Table 2
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What does it take to build a successful regional IT industry? This paper examines the joint role of technology trends and infrastructure, along with the policy environment and institutions, in developing a robust IT industry. We use the experience of the Indian state of Punjab as a case study, since it is a relatively advanced state that has so far...
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Context 1
... fact, the three categories mentioned make up most of India's ITES exports, with the first two showing high growth and representing over 60% of the total of Rs. 71 billion. The list of ITES segments constructed by NASSCOM displays ample scope for specialization within the category (Table 2), and it is clear that individual firms are already trying to capture niches. For example, Daksh has a 90% concentration on customer service, whereas HCL Frontline (a division of HCL) is 100% focused on technical support (Dataquest, 2002, p. 134). ...
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... As a revolutionary and interactive mass Medium, ICT affects society and culture, politics and economics, the public's right to know and the right to privacy, and censorship. It has caused the collapse of hierarchical information, equality of opportunity and social mobility, and for greater interpersonal and mass communication (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008;Zilka, 2016). But research (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Livingstone and Sefton-Green, 2016;Losh, 2004;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008) It has been shown that despite its potential to advance disadvantaged populations, ICT is increasingly expanding their opportunities and limiting the gap between them and the prosperous population. ...
... It has caused the collapse of hierarchical information, equality of opportunity and social mobility, and for greater interpersonal and mass communication (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008;Zilka, 2016). But research (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Livingstone and Sefton-Green, 2016;Losh, 2004;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008) It has been shown that despite its potential to advance disadvantaged populations, ICT is increasingly expanding their opportunities and limiting the gap between them and the prosperous population. The underprivileged population, disadvantaged in income, housing, and education, often far from the centers of education, business, and commerce, have little or no access to the ICT environment at present. ...
This study aimed at discovering the effectiveness of auto play media studio 8.0 based chemistry media learning to improve the students’ collaborative character in acid-base material in SMAN 6 Pekanbaru. A Purposive sample was used as a method of study using an analysis of Independent Sample t-Test. The obtained data were the observation results data during learning processes. The results of the study indicated that the use of auto play media studio 8.0 based chemistry media learning was effective and significantly improved the students’ collaborative character, in which the significance value of Independent Sample t-Test was 0,000. Based on the average results of collaborative character before and after the use of chemistry media learning based on auto play media studio 8.0 increased by 71%.
... As a revolutionary, interactive mass medium, the internet affects society and culture, politics and the economy, the right of the public to know and the right to privacy, and censorship. It has led to the collapse of hierarchical information, to equality of opportunity and social mobility, and to greater interpersonal and mass communication (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008;Zilka, 2016). But researchers (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Livingstone and Sefton-Green, 2016;Losh, 2004;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008) have shown that despite its potential to advance disadvantaged populations, the internet further limits their opportunities and broadens the divide between them and affluent populations. ...
... It has led to the collapse of hierarchical information, to equality of opportunity and social mobility, and to greater interpersonal and mass communication (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008;Zilka, 2016). But researchers (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Livingstone and Sefton-Green, 2016;Losh, 2004;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008) have shown that despite its potential to advance disadvantaged populations, the internet further limits their opportunities and broadens the divide between them and affluent populations. Underprivileged populations, disadvantaged in income, housing, and education, often remote from centres of education, business, and commerce, have little or no access to digital environments. ...
... As a revolutionary, interactive mass medium, the internet affects society and culture, politics and the economy, the right of the public to know and the right to privacy, and censorship. It has led to the collapse of hierarchical information, to equality of opportunity and social mobility, to interpersonal and mass communication, etc. (Goyal, 2010;Hsieh, Rai and Keil, 2008;Sascha, James and James, 2011;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008). A large-scale study conducted at computer centres available to the public in areas where there are disadvantaged populations in Israel found that the effectiveness of these centres increases when participants have a computer at home. ...
