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The Wireless-Optical Broadband Access Network (WOBAN) is a promising access architecture that combines the high performance of optical networks with the ubiquity and convenience of wireless technologies. This article proposes a network-based mobility framework that is specially tailored for WOBANs. The proposed architecture is based on Proxy Mobile...
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... Ethernet PON (EPON) is a type of PON employing IEEE 802.3/Ethernet frames, which contain a small EPON- specific header in its Preamble (see Fig. 2). The Logical Link Identifier (LLID) field specifies the recipient ONU(s) of the EPON frame, and the Mode bit specifies whether the LLID is unicast (M=0) or broadcast/multicast (M=1). A unicast LLID is assigned to each ONU by the OLT. Hence, upon the reception of an EPON frame, every ONU must check the LLID field to filter out all the ...
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The continuous increase of mobile data traffic volume creates new challenges for telecommunication network operators. As a possible solution, many traffic offloading techniques have been proposed. In parallel, there is a trend to handle all the access techniques under the umbrella of IP, including non-3GPP networks (e.g., Wi-Fi), mainly with the he...
Providing a seamless handover in the Internet of Thing (IoT) applications with minimal efforts is a big challenge in mobility management protocols. Several research efforts have been attempted to maintain the connectivity of nodes while performing mobility-related signalling, in order to enhance the system performance. However, these studies still...
Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) was standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) NetLMM WG as a Network-based Mobility management protocol. This protocol allows the Mobile Node (MN) to maintain service connectivity while moving within the PMIPv6 domain. PMIPv6 mobility management is different from the Host-based Mobility management protoco...
![Table 3 . Parameter values [12]](publication/268585433/figure/tbl1/AS:670015883866116@1536755643559/Parameter-values-12_Q320.jpg)
Intelligent transportation system (ITS) consists of moving networks, where the network mobility
(NEMO) basic support is adopted as a mobility management protocol for moving networks.
Even though NEMO basic support (NBS) provides a basic mobility support for ITS systems, the
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In mobile communication, there are various types of handoff for the support of all forms of mobility. Proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) enables local network-based mobility management of a mobile node without any effect of mobility-related signaling. Recently, PMIPv6 has been considered for supporting mobility management in LTE/SAE-based mobile networks....
Citations
... However, standard solution introduces the additional delay due to acquire the MN information from AAA server, and packet disorder caused by buffer, and larger handover delay due to the lack of efficient L2 trigger mechanism. Therefore, several heterogeneous handover schemes [23,24] have been proposed, but most of them just combine PMIPv6 and MIH, and require additional mechanisms or new entity such as L2 scanning [25,26], Modified MIHF signals [27], Network-based MIHF [28], neighbor discovery [29], handover coordinator [30] or even multicast mechanism [31,32]. More recently, Alves et al. [33] tested the integration of PMIPv6 and MIH in real testbed to support the flow mobility. ...
Fast handover for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FPMIPv6) can optimize the handover performance compared with PMIPv6 in terms of handover delay and packet loss. However, FPMIPv6 cannot handle heterogeneous handovers due to the lack of unified Layer 2 triggering mechanism. While Media Independent Handover (MIH) can provide heterogeneous handover support, and a lot of MIH-based integration solutions have been proposed. However, most of these solutions are based on the integration of MIH and PMIPv6, and require additional mechanisms such as L2 scanning, handover coordinator or neighbor discovery, which are out of the scope of MIH and difficult to be standardized. Furthermore, the direct integration of MIH and FPMIPv6 will cause redundant signaling cost due to the similar functions such as MIH handover commit procedure in MIH and inter-MAG (Mobility Access Gateway) tunnel setup in FPMIPv6. This paper provides a comprehensive survey on these solutions and compares each solution's functionality and characteristic, and then proposes an integration scheme based on Extension of MIH for FPMIPv6 (EMIH-FPMIPv6) to support optimized heterogeneous handover, which extends the existing MIH standard and reduces the redundant messages interaction caused by FPMIPv6 and MIH. This paper adopts the city section mobility model and heterogeneous networks model to analyze and compare the performance of EMIH-FPMIPv6 under different heterogeneous handover scenarios. The analytical results show that EMIH-FPMIPv6 is capable of reducing the handover delay and the signaling cost compared to the solution specified in MIH standard (noted as standard handover solution) and FPMIPv6.
... There are several works that support the integration of IEEE 802.21 MIH with PMIPv6 and DMM to improve the handover processing performance over the heterogeneous wireless networks using IEEE 802.21 MIH-related control messages [21,22]. However, these IEEE 802.21 MIH related works mainly dealed with individual MN's handover. ...
