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Present contribution describes modified Stöber synthesis of silica nanoparticles in oil-in-water microemulsion, formulated using heptane, 2-ethylhexanol, Tween® 85 nonionic surfactant, and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS). After some specified incubation time, ammonium hydroxide was added and the reaction mixture was stirred for 24 hours at room tem...
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... This method allows loading of fluorophores and drugs into the nanoreactors to facilitate drug delivery applications. Koźlecki and coworkers used Tween TM 85 to prepare SiNPs in oil-in-water microemulsion, producing SiNPs with diameters raging between 130 and 500 nm (DLS measurements) [163]. There are other chemical methods that have been employed for the synthesis of SiNPs, including low-temperature vapor-phase hydrolysis [164], spray drying [165], and chemical preparation [166]. ...
The potential of nanoparticles as effective drug delivery systems combined with the versatility of fibers has led to the development of new and improved strategies to help in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Nanoparticles have extraordinary characteristics that are helpful in several applications, including wound dressings, microbial balance approaches, tissue regeneration, and cancer treatment. Owing to their large surface area, tailor-ability, and persistent diameter, fibers are also used for wound dressings, tissue engineering, controlled drug delivery, and protective clothing. The combination of nanoparticles with fibers has the power to generate delivery systems that have enhanced performance over the individual architectures. This review aims at illustrating the main possibilities and trends of fibers functionalized with nanoparticles, focusing on inorganic and organic nanoparticles and polymer-based fibers. Emphasis on the recent progress in the fabrication procedures of several types of nanoparticles and in the description of the most used polymers to produce fibers has been undertaken, along with the bioactivity of such alliances in several biomedical applications. To finish, future perspectives of nanoparticles incorporated within polymer-based fibers for clinical use are presented and discussed, thus showcasing relevant paths to follow for enhanced success in the field.
... Two synthesis methods for silica nanoparticles include the Stober process and reverse micro emulsion (Koźlecki et al., 2016). A water in oil (w/o) micro emulsion is formed up of a homogeneous mixture of water, oil, and surfactant molecules (Koźlecki et al., 2016). ...
... Two synthesis methods for silica nanoparticles include the Stober process and reverse micro emulsion (Koźlecki et al., 2016). A water in oil (w/o) micro emulsion is formed up of a homogeneous mixture of water, oil, and surfactant molecules (Koźlecki et al., 2016). The Stober method involves hydrolysis and condensation of siloxane precursors (such as tetraethylorthosilicate TEOS) with ethanol and ammonia to produce silica particles (Kim and Kim, 2002). ...
The surface chemical characteristics of nanomaterials have a substantial impact on the affinity probe used to enrich proteins and peptides for MALDI-MS analysis of a real human sample. Detecting phosphoproteins involved in signalling is always difficult, even with recent developments in mass spectrometry, because protein phosphorylation is often temporary from complicated mixtures. This review summarizes current research on the successful enrichment of various intriguing glycoproteins and glycol peptides using surface affinity materials with distinctive qualities such as low cost, excellent structural stability, diversity, and multifunction. As a consequence, this review will provide a quick overview of the scholars from various backgrounds who are working in this intriguing interdisciplinary field. Label-free cancer biomarkers and other diseases will benefit from future challenges.
... These properties have promoted silica-based nanomaterials as potential candidates for engineering hybrid multifunctional nanostructures for biomedical applications [90]. For instance, numerous researchers have created diverse functionalized and doped silica nanostructures through the Stöber et al. [81] method, inverse microemulsion [91][92][93], and one-pot synthesis, generally in combination with semiconductor QDs, metallic nanoparticles, organic fluorescent dyes, functional molecules, and drugs as doping agents [94][95][96][97]; these approaches have resulted in multifunctional fused nanostructures with multiple morphologies such as core-shell, multicore-shell, sesame ball, hollow and yolk-shell structures [98], which have exhibited great effectiveness for drug delivery, plasmid cell transfection, and theragnostic applications (Table 3) [99][100][101]. ...
