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This document investigates handover in All-IP wireless networks. It works out general trends in network services and architectures of future IP-based wireless networks with an impact on handover design. The main contribution of this document is the description and comparison of the handover approaches which have been identified as state-of-the-art...
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In recent times, the imminent lack of public IPv4 addresses has attracted the attention of both the research community and the industry. The problem becomes even more pressing with the introduction of third generation (3G) cellular networks which are predicted to introduce hundred of millions of new IP capable terminals over the next few years. The...
In today's networks there is a convergence to an integrated IP-based network. lETF's mobile IP handles global macromobility in the IP based infocommunication networks. It is, however, not adapted to micromobility environment; in this local mobility management there are several proposals both for IPv4 and IPv6. These approaches use local entities to...
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... At the initial stage of the project, the current development and trends in handover design for All-IP wireless networks were studied [21]. The issues and requirements of QoS and security support result from the mobility study. ...
... • Multicast-Based Handover In order to work out the basic assumptions behind the schemes, the description is organized according to the following structure: Motivation to develop a new approach; Addressing concept; Required mobility infrastructure; Routing of packets; Handover, in particular vertical handover; Advantages and drawbacks of the approach. Details refer to [20,21]. ...
... In both IPv4 and IPv6 technology IP address is used as host identifier and location information. Possible solutions are to hide address location or to include user location into addressing concept [1]. The second case is the support for not symmetrical (upward and downward) vertical handovers in heterogeneous networks. ...
... The term handover (or handoff) refers to the process of mobile node moving from one point of attachment to the Internet to the other point of attachment. The are several types of handover defined depending on which layers of communication stack are affected [1,3,4]: ...
A rapid growth of IP-based networks and services created the vast collection of resources and functionality available to users
by means of an uniform method of access – an IP protocol. At the same time, advances in design of mobile electronic devices
allowed them to reach utility level comparable to stationary, desktop computers, while still retaining their mobility advantage.
Unfortunately, the base IP protocol does not perform very well in mobile environments, due to lack of handover support and
higher layer mobility management mechanisms. In this paper we present an overview of the most popular and promising methods
of handling mobility in IPv4 and IPv6 networks, covering both ISO-OSI layer 2 low level handover mechanisms in IEEE 802.11
WLAN systems and ISO-OSI layer 3+ mobility solutions.
KeywordsIP networks–IEEE 802.11 based WLANs–handover–mobility protocols–analysis–comparison
... The handover process in heterogenous networks is not symmetrical so handover in both directions between UMTS and IEEE 802.11 networks is considered. The handover from UMTS to IEEE 802.11 can be easily configured as soft-handover [1]. When Mobile Station (MS) enters the WiFi the connection to the UMTS is still available. ...
Wireless networks are becoming increasingly popular. These wireless solutions range from personal networks (e.g. Bluetooth), through local (e.g. WiFi) and metropolitan area networks (e.g. WiMax) up to the cellular networks that offer the coverage almost everywhere. As the number of different wireless technologies grows, a unified and standardized mobility support algorithm for heterogeneous networks is needed. The paper evaluates the performance of mobility support mechanisms and algorithms offered by a new IEEE 802.21 standard. The heterogeneous scenario with UMTS and IEEE 802.11 networks is modeled and investigated. The handover in both directions is discussed, taking into account implementation of MIH Link Going Down event for IEEE 802.11 networks, proposed by the authors. This event is used to optimize handover from IEEE 802.11 network to UMTS networks. The new, proposed in the paper solution, makes it possible to support multimedia services during the heterogenous handovers. To verify the proposed algorithm the simulation environment has been defined, based on ns-2 simulator. The number of experiments was performed to evaluate the packets lost ratio and the delays introduced by heterogenous handover.
... Its major difference from other IP micro-mobility protocols is that it uses two dynamically auto-configured CoAs for routing packets towards the mobile node. Comprehensive surveys and comparisons of IP micro-mobility protocols can be found in [3,14,27,28]. ...
