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Three-dimensional printed polymeric lattice structures have recently gained interests in several engineering applications owing to their excellent properties such as low-density, energy absorption, strength-to-weight ratio, and damping performance. Three-dimensional (3D) lattice structure properties are governed by the topology of the microstructur...
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Extrusion-based 3D printing using zirconia ceramics shows promising results in biomedical applications, but the challenges in deployment are still significant. In this study, we developed an optimized extrusion-based 3D printing method for fabrication of intricate, fully dense ceramics based on gelled zirconia suspensions. The viscoelastic properti...
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... The main approach employs 3D printable condensation-crosslinking single component (1 K) silicone materials as a base material for the tissue mimicking material (TMM). Addition of microstructuring or infill enables the control of material stiffness [39] and may introduce some viscoelastic responses [40,41]. Elastomers display linear stress strain behaviour in the range of surgical manipulation (10 % to 25 %), whereas soft biological tissues have a non-linear stress strain relationship [42]. ...
... A comparative study based on the type of lattice structures (shell, truss, plate) and materials (PLA, ABS) demonstrated that different architectures of lattice cores and materials can exhibit different characteristics. The outcome of the investigation suggests that trussbased lattice performs moderate mechanical characteristics [38]. However, in terms of lattice materials, it is found that compared to ABS, PLA exhibits better stiffness and strength [38,39]. ...
... The outcome of the investigation suggests that trussbased lattice performs moderate mechanical characteristics [38]. However, in terms of lattice materials, it is found that compared to ABS, PLA exhibits better stiffness and strength [38,39]. More recently, FDM printed lattice structures have been investigated experimentally and using the finite element method (FEM) to estimate the mechanical properties [40,41]. ...
... From the above literature, it is apparent that a significant amount of research has been conducted to investigate the mechanical properties (such as tensile, compressive, and bending) of FDM printed PLA parts considering layer height, nozzle temperature, printing speed, bed temperature, infill density, etc. However, very limited research is considered the above factors on the lattice structures [17,38,39,43,44], and no study is found for optimizing the printing parameters for best mechanical outcomes for PLA lattice design. Thus, the main objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of various printing parameters on a PLA-based cubic lattice structure and to optimize the printing parameters for the best mechanical properties outcomes. ...
Lattice structures are regularly employed in different industries ranging from biomedical to automobile and aircraft due to their excellent mechanical properties, outstanding load carrying and energy absorption capabilities, and better strength-to-weight ratio compared to traditional structures. On the other hand, fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a cost-effective method of additive manufacturing (AM) vastly used for plastic materials which are biocompatible, biodegradable, and environment-friendly in nature. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effect of FDM printing parameters, namely, layer height, nozzle temperatures, printing speeds, and bed temperatures, on a simple cubic lattice structure printed from PLA filament. The design of the experiment is conducted through L16 orthogonal array. After conducting compression tests, four significant outcomes, namely, modulus of elasticity, compressive strength, fracture strain, and modulus of toughness, are calculated from the stress–strain curves. Furthermore, an ANOVA (analysis of variance) test is carried out to find out the influence of each parameter. The analysis revealed that layer height is the most crucial parameter for modulus of elasticity and compressive strength. Secondly, the study also demonstrates the signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) analysis of each parameter and suggests the best manufacturing parameters, such as the layer height, printing temperature, printing speed, and bed temperature as 0.1 mm, 210 °C, 30 mm/s, and 60 °C, respectively, for the highest compressive strength. An SEM (scanning electron microscopy) analysis is carried out to examine the defects of the optimized lattice structure and found that the optimized structure has fewer defects in comparison to the non-optimized lattice core. Finally, based on these optimized parameters, a bone scaffold model is proposed for future biomedical applications.
