited Aβ production in neuroblastoma cells without causing cytotoxicity, suggesting such foods may prevent Alzheimer's disease [25]. Pigmented rice contains naturally occurring colored substances that belong to the flavonoid group called anthocyanins. ...
... Low glycemic index foods inhibit rapid increases in blood glucose and insulin secretion after meals [15,16]. Anti-oxidative capacity of brown rice and rice oil may be useful for the prevention of dementia [18,20,25]. In this study, we investigated the palatability of boiled rice and inhibition of an abrupt increase in blood glucose level (BGL) and amyloid β peptide production after eating blend of ordinary brown rice, "Koshihikari" and anthocyaninrich black-rice, "Okunomurasaki" unpolished rice cooked after a high-pressure treatment (HPT KO). ...