A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an infrastructureless, autonomous, and standalone network. A MANET can be flexibly and simply deployed in almost any environment, but it has limited wireless coverage and its connectivity is limited to the MANET boundary. The growth of the Internet and its services and applications - and the trend in the fourth generation (4G) wireless networks toward All-IP networks - have led to an increasing demand for enabling MANET nodes to connect to the Internet and use its services and applications. Mobile IP and IP micromobility protocols enable a mobile node to access the Internet and change its access point without losing the connection. The mobile node should be in the coverage range of the access point and should have a direct connection to it. So, with the cooperation between MANET routing protocols and the IP mobility protocol, Internet connectivity to MANET nodes can be achieved. Many solutions have been proposed to enable MANETs to connect to the Internet using IP mobility protocols. This article presents a survey of solutions for integrating MANETs with the Internet, with the intent of serving as a quick reference to current research proposals for Internet connectivity for mobile ad hoc networks based on IP mobility protocols. A qualitative comparison of the routing solutions for integration is presented. The limitations of these integration solutions are also investigated. A framework for integrating the Cellular IP access network and MANETs is introduced. This survey concludes with further points for investigation.
... W E IDENTIFY the requirements for mobility support that are essential for choosing among multicast protocol options, to judge existing approaches, and to derive new ones. Many of the requirements seem to be evident for mobility support [9], such as small handoff latency and low packet loss. However, multicast-specific aspects can be identified and have consequences for the design of a multicastbased mobility scheme. ...
To solve the IP mobility problem, the use of multicast has been proposed in a number of different approaches, applying multicast in different characteristic ways. We provide a systematic discussion of fundamental options for multicast‐based mobility support and the definition and experimental performance evaluation of selected schemes. The discussion is based on an analysis of the architectural, performance‐related, and functional requirements. By using these requirements and selecting options regarding network architecture and multicast protocols, we identify promising combinations and derive four case studies for multicast‐based mobility in IP‐based cellular networks. These case studies include both the standard any‐source IP multicast model as well as non‐standard multicast models, which optimally utilize the underlying multicast. We describe network architecture and protocols as well as a flexible software environment that allows to easily implement these and other classes of mobility‐supporting multicast protocols.
Multicast schemes enable a high degree of flexibility for mobility mechanisms in order to meet the service quality required by the applications with minimal protocol overhead. We evaluate this overhead using our software environment by implementing prototypes and quantifying handoff‐specific metrics, namely, handoff and paging latency, packet loss and duplication rates, as well as TCP goodput. The measurement results show that these multicast‐based schemes improve handoff performance for high mobility in comparison to the reference cases: basic and hierarchical Mobile IP. Comparing the multicast‐schemes among each other the performance for the evaluated metrics is very similar.
As a result of the conceptual framework classification and our performance evaluations, we justify specific protocol mechanisms that utilize specific features of the multicast. Based on this justification, we advocate the usage of a source‐specific multicast service model for multicast‐based mobility support that adverts the weaknesses of the classical Internet any‐source multicast service model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
... Handover describes a mechanism when a user moves through the coverage of different wireless cells. A handover between wireless cells of the same type is referred to as horizontal handover, while a handover between cells of different type is known as vertical handover [4] . Because IP protocols were designed for stationary systems, some extensions have been proposed to introduce mobility support. ...
Mobile Internet access is currently available mainly using 2G/3G cellular telecommunication networks and wire-less local area networks. WLANs are perceived as a local complement to slower, but widely available cellular networks, such as existing GSM/GPRS or future UMTS networks. To benefit from the advantages offered by both radio access net-works, a mobile user should be able to seamlessly roam be-tween them without the need to terminate already established Internet connections. The goal of this paper is to present an overview of the profitability of performing vertical handovers between UMTS and IEEE 802.11b using Mobile IP. Several simulations have been carried out using NS-2, which prove that handovers from IEEE 802.11b to UMTS can, under cer-tain circumstances, be profitable not only when there is no more IEEE 802.11b coverage. Simulation results show that a mobile user should be able to roam between these networks depending on the current available channel bandwidth and quality, generated traffic type and number of users in both of them. Keywords— UMTS, IEEE 802.11b, handover, roaming, Mo-bile IP.