... On the other hand, there is a danger of exacerbating social inequalities as a result of the lack of access of certain population groups to digital environments (Hsieh, Rai and Keil, 2008;Sascha, James and James, 2011;Zilka, 2016bZilka, , 2012. The internet shatters the boundaries of time and place in the dissemination of information and offers a variety of options for communication and learning, but researchers (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Singh, 2008;Smith, 2009;Wang and Chan, 2008) have shown that despite the potential of the internet to advance disadvantaged populations, in practice, it increases the divide between affluent and disadvantaged populations. The studies listed above point to injury to equality of opportunity resulting from lack of access to the digital environment by these groups. ...
Desktop PCs and tablets were distributed to children who did not have a computer at home to allow them equal opportunity. The objectives of the study were to examine whether children showed awareness of the potential of information and communication technology (ICT) after receiving a computer; whether it awakened in them a need for information and for searching for it; whether they prepared school assignments on the home computer; whether reflective processes were integrated in their computer work, etc. A total of 1248 respondents across Israel were assessed in two rounds. During the second round, 128 interviews were conducted with the children. Findings of this mixed method study showed that digital literacy and children's awareness of the potential of ICT have increased considerably while the computer was accessible to them. Significant differences were found in the work children performed on the computer, in reflective processes, in preparing homework, and in searching the more so among children who received tablets.
... But despite the potential the Internet offers to disadvantaged populations, the result in practice is the expansion of disparities between the affluent and the disadvantaged strata. Many research findings (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh, Rai, & Keil, 2008;Sascha, James, & James, 2011;Singh, 2008;Wang, Xu, & Chan, 2008) show that Material published as part of this publication, either on-line or in print, is copyrighted by the Informing Science Institute. Permission to make digital or paper copy of part or all of these works for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that the copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage AND that copies 1) bear this notice in full and 2) give the full citation on the first page. ...
... As a revolutionary, interactive mass medium, the Internet affects society and culture, politics and the economy, the right of the public to know and the right to privacy, and censorship. It has led to the collapse of hierarchical information, to equality of opportunity and social mobility, to interpersonal and mass communication, and so forth (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Wang et al., 2008;Silka, 2012). But researchers (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Wang et al., 2008) have shown that despite the potential of the Internet to advance disadvantaged populations, in practice it increases the divide between them and affluent populations. ...
... It has led to the collapse of hierarchical information, to equality of opportunity and social mobility, to interpersonal and mass communication, and so forth (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Wang et al., 2008;Silka, 2012). But researchers (Castells, 2009;Goyal, 2010;Hsieh et al., 2008;Sascha et al., 2011;Singh, 2008;Wang et al., 2008) have shown that despite the potential of the Internet to advance disadvantaged populations, in practice it increases the divide between them and affluent populations. The studies listed above report on harm to equality of opportunity resulting from lack of access to the digital environment by these groups. ...
Researchers and policy makers have been exploring ways to reduce the digital divide. Parameters commonly used to examine the digital divide worldwide, as well as in this study, are: (a) the digital divide in the accessibility and mobility of the ICT infrastructure and of the content infrastructure (e.g., sites used in school); and (b) the digital divide in literacy skills. In the present study we examined the degree of effectiveness of receiving a desktop or hybrid computer for the home in reducing the digital divide among children of low socio-economic status aged 8-12 from various localities across Israel. The sample consisted of 1,248 respondents assessed in two measurements. As part of the mixed-method study, 128 children were also interviewed. Findings indicate that after the children received desktop or hybrid computers, changes occurred in their frequency of access, mobility, and computer literacy. Differences were found between the groups: hybrid computers reduce disparities and promote work with the computer and surfing the Internet more than do desktop computers. Narrowing the digital divide for this age group has many implications for the acquisition of skills and study habits, and consequently, for the realization of individual potential. The children spoke about self improvement as a result of exposure to the digital environment, about a sense of empowerment and of improvement in their advantage in the social fabric. Many children expressed a desire to continue their education and expand their knowledge of computer applications, the use of software, of games, and more. Therefore, if there is no computer in the home and it is necessary to decide between a desktop and a hybrid computer, a hybrid computer is preferable.
... 46 For example, a state such as Karnataka is measured by such indices as having very low infrastructure development, despite its concentration of workers with high levels of technical skills. 47 Singh (2007), based on interviews with entrepreneurs and government officials, found that in the early 2000s, the policy environment in Punjab was quite inimical to new investment. Using a survey of 1000 manufacturing establishments across 10 Indian states, they found that states that were poor performers, and identified by survey respondents as having a 'poor investment climate', had total factor productivity (TFP) that was 26 percent lower than the high-performing states. ...