Carbon dots (CDs) are carbon nanoparticles with sizes below 10 nm and have attracted attention due to their relatively low toxicity, great biocompatibility, water solubility, facile synthesis, and exceptional photoluminescence properties. Accordingly, CDs have been widely exploited in different sensing and biomedical applications, for example, metal sensing, catalysis, biosensing, bioimaging, drug and gene delivery, and theragnostic applications. Similarly, the well-known properties of silica, such as facile surface functionalization, good biocompatibility, high surface area, and tunable pore volume, have allowed the loading of diverse inorganic and organic moieties and nanoparticles, creating complex hybrid nanostructures that exploit distinct properties (optical, magnetic, metallic, mesoporous, etc.) for sensing, biosensing, bioimaging, diagnosis, and gene and drug delivery. In this context, CDs have been successfully grafted into diverse silica nanostructures through various synthesis methods (e.g., solgel chemistry, inverse microemulsion, surfactant templating, and molecular imprinting technology (MIT)), imparting hybrid nanostructures with multimodal properties for distinct objectives. This review discusses the recently employed synthesis methods for CDs and silica nanoparticles and their typical applications. Then, we focus on combined synthesis techniques of CD–silica nanostructures and their promising biosensing operations. Finally, we overview the most recent potential applications of these materials as innovative smart hybrid nanocarriers and theragnostic agents for the nanomedical field.
Graphical abstract
... The combination of two components at the molecular level provides new properties that cannot be achieved by using these components separately or as a mechanical mixture. There are different models to produce silica sorbents, such as modification of silica matrix [2,3], the sol-gel method [4,5], microemulsion synthesis [6,7], and template method [8][9][10]. The latter, the template method, avoids high sample preparation temperatures, allows the production of mesoporous materials with ordered structure, uniform pore shape, and monodispersion, governing a wide range of their characteristics by means of selecting surfactant, the ratio of components in the reaction mixture, the method of mesophase treatment, the type and strategy of functional groups incorporation [11,12]. ...
A mesoporous sample of SBA-15 type was prepared by co-condensation of sodium metasilicate as a structure-forming reagent and silanes with phosphonic and phenyl groups. The proposed synthesis approach involves a minimum of stages during template synthesis to produce bifunctional material. Physicochemical methods have shown that the sample has an ordered mesoporous (4.4 nm) hexagonal structure and contains 0.41 × 10–3 mol/g of ion-exchange phosphonic groups, as well as phenyl groups. The benefits of incorporating such diverse groups which are capable of different types of adsorbate interactions have been demonstrated in the adsorption of Eu(III) (70.3 mg/g) and methylene blue (MB) (200 mg/g) cations. It was determined that the Eu(III) ions adsorption equilibrium was established within 1 h, while for MB—within 16 h. Kinetics data were best fitted by the pseudo-second order equation indicating several mechanisms that control the rate of sorption removal of cations. IR spectra and compliance of Eu(III) and MB sorption isotherms with the Langmuir adsorption model prove chemisorption. Still, the ratio between the content of phosphonic groups and adsorbed cations represents the existence of additional interactions. Such types of mesoporous silica materials have been shown to be promising for application in water treatment.
... The emulsion or reverse micro emulsion is another common method used in the preparation of nanoporous materials [138,139]. This is a wet synthesis process in which water-in-oil or oil-inwater immiscible but continuous aqueous-oil phases are used for the confinement of reactants during the synthesis process. ...
Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers, affecting more than 2.1 million people across the globe every year. A very high occurrence and mortality rate of lung cancer have prompted active research in this area with both conventional and novel forms of therapies including the use of nanomaterials based drug delivery agents. Specifically, the unique physico-chemical and biological properties of porous nanomaterials have gained significant momentum as drug delivery agents for delivering a combination of drugs or merging diagnosis with targeted therapy for cancer treatment. This review focuses on the emergence of nano-porous materials for drug delivery in lung cancer. The review analyses the currently used nanoporous materials, including inorganic, organic and hybrid porous materials for delivering drugs for various types of therapies, including chemo, radio and phototherapy. It also analyses the selected research on stimuli-responsive nanoporous materials for drug delivery in lung cancer before summarizing the various findings and projecting the future of emerging trends. This review provides a strong foundation for the current status of the research on nanoporous materials, their limitations and the potential for improving their design to overcome the unique challenges of delivering drugs for the treatment of lung cancer.
... To develop a full study, we first synthetized three different sizes of SiO 2 NPs by the microemulsion method, which permitted us to obtain monodispersed and stable NPs. e microemulsion route is a system of water, oil, and an amphiphile thermodynamically stable [41]. We used quaternary and ternary microemulsion to obtain SiO 2 NPs having larger sizes (110 nm and 50 nm) and 25 nm, respectively. ...