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... During the last few years, an increasing number of 3D truss-like lattices fit for FFF have been identified, manufactured and tested. Among the different topologies, those based on body-centered cubic (BCC) unit cells were the most common (Ravari MR et al. 2014;Abdulhadi and Mian 2019;Al Rifaie, Mian, and Srinivasan 2019;Azmi et al. 2018;Fadeel et al. 2019;Fadeel et al. 2022;Jhou, Hsu, and Yeh 2021;Momeni, Mofidian, and Bardaweel 2019;Rezaei et al. 2017) (Figure 3a), yet lattice topologies based on variants of the cubic unit cell have been fabricated as well (Abusabir et al. 2022;Gorguluarslan et al. 2015;Gorguluarslan et al. 2016;Matlack et al. 2016;Monteiro et al. 2021;Wen and Li 2021;Dong et al. 2018). Other unit cell types based on polyhedra and other geometric figures have been manufactured and analyzed, including the Kagome truss (Gautam, Idapalapati, and Feih 2018), octet (Momeni, Mofidian, and Bardaweel 2019;Gorguluarslan et al. 2016;Emir, Bahçe, and Uysal 2021;Intrigila, Nodargi, and Bisegna 2022;Kaur et al. 2017;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2021;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2021;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2022), octahedral (Kaur et al. 2017), Kelvin cell (Ge et al. 2018;Guerra Silva, Torres, and Zahr Viñuela 2021;Rossiter, Johnson, and Bingham 2020), rhombic dodecahedron (Sun, Guo, and Shim 2021;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2021;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2022), sphere (Tang et al. 2020), and diamond (Intrigila, Nodargi, and Bisegna 2022;Guerra Silva et al. 2021;Guerra Silva et al. 2021;Guerra Silva et al. 2021) (Figure 3b), among many others Chun and Kowalik 2018; Khare et al. 2018;Lvov et al. 2020;Valle et al. 2022;Guerra Silva et al. 2021a (Figure 3c-g). ...
... Surface-based 3D lattice structures have also been examined under compression. This category includes closed-cell structures cubic (Duan et al. 2019), hollow spheres (Chun and Kowalik 2018;Ben Ali et al. 2019) and Kelvin cells (Abusabir et al. 2022;El Jai et al. 2021), in addition to open-cell shell-based lattices Kumar, Verma, and Jeng 2020;Ursini and Collini 2021). Also, TPMS structures, which include Schwarz (Gaal et al. 2021;Felix et al. 2020;Podroužek et al. 2019), Schoen gyroid (Alizadeh-Osgouei et al. 2021;Germain et al. 2018;Beloshenko et al. 2021;Maharjan et al. 2018;Haryńska et al. 2020) and Neovius-based (Khan et al. 2019) unit-cell types, have been subjected to compressive testing. ...
... One area of special interest for researchers has been the influence of different parameters on the mechanical response of lattice structures, normally under quasistatic compression. The parameters of the cell geometry that have been investigated include unit-cell type (Al Fadeel et al. 2019;Rezaei et al. 2017;Abusabir et al. 2022;Wen and Li 2021;Intrigila, Nodargi, and Bisegna 2022;Kaur et al. 2017;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2021;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2021;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2022;Guerra Silva et al. 2021;Guerra Silva et al. 2021;Chun and Kowalik 2018;Gaal et al. 2021;Ben Ali et al. 2019;Germain et al. 2018;Podroužek et al. 2019;Ursini and Collini 2021;Haryńska et al. 2020), cell size (Guerra Silva, Torres, and Zahr Viñuela 2021;Rossiter, Johnson, and Bingham 2020;Maconachie et al. 2020;Kumar, Verma, and Jeng 2020;Maharjan et al. 2018;Podroužek et al. 2019;Khan et al. 2019), strut/wall thickness (Azmi et al. 2018;Sun, Guo, and Shim 2021;Rossiter, Johnson, and Bingham 2020;Maconachie et al. 2020;Duan et al. 2019;Kumar, Verma, and Jeng 2020;Maharjan et al. 2018;Podroužek et al. 2019;Ursini and Collini 2021), strut shape (Gorguluarslan et al. 2016;Rossiter, Johnson, and Bingham 2020), strut length and orientation (Abdulhadi and Mian 2019), internal/re-entrant angle in auxetic structures (Khare et al. 2018;Valle et al. 2022), node filleting (Rossiter, Johnson, and Bingham 2020), cell asymmetry (Valle et al. 2022), inner-to-outer radius ratios in hollow struts (Intrigila, Nodargi, and Bisegna 2022) and the effect of transition geometries (Emir, Bahçe, and Uysal 2021). ...
One of the areas that have benefited the most from the advent of additive manufacturing is the development of customized cellular materials, scaffolds and lattices. Although these different groups of materials are typically considered separately, they can be categorized as mechanical metamaterials. Among the different additive manufacturing techniques, perhaps the most popular is that of Fused Filament Fabrication. Numerous works have been reported in the literature in which this fabrication technique has been used to produce such materials. Inspired by the increasing volume of work dealing with the subject, we present a review of the manufacturing and characterization of cellular and lattice-based mechanical metamaterials using Fused Filament Fabrication. An overview of the topologies, their effective mechanical properties and intrinsic manufacturing aspects are presented. The methods for failure analysis at different scales are also discussed. Finally, studies comparing the production of mechanical metamaterials using Fused Filament Fabrication and other additive manufacturing techniques are presented, in addition to recommendations and current trends in the production of these structures by Fused Filament Fabrication.