In the wireless network and mobile internet, several mobile nodes (MNs) may handover from the same previous network X to the same destination network Y at the same time. However, currently proposed Distributed Mobility Management (DMM)-based protocol mainly focus on the handover processing of a single MN’s handover. It causes many redundant messages’ exchanging when multiple MNs do handover at the same time. In this paper, a Bursty Multi-node Handover scheme for mobile internet using the partially Distributed Mobility Management (BMH–DMM) architecture is proposed to tackle the aforementioned problem. Using the proposed BMH–DMM method, one set of control messages for handover is used instead of n sets of control messages for a group that has n MNs. The performance analysis shown that when the number of MNs that perform handover at the same time and in the same place is increased, the handover overhead is not increased so much, for which the proposed BMH–DMM method can reduce about 30% bandwidth consumption for exchanging handover’s signaling messages. Furthermore, the network utilization, handover delay, packet loss, handover blocking probability of using the proposed BMH–DMM scheme are also smaller than that of using the individual handover approach.
... As shown in Eq. (6), T cycle is used for deriving m . Thus, T cycle is an important parameter for an actual network [25]. However, Bharati and Saengudomlert [7] did not derive T cycle . ...
The infrastructure to develop the next generation optical access network is the Ethernet passive optical network (EPON). Interleaved polling with adaptive cycle time (IPACT) is a common polling method of an EPON. However, the mean waiting time of packets (= the mean packet delay) with IPACT is large depending on the arriving time of the packets. In this paper, a novel media access method for IPACT is proposed in order to minimize the mean packet delay. The mean packet delay with the proposed method is also derived as the exact solution. This solution is based on the non-trivial simplification of the previous work on the analytical solution for general IPACT. We confirm a close match between simulation and our theoretical results and show the effectiveness of our method.
... IEEE 802.21 MIH provides abstract services to upper layers with a unified interface to enhance mobility management of layer 2 for supporting handover between heterogeneous wireless networks. Several extensions of IEEE 802.21 MIH PMIPv6 mechanisms have been proposed in [7][8][9][10][11][12] to reduce the handover latency. MIH can communicate with L2 and L3 and it can provide trigger functions for L3 to use, it is expected to check more information and provide a more correct L2 event, including L2 trigger, for L3. ...
Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a networked-based handover protocol for the IP layer, i.e., the layer 3 mobility management protocol. In this work, we integrate fast handover and IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handover (MIH) Services with PMIPv6 to improve the handover performance over the heterogeneous wireless network environment. Since it may have multiple candidate destination networks to which a Mobile Node can select for handover, it needs to consider not only the signal strength but also the corresponding networking situation for the proper selection of the next network. To reduce the packet loss situation, the multicast mechanism is adopted to forward packets to these candidate destination networks during the handover processing period. In this work, a Forward Fast Media Independent Handover Control Scheme for Proxy Mobile IPv6 (FFMIH-PMIPv6) is proposed based on the aforementioned concerns. Through the simulations for performance analysis, it shows that the proposed FFMIH-PMIPv6 can have better handover performance in terms of handover latency, packet loss rate and throughput.
... This will result in improving performance of applications with strict QoS requirements. Furthermore, bicasting approach can be adopted in FC-OLT both during inter and intra OLT handoff in order to minimize packet loss [23]. • In case when computational load is distributed across different computational facilities (e.g. ...
This paper highlights the importance of accommodating Fog computation facilities in a Passive Optical Network (PON). Fog computation is referred to as a decentralized computing infrastructure at the network access segment so as to facilitate computation capability closer to end users. PON is seen to be one of the key players in expansion of communication networks. It has paved the way in realizing high speed broadband Internet access to the end users. This paper presents an architectures, namely Fog Co-located Optical Line Terminal (FC-OLT). The FC-OLT architecture is the first effort towards presenting an integrated architecture of Fog computation facilities and PON. This architecture is presented considering Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)-PON (TDM-PON) topology. Along with explaining importance of this architecture in improving Quality of service (QoS) and Quality of Experience (QoE) parameters, we point out several important research issues in order to provide direction for future research. Initial performance measurement of FC-OLT presented in this paper reveals that FC-OLT architecture can contribute a great deal of in improving traffic performance.
... The IEEE 802.21 is the MIH standard in 2008 for seamless handover between networks of the same and different type [10]. Recently, much research has been performed to improve the currently available MIH standard [11][12][13]. ...
Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications framework is evolving to sustain faster networks with the potential to connect
millions of devices in the following years. M2M is one of the essential competences for implementing Internet of Things
(IoT). Therefore, various organizations are now focusing on enhancing improvements into their standards to support M2M
communications. Thus, Heterogeneous Mobile Ad Hoc Network (HetMANET) can normally be considered appropriate for M2M
challenges. These challenges incorporated when a mobile node (MN) selects a target network in an energy efficient scanning for
efficient handover. Therefore, to cope with these constraints, we proposed a vertical handover scheme for handover triggering
and selection of an appropriate network. The proposed scheme is composed of two phases. Firstly, the MNs perform handover
triggering based on the optimization of the Receive Signal Strength (RSS) from an access point/base station (AP/BS). Secondly, the
network selection process is performed by considering the cost and energy consumption of a particular application during handover.
Moreover, if there are more networks available, then the MN selects the one provided with the highest quality of service (QoS). The
decision regarding the selection of available networks is made on three metrics, that is, cost, energy, and data rate. Furthermore,
the selection of an AP/BS of the selected network is made on five parameters: delay, jitter, Bit Error Rate (BER), communication
cost, and response time. The numerical and experimental results are compared in the context of energy consumption by an MN,
traffic management on an AP/BS, and QoS of the available networks. The proposed scheme efficiently optimizes the handoff related
parameters, and it shows significant improvement in the existing models used for similar purpose.