Among all the inorganic nanomaterials used in commercial products, industry, and medicine, the amorphous silica nanoparticles (SiO2 NPs) appeared to be often tolerated in living organisms. However, despite several toxicity studies, some concerns about the exposure to high doses of SiO2 NPs with different sizes were raised. Then, we used the microemulsion method to obtain stable SiO2 NPs having different sizes (110 nm, 50 nm, and 25 nm). In addition, a new one-pot green synthetic route using leaves extract of Laurus nobilis was performed, obtaining monodispersed ultrasmall SiO2 NPs without the use of dangerous chemicals. The NPs achieved by microemulsion were further functionalized with amino groups making the NPs surface positively charged. Then, high doses of SiO2 NPs (1 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL) achieved from the two routes, having different sizes and surface charges, were used to assess their impact on human alveolar cells (A549), being the best cell model mimicking the inhalation route. Cell viability and caspase-3 induction were analyzed as well as the cellular uptake, obtaining that the smallest (25 nm) and positive-charged NPs were more able to induce cytotoxicity, reaching values of about 60% of cell death. Surprisingly, cells incubated with green SiO2 NPs did not show strong toxicity, and 70% of them remained vital. This result was unusual for ultrasmall nanoobjects, generally highly toxic. The actin reorganization, nuclear morphology alteration, and cell membrane elasticity analyses confirmed the trend achieved from the biological assays. The obtained data demonstrate that the increase in cellular softness, i.e., the decrease in Young’s modulus, could be associated with the smaller and positive NPs, recording values of about 3 kPa. On the contrary, green NPs triggered a slight decrease of stiffness values (c.a. 6 kPa) compared to the untreated cells (c.a. 8 kPa). As the softer cells were implicated in cancer progression and metastasization, this evidence strongly supported the idea of a link between the cell elasticity and physicochemical properties of NPs that, in turn, influenced the interaction with the cell membrane. Thus, the green SiO2 NPs compromised cells to a lesser extent than the other SiO2 NPs types. In this scenario, the elasticity evaluation could be an interesting tool to understand the toxicity of NPs with the aim of predicting some pathological phenomena associated with their exposure.
... Reverse micro emulsion, the surfactant molecules are dissolved inside the natural solvents and the micro cavities are mounted [95]. For the synthesis of silica, silicon alkoxides and catalyst can be incorporated into the micro-cavities of the micelles [96][97][98]. In the process of the flame decomposition the, vaporized forms of the silica precursors are used which popularly known as chemical vapors condensation [99][100][101][102][103]. ...
Silica and its compounds are widely used in the industries like pharmaceutical, chemical, agricultural, and research sectors. Generally, silica is obtained from natural precursors available in the form of silicates. Extensive use of silica makes it necessary to find the new sources and methods of synthesis. Secondary agricultural products and by-products like rice husk, sugar cane bagasse, corn cabs, wheat straw, rice straw, grasses, and coconut husk contains considerable amount of silica. The methods for the extraction of silica includes burning of materials to make it ash, acid treatment, base treatment, ionic liquids, and sol-gel methods. Among all the methods, sol-gel is an important method of silica synthesis. Highly pure and desirable silica materials can be synthesized by the chemical leaching process, where metallic impurities can be removed by the acid treatment. This review describes the selected secondary agricultural products and their utilization for the value-added silica synthesis.
... A large number of silanol (Si-OH) groups on the surface of SiO 2 consist of hydrophilic characteristics, which provides a strong interaction with any polar compound through hydrogen bonding interactions [15]. The SiO 2 compound can be synthesized following various methods such as flame synthesis [16], microemulsion modified technique [17] and extraction precipitation [18]. However, these methods suffer certain limitations including costly, produced non-uniform of the particle size and morphology, and the difficulty to remove the surfactant in the end product. ...