... Although lattice structures printed via FFF have inherent difficulties stemming fr hundreds of thousands or more weak interlayer bonds, there is considerable literat devoted to FFF lattice printing with different materials, geometries, and design meth ologies. Abusabir et al. [23] studied quasi-static and visco-elastic responses of simple cu lattice structures 3D printed using polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene rene (ABS) polymers. The authors concluded that plate lattice geometries were ideal applications requiring high stiffness and creep resistance, whereas a shell-based cubic tice structure was preferred for energy damping performance when quasi-static load conditions are expected. ...
... Although lattice structures printed via FFF have inherent difficulties stemming from hundreds of thousands or more weak interlayer bonds, there is considerable literature devoted to FFF lattice printing with different materials, geometries, and design methodologies. Abusabir et al. [23] studied quasi-static and visco-elastic responses of simple cubic lattice structures 3D printed using polylactic acid (PLA) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) polymers. The authors concluded that plate lattice geometries were ideal for applications requiring high stiffness and creep resistance, whereas a shell-based cubic lattice structure was preferred for energy damping performance when quasi-static loading conditions are expected. ...
Engineered lattice structures fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM) technologies are of great interest for many applications that require high strength and/or stiffness with minimum mass. This paper studies a novel axial lattice extrusion (ALE) AM technique that greatly enhances mechanical properties of polymeric lattice structures. When the novel ALE process was used to produce 84 mm × 84 mm × 84 mm octet truss lattice samples using fiber reinforced ABS, a total of 219,520 polymer interfaces in the lattice beams were eliminated relative to the conventional 3D printing alternative. Microscopic examination revealed near perfect alignment of the chopped carbon fibers with axes of the cylindrical beams that make up the lattice structure. The greatly enhanced beam quality with fiber reinforcement resulted in excellent mechanical properties. Compression testing yielded an average relative compressive strength of 17.4 MPa and an average modulus of 162.8 MPa. These properties rate very strongly relative to other published work, and indicate that the ALE process shows great potential for fabrication of high-strength, lightweight, large-scale, carbon-fiber composite components. The paper also contributes a modeling approach to finite element analysis (FEA) that captures the highly orthotropic properties of carbon fiber lattice beams. The diagonal shear failure mode predicted via the FEA model was in good agreement with experimentally observed results.
... The correlations between keywords in articles were taken into account in this analysis. Different studies show that the mechanical properties of both polymer and metal material additive manufacturing received the most attention from researchers [160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168]. Although important for new functional polymers, the applications of fire-resistance, electrical, thermal, bioprinting, electronics, 4D printing, and biocompatible qualities garnered far less research in this discipline. ...
Over the past 15 years, interest in additive manufacturing (AM) on lattice structures has significantly increased in producing 3D/4D objects. The purpose of this study is to gain a thorough grasp of the research pattern and the condition of the field’s research today as well as identify obstacles towards future research. To accomplish the purpose, this work undertakes a scientometric analysis of the international research conducted on additive manufacturing for lattice structure materials published from 2002 to 2022. A total of 1290 journal articles from the Web of Science (WoS) database and 1766 journal articles from the Scopus database were found using a search system. This paper applied scientometric science, which is based on bibliometric analysis. The data were subjected to a scientometric study, which looked at the number of publications, authorship, regions by countries, keyword co-occurrence, literature coupling, and scientometric mapping. VOSviewer was used to establish research patterns, visualize maps, and identify transcendental issues. Thus, the quantitative determination of the primary research framework, papers, and themes of this research field was possible. In order to shed light on current developments in additive manufacturing for lattice structures, an extensive systematic study is provided. The scientometric analysis revealed a strong bias towards researching AM on lattice structures but little concentration on technologies that emerge from it. It also outlined its unmet research needs, which can benefit both the industry and academia. This review makes a prediction for the future, with contributions by educating researchers, manufacturers, and other experts on the current state of AM for lattice structures.
... Polymer material might also exhibit viscoelastic behavior for cycling load or in long-term static load. Moreover, these effects were not observed in the current study, and they should be considered in the design of polymer lattice structure [30]. The effect of the size of the structural elements manufactured by PolyJet technology on the mechanical properties warrants further investigation. ...
