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From an empirical perspective and using some historical elements, we speculate about the role of intellectual property rights (IPRs) in the information and communications technology paradigm in the context of production fragmentation and global value chains and the challenges they impose on learning. We use an evolutionary economics framework to un...
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... they have a positive IP balance of payments. In 2005 'low-and middle- income countries' had a US$16 billion deficit, that increased consid- erably by 2012, reaching US$40 billion (see Table 1). ...
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... USA is the world's largest debtor in terms of IP, but it is also the largest creditor for its use. In net terms, the USA has a positive balance in this regard of US$90,162 million (in 2013, see Table 1). The group of 'high-income countries' has a positive balance in terms of IP (US$27,304 million in 2013). ...
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... group of 'high-income countries' has a positive balance in terms of IP (US$27,304 million in 2013). However, 'low-and middle- income countries' have a structural deficit (see Table 1). An obvious conclusion can be drawn from these figures: most of new techno- logical knowledge is produced in 'high-income countries', while paying more for the use of IP, they receive much more than those 'low-and middle-income countries' with their low innovative and learning capabilities. ...
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... 2005, Brazil received US$101 million and in 2013 US$597 million (an increase of 487%) (see Fig. 1). Combining the data, it is possible to find the IP balance of payments for Brazil: it has a structural deficit, which has been increasing since 2005 (see Table 1). ...
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... that is lower than the amount paid for the use of exogenous technology (see Fig. 1). That said, like Brazil, South Korea has a negative IP balance of payments: from US$2,684 million (in 2005) to US$5,520 million (in 2013) (see Table 1). ...
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... Data includes utility models, industrial designs, and patents. 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Instruments Optics 78 21 60 22 8 6 13 13 35 48 29 31 35 Measurement 96 28 91 30 22 12 20 10 51 56 41 45 65 Analysis of biological materials 4 8 8 Source: Authors' own. Data sourced from WIPO Data from KIPO could not be used as it is not publicly available in a historical series of patents granted about technology. ...
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... A hypothesis to explain this distribution is that inventors from 5 The predominance of non-residents in Brazilian patent applications is a feature that distinguishes innovation systems from Brazil and Korea, for example. In Korea, only 22% of deposits were made by non-residents, while in Brazil residents accounted for only 15.78% of total applications at INPI in 2012 (Chiarini, Rapini and Silva, 2017). 6 Descriptive statistics (Table A2 in Appendix) on more developed regions in Brazil, located in the South and Southeast, confirm higher means for collaboration variables in comparison with regions in the North, Northeast and Centre-West. ...
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... no que se refere aos métodos de proteção estratégicos formais (i.e., proteção à propriedade intelectual, sobretudo patentes), tem-se que existe uma participação dominante de patentes (depositadas no Instituto nacional de Propriedade Intelectual, InPI) nas mãos de não-residentes e praticamente todos os não-residentes são transnacionais dos EUA, Europa ocidental e Japão. Das empresas que operam no Brasil, tem-se que a maioria das que pedem proteção por meio de patentes são as grandes empresas filiais de transnacionais (Chiarini et al., 2017a(Chiarini et al., , 2017b. ...
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... Yet, foreign-owned companies are responsible for high shares of patents deposits in less developed countries vis-à-vis indigenous businesses. In Brazil, for example, in 2010, 90.1% of patents deposited at the local patent office in the chemicals' area alone belonged to non-residents (Chiarini, Rapini, & Silva, 2016). The strategy of creating new technologies abroad and ensuring legal protection of intellectual property gives MNCs a privileged position in their host countries. ...
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