Silica-silver core-shell nanoparticles have received tremendous interests in various applications compared to the bare silver nanoparticles due to several important features such as exhibit higher surface area, the existence of a synergistic effect between the core and the shell, stabilize silver nanoparticles against aggregation, and easily control their properties by the changing shell structure and shell geometry. Due to this significance, this study was conducted to synthesis and characterization of silica-silver core-shell nanoparticles using the facile method without any surface modification needed. In the synthesis route, silica particles have been synthesis based on the Stӧber method. The deposition of nanoscales silver layer on silica surface mainly involves the electrostatic attraction between [Ag(NH 3) 2 ] + ions and silanol groups, and the addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) has been acted as a reducing agent and stabilizing agent. UV-Vis spectroscopy evidenced the absorption of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of silver nanoparticles in the range 380-450 nm. The crystallinity of silica-silver core-shell nanoparticles showed the face-centered cubic (fcc) structure by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis. The spherical shape of silica particles with an average 200-220 nm in size has been determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). The high resolution-transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) images visualized the successful formation of spherical silver nanoparticles on the silica surface with the average of size 10-40 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis revealed the elemental compositions exist in the silica-silver core-shell nanoparticles. The synthesized silica-silver core-shell nanoparticles will be used as a potential catalyst in dye treatment application in the future work. Abstrak Silika-perak nanopartikel teras-cengkerang telah menarik minat yang besar dalam pelbagai aplikasi berbanding dengan nanopartikel perak disebabkan oleh beberapa kelebihan seperti permukaan kawasannya lebih tinggi, kewujudan kesan sinergi di antara teras dan cengkerang, mengelakkan pengumpulan nanopartikel perak dan memudahkan untuk mengawal ciri-ciri yang dikendaki dalam nanopartikel teras-cengkerang dengan mengubah morfologi dan geometri partikel cengkerang. Sintesis dan pencirian silika-perak nanopartikel teras-cengkerang telah dilakukan tanpa sebarang pengubahsuaian terhadap permukaan partikel. Proses sintesis melibatkan penghasilan zarah silika menggunakan kaedah Stӧber. Pemendapan lapisan perak nano pada permukaan silika melibatkan tarikan elektrostatik antara kumpulan ion [Ag(NH 3) 2 ] + dan kumpulan silanol, dan penambahan polivinilpirolidon (PVP) akan bertindak sebagai agen penurunan dan agen penstabilan. Pencirian silika-perak nanopartikel teras-cengkerang menggunakan spektroskopi ultra lembayung tampak (UV-Vis) telah menunjukkan penyerapan resonansi plasmon permukaan (SPR) nanopartikel perak dalam lingkungan 380-450 nm. Kehabluran silika-perak nanopartikel teras-cengkerang menunjukkan struktur berpusatkan kubik berpusat (fcc) dengan menggunakan pembelauan sinar-X (XRD). Zarah silika berbentuk sfera dengan saiz 200 nm ditentukan dengan menggunakan mikroskop imbasan elektron (SEM). Saiz perak yang telah didepositkan pada permukaan silika telah diukur menggunakan mikroskop transmisi elektron beresolusi tinggi (HR-TEM) dengan ukuran 10-40 nm. Analisis spektrometer fotoelektron sinar-X (XPS) telah mendedahkan komposisi unsur yang ada di
Nanoparticles have been widely employed as contrast agents for various types of molecular imaging modalities due to their unique optical and magnetic properties. The surface functionalization of nanoparticles often determines their translatability and performance under biological conditions. Herein, we discuss several representative chemical approaches for modifying the major classes of nanoparticles including surface oxidation and cycloaddition on the unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds, surface chemistry based on metal-sulfur bonds, silica coating, surface-initiated polymerization, and surface cross-linking. Examples of these chemistries have been described by modifying the surface functionality of nanomaterials to improve their properties including water-solubility, chemical and biological stability, biocompatibility, antifouling property, blood circulation, biodistribution, specific targeting, and multimodal imaging abilities. The remaining challenges in the current chemical approaches for nanoparticle surface functionalization are also discussed.
Natural products are complex molecules that have been widely used in traditional medicine for therapeutics and diagnostics applications. Despite their long history of use, some challenges are associated with many natural product derived pharmaceuticals, like inadequate stability, poor absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion. Medicinal chemists have been successful in addressing many of these challenges through structural modifications of the parent compound, but even so, analysis suggests that up to 20% of natural product leads are taken through unchanged as the final drug product. Even modified compounds are a challenge to administer, requiring the use of novel formulations and delivery strategies to enable the launch of an effective natural product derived drug into the market. To outwit these concerns, formulation of these natural product derived bioactive compounds using nanotechnology has been used as a potential tool in diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Compounds of organic or inorganic origin that are prepared from different metals, metal oxides, chitosan, sodium alginate, poly lactic acid, poly lactic co-glycolic acid, synthetic as well as natural origin polymers are amongst commonly used materials for development of natural product nanoformulations.