The study aims to compare mechanical properties of polymer and metal honeycomb lattice structures between a computational model and an experiment. Specimens with regular honeycomb lattice structures made of Stratasys Vero PureWhite polymer were produced using PolyJet technology while identical specimens from stainless steel 316L and titanium alloy Ti6Al4V were produced by laser powder bed fusion. These structures were tested in tension at quasi-static rates of strain, and their effective Young’s modulus was determined. Analytical models and finite element models were used to predict effective Young’s modulus of the honeycomb structure from the properties of bulk materials. It was shown, that the stiffness of metal honeycomb lattice structure produced by laser powder bed fusion could be predicted with high accuracy by the finite element model. Analytical models slightly overestimate global stiffness but may be used as the first approximation. However, in the case of polymer material, both analytical and FEM modeling significantly overestimate material stiffness. The results indicate that computer modeling could be used with high accuracy to predict the mechanical properties of lattice structures produced from metal powder by laser melting.
Using triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) metal parts with added silicone polymer can lead to the development of hybrid materials with enhanced damping characteristics. This study aims to develop composite structures by hybridizing additively manufactured TPMS metal parts with added silicone polymers for vibration applications. Central to this investigation is the quest to ascertain the most efficacious damping mechanism. In this context, the finite element method (FEM)‐based model of the primitive TPMS structure, consisting of cobalt–chrome (CoCr) and the concomitant hybrid structure integrated with silicone polymer, is meticulously developed. The damping characteristics of the FEM‐based models are obtained by modal analysis. The models are also validated using experimental modal tests. The findings show a significant improvement in damping characteristics thanks to the hybrid TPMS structure. Specifically, the damping ratios derived from the hybrid TPMS structure exhibit a sixfold increase in time‐domain damping and up to a 30‐fold increase in frequency‐based analysis across two distinct damping calculation methodologies. Overall, this study highlights the potential of additively fabricated primitive TPMS metal parts with added silicone polymer as a promising structure for improving damping properties in various engineering applications.
In the present study, 3D networks were printed using the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique. The purpose was investigate the printability of graphene oxide (GO)‐based composites for potential bone tissue engineering applications. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments containing GO and amine functionalized GO (N‐GO) were produced by melt extrusion and employed to print 3D networks. The cytotoxicity, morphological, rheological, and thermal behavior of the samples were compared. The morphological, rheological, and wettability analyses indicated an improvement in dispersion of GO throughout the matrix of PLA when GO was amine functionalized. The viscoelastic and flow properties, as determined by rheology, indicated that printed PLA samples containing freeze‐dried GO had lower viscosity than other composites, with a viscosity of 59.4 (Pa s), a decrease of nine times when compared with pure PLA, while the PLA containing N‐GO presented an improved viscoelastic interaction. PLA contact angle (108°) decreased by 87° and 84° for N‐GO and GO, respectively. The thermal analyses depicted that the incorporation of freeze‐dried GO and N‐GO had no effect on the crystallinity or thermal transitions of PLA matrix, maintaining its thermal stability. Finally, the cytotoxicity analysis indicated that the composites were not toxic throughout the cell culture assay and were found to promote cell viability, especially for the PLA/N‐GO network. Thus, these results revealed a vast horizon toward the use of GO/biodegradable polymers as platforms to print 3D networks to be applied as scaffolds.
Lattice structures (LSs) are suitable for engineering structures because of their exceptional mechanical properties. However, strut based LSs suffer from a low buckling strength that limits their effectiveness in structural applications requiring high stiffness and strength. We propose a novel method for designing buckling-resistant strut-based LS by harnessing the buckling response of the base LS. A simple cubic strut LS with square cross-section struts was investigated with its buckling modes as a guide to design modified stiffened LS while maintaining the same relative density and stiffness. The weak regions in the LS were modified using conventional geometries, such as hollow rectangular, hollow hexagonal and angle designs. Experimental analysis of additively manufactured LS demonstrates increase in the buckling strength of up to 35% can be achieved without compromising the stiffness of the LS. The numerical simulations are further validated with experimental results with discrepancy below 10%. Finally, it was also found that the trends in the buckling strength were consistent for samples based on different relative densities and independent of material type. These results demonstrate that the current methodology can be further extended to other LSs to enhance their buckling resistance without reducing the stiffness of the base LSs.