... In case of uniform systems, many location management schemes have been proposed and evaluated for both cellular systems [2][3] and computer oriented networks [4][5]. In case of heterogeneous PCS systems, the registration, call delivery and handset identity are discussed in [8], while methods for enhancing the network's location management in multitier (GSM, IS-95, IS-54) systems have been proposed in [6][7]. Roaming across systems imposes a significant increase in signaling traffic. ...
... Most applications use IP as the network communication protocol, thus roaming requires having to switch between IP addresses in different networks. Protocols such as MobileIP [13], Reverse Address Translation (RAT), multicast-based handover, HAWAII and CellularIP [9] do this. However, IP layer approaches are not sufficient to solve the problem of service roaming because they do not handle application state which service roaming requires. ...
This paper proposes an architectural framework for integrating services within an enterprise and accessing them from mobile devices in a pervasive-computing environment. Present network environments are prone to failures from disconnections and device crashes. Being able to maintain service transaction while moving to different locations and wireless networks (known as service roaming), is currently a major objective in pervasive and mobile computing research. This paper presents a framework (called m-Roam) that allows for mobile clients to perform service invocation and roaming. The framework addresses this problem by introducing a proxy-based architecture so that invocation context and transaction state can be maintained or updated accordingly, while the user roams in different locations.
... Handover describes a mechanism when a user moves through the coverage of different wireless cells. A handover between wireless cells of the same type is referred to as horizontal handover, while a handover between cells of different type is known as vertical handover [4]. Because IP protocols were designed for stationary systems, some extensions have been proposed to introduce mobility support. ...
... T retr = T req + T nack + T transmission (4) Where T req is the average time between sending the erroneous transport block and sending a poll request by RLC (which depends on the RLC Poll Timer), T nack is the time which is needed to return an RLC negative acknowledgement and T transmission is the time used to retransmit the transport block. In case of modeling multiple retransmissions T transmission can be again estimated by (1) where the retransmitted transport block is treated as a separate packet. ...
Internet access using relatively fast wireless local area networks (WLANs) is often perceived as a local complement to slower, but widely available access using cellular networks, e.g. GSM/GPRS or UMTS. To benefit from the advantages offered by both radio access networks, a mobile user should be able to seamlessly change the access network while moving, experiencing temporary network congestions or whenever switching to the other network seems profitable. The goal of this paper is to analyse the profitability of performing vertical handovers between IEEE 802.11b and UMTS in case of using mobile IPv4. Such research has not yet been done in detail before. The profitability of performing vertical handovers has been analysed depending on the available UMTS channel bandwidth, channel quality, number of WLAN users and generated traffic type. Several detailed simulations have been carried out using NS2 and results are presented. Based on these results, a general criterion for profitable switching between UMTS and IEEE 802.11b is proposed, analysed and verified by simulations.
... The terminal communicates with the mobility servers located in the IP part of the network, and a new authentication/authorization process is initialized. After the connection at the physical layer has been established, various Mobile IP extensions may be applied [8,9] to keep connections uninterrupted. ...
Next-generation mobile/wireless networks are already under
preliminary deployment. Mobile/wireless all-IP networks are expected to
provide a substantially wider and enhanced range of services. However,
an evolutionary rather than revolutionary approach to the deployment of
a global all-IP wireless/mobile network is expected. To support global
roaming, next-generation networks will require the integration and
interoperation of mobility management processes under a worldwide
wireless communications infrastructure. In this article global roaming
is addressed as one of the main issues of next-generation mobile
networks. Apart from the physical layer connectivity and radio spectrum
allocation plans, mobility in a hierarchical structured scheme is
discussed. An all-IP wireless/mobile network combined with inherited
mobility schemes of each network layer and Mobile IP extensions is
proposed. In this respect the mobility management mechanisms in WLAN,
cellular, and satellite networks are analyzed, and an all-IP
architecture is described and an enhanced roaming scenario presented