... The HDI incorporates eight different dimensions of development performance: per capita expenditure, headcount poverty rate, literacy rate, a formal education enrollment index, infant mortality rate, life expectancy, access to safe water and access to housing constructed with relatively permanent materials. The variation in the HDI across states is not increasing over time, but neither is it the case that gaps are narrowing (Singh et al, 2003). Thus, the 2001 HDI for Gujarat, a high income state, is lower than the 1981 HDI for Kerala. ...
We investigate whether timing of the elections leads to riots or not within India. In other words, does timing of elections instigate riots? The theoretical underpinning is that an incumbent government and opposition parties exercises control over their agents to instigate communal mob violence and riots during the election years. The motto behind instigating riots is that it leads to polarization of voters and thus benefits the respective constituents (incumbent government & opposition parties). Using time series crosssectional data for 16 major Indian states for the period 1958 – 2004, we find that scheduled elections are associated with increase in riots. Also intensity of riots, proxied by rate of growth rate of riots increases in scheduled election years. We also find that riots and intensity of riots are responsive to the propinquity to an election year. Meaning, as incumbent government nears the elections, riots and intensity of riots keeps increasing, while this is exactly opposite during the early years of incumbent government in office. These results suggest that elections generate “riots cycle” in regionally, ethnically, culturally and socially diverse country like India.
The economy of Punjab state in India offers an interesting case study. Punjab has been for decades––and remains––one of India’s better-off states, and so it tends not be included in the primary focus of national programs meant to reduce poverty or spur economic development. But, Punjab’s relative economic position within India has declined rapidly in recent years. This decline has been accompanied by environmental problems and symptoms of deep social malaise. As will be argued in this chapter, Punjab is facing a multidimensional crisis that requires urgent attention. This chapter provides an overview of Punjab’s crisis, through an analysis of the dynamics of Punjab’s economic development as shaped by its political economy, its social dynamics and exogenous events since independence. It argues that one can understand both Punjab’s success in certain areas of agriculture and its subsequent relative decline in terms of the interaction of these factors. It uses this historical analysis to provide an assessment of Punjab’s future economic development, in terms of the structural changes that are needed, and how these can be encouraged or implemented by policy makers within the constraints of its current political–economic equilibrium.
The focus of this article is an alternative policy approach to bridging the digital divide, through organisational innovations that provide low cost Internet access in rural India. We use survey data from 500 individuals in four states of India: Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab and Rajasthan, to examine factors influencing patterns of computer and Internet use. We estimate logit and multinomial logit models, using microeconomic variables and infrastructure factors. We go beyond simple analyses of penetration at the country level, to understand the microeconomics of computer and Internet use in rural India.
This paper examines bridging the digital divide through organisational innovations that provide low cost Internet access in developing countries, within the existing conditions of income levels. We use survey data from three South Asian countries, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, to examine factors influencing patterns of computer and Internet use. We find that education plays a key role, in terms of its acquisition as a reason for computer and Internet use, and as an enabling variable (especially in the case of English language knowledge).
The concept of a ‘global digital divide’ is now common, and many cross-country studies of determinants of differences in computer and Internet penetration have been performed. The main conclusions and policy implications from these studies are relatively blunt - get richer, have more telephones, and regulate telecommunications better. In this paper, we examine an alternative approach to bridging the digital divide, through organizational innovations that provide low cost Internet access in developing countries, within the existing conditions of income levels, telecommunications infrastructure and regulatory environment. We use survey data from 500 individuals in three South Asian countries, Bangladesh, Nepal and Sri Lanka, to examine factors influencing patterns of computer and Internet use. These individuals were in situations where computer and Internet access has been provided by a developmental agency (government or non-government). We estimate logit and multinomial logit models, using explanatory variables such as income, household size, education, and occupation, as well as infrastructure factors such as quality of electricity supply, and availability of telephones and televisions. Thus we are able to go beyond simple analyses of penetration at the country level, to understand the microeconomics of computer and Internet use in rural South Asia.