... wireless front-end of cloud-integrated WOBAN. The function of wireless routers is to integrate into ONU and act as the gateway between wireless front-end and optical backend [15][16][17][18][19]. Meanwhile, the cloud components connecting with wireless routers can efficiently provide cloud services for users, which makes cloud-integrated WOBAN flexible and practical. ...
... Constraints in Eq. (15) indicate the flow conservation constraints from the placed wireless router at site r to ONU at site t, which is similar to constraints in Eq. (8). Constraint in Eq. (16) shows the hops constraint of each wireless routing path, which is similar to constraints in Eq. (9). y u ; x j ; λ s;t ; η r;t ; f s;t;k j;l ; g r;t j;l ¼ f0; 1g; 8 u A U; j A J; r A fJ À Mg; ...
Cloud-integrated Wireless-Optical Broadband Access Network (WOBAN), which combines the advantages of wireless access network and optical access network, is becoming a promising hybrid architecture for access networks. Although it has many significant advantages, survivability still plays an important role in the performance optimization of cloud-integrated WOBAN, because the network component failure will cause huge data loss. Meanwhile, users need ubiquitous broadband access for cloud services which can be provided by cloud-integrated WOBAN. Hence, this paper proposes an approach for the planning of survivable cloud-integrated WOBAN to support ubiquitous urban area cloud-integrated wireless-optical broadband access. By Integer Linear Programming (ILP) model and heuristic solution, the proposed approach aims at the maximal coverage under the survivability constraints on the connection of wireless routers. When a distribution fiber is broken, each ONU can transmit data to its backup ONU using wireless routers via the node-disjoint wireless paths with the constraints of transmission delay. Simulation results show the network coverage of user ends for different number of ONUs and wireless routers, and illustrate the relationship between network coverage and cost represented by the number wireless routers. At the same time, this approach demonstrates itself about the feasibility to the real urban area cloud-integrated wireless-optical broadband access.
... To address this problem, it is generally agreed that PON (Passive Optical Networks) technologies can be the basis for a cost-effective way to reach 5G radio access nodes -eNodeB in LTE terminology-. The broadcast-andselect nature of PON entails a few advantages for seamless mobility [5] and also some disadvantages [2]. The winner PON technology is likely to be the one capable of deployment on street lamps with minimum fiber installation requirements, of flexible bandwidth allocation and of agile support to inter-access node communication -X2 interface between eNodeBs in LTE standard-. ...
Small radio cells have been acknowledged as the only technically viable way to provide the individual 100 Mb/s - 1 Gb/s access rates promised by the future 5G1 cellular networks. This small-cell approach faces a number of technological challenges when it comes to the design of an appropriate backhaul network. However, not less importantly, it also poses a financial challenge for operators, given the high cost of deployment and maintenance of a large amount of active devices connected at gigabit speeds scattered over a metropolitan area.
Proxy Mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is a network-based mobility management protocol. Fast Handover for PMIPv6 (FPMIPv6) offers a handover preparation mechanism for MNs to improve the handover performance. It is possible that several MNs are doing the handover processing from the same previous network to the same new network around the same time. However, the current schemes of FPMIPv6 mainly focus on one MN instead of multiple MNs. It causes the problem of many duplicate control messages during handover. In this paper, a Group-Based Handover Control Scheme for PMIPv6 using the 'Hitch on' over heterogeneous wireless mobile networks was proposed. The 'Hitch on' concept means that multiple nodes can be grouped together to resolve the aforementioned problem. Multiple MNs, which have similar movement behaviors at the same time, are formed as a group, for which only one set of messages for handover processing is used instead of using n sets of messages. From the performance analysis, even if the number of MNs increases, the amount of handover signaling cost, handover latency and packet lost are reduced significantly and the handover procedure can be simplified using the proposed GB-PMIPv6 scheme.
The deployment of different types of wireless technologies led to additional challenges to the issue of mobility management in next generation wireless networks. In addition to the regular movement of the mobile users in a heterogeneous environment, users’ demand for more real time services results in more handover complexity. Even though the network-based proxy mobile IPv6 (PMIPv6) is considered a favorable protocol for mobility management and the IEEE 802.21 media independent handover (MIH) framework designed to support seamless handover in heterogeneous networks, these protocols, each one separately, fails to provide seamless handover procedure for time sensitive applications in heterogeneous wireless networks. Therefore, several works have been done to integrate the network-based PMIPv6 with the capabilities of MIH to obtain an enhanced solution. In this paper, we reviewed the PMIPv6 and MIH integration schemes in the literature and we categorized them into six schemes based on the signals or network entities modifications. Also, we provide a comparative analytical evaluation for handover procedures of these schemes in terms of signaling cost, total handover latency, and packet loss. Based on the features and analysis, the integration with network is the best solution that to be considered.
