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I-iypszbema crasslcauda, caudal vertebrae in posterior and ventral views. A, liSNM 7189, lectotype from James King's marl pits; B, USNM 6136 from I'lloc*bus Landing. Scale in cm.
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... badly water-worn bone fragment (UNC 3370) from the basal Peedee Formation at Milepost 49 on the Cape Fear River was illustrated by Brett and Wheeler (1961, PI. 9, Fig. 5a-b) as a "dinosaur tarsal." This bone is the proximal end of the left femur of a large turtle. So far as comparisons can be made it is similar to, but slightly larger than, the femur or Taphrosphys sulcatus (Leidy) as illustrated by Gaffney (1975;PU 18707). O n the ventral surface of the inner trochanter it bears a transverse, canoeshaped ...
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... Later, Cope (1871) assigned the material to 'Thecachampsa,' a junior synonym of Crocodylus, and Hay (1902) reassigned the specimen as 'Crocodylus' rugosus. Baird and Horner (1979) reevaluated the Emmons type material, determining it to be a species of Deinosuchus. ...
... Although recovered in a Miocene marl bed, stratigraphic placement of the holotype specimen is complicated because the teeth were likely reworked from the middle Campanian Black Creek Formation (Miller, 1967;Baird and Horner, 1979;Schwimmer, 2002). The type locality has yielded other very incomplete specimens, often found reworked into geologically younger strata. ...
Deinosuchus is a lineage of giant (≥10 m) Late Cretaceous crocodylians from North America. These were the largest semiaquatic predators in their environments and are known to have fed on large vertebrates, including contemporaneous terrestrial vertebrates such as dinosaurs. Fossils have been found in units of Campanian age from northern Mexico to Montana in the west and Mississippi to New Jersey in the east. Three species have been named, and recent consensus suggests that they represent a single, widely ranging species. The authors studied newly collected material from western Texas and increased sampling from throughout North America to review species-level systematics of Deinosuchus and help refine its phylogenetic placement among crocodylians. Deinosuchus from eastern and western North America can be consistently differentiated and represent different species. A phylogenetic study is conducted including new character states. This work reinforces the identity of the ‘terror crocodile’ as an alligatoroid. Reference to the holotypes indicates that the generic name holder, Deinosuchus hatcheri, is extremely incomplete. As a result, the three known species of Deinosuchus cannot be differentiated. To ensure nomenclatural stability, the type species for Deinosuchus should be transferred to Deinosuchus riograndensis, a species known from multiple mostly complete individuals. Additionally, Deinosuchus rugosus is based on a holotype that is not diagnostic, and a new species, Deinosuchus schwimmeri, is named to encompass some specimens formerly assigned to D. rugosus.
... Although Deinosuchus has previously been reported from the Ellisdale site (e.g., Grandstaff et al. 1992;Denton et al. 2011), no description has accompanied these notes on the taxon's pres-ence in the assemblage. See the distribution (Figure 4) of Deinosuchus in eastern North America based on a review of the literature (Baird and Horner 1979;Grandstaff et al. 1992;Schwimmer et al. 1993;Schwimmer 2002;Denton et al. 2011;Schwimmer et al. 2015). ...
Deinosuchus is a genus of large crocodylian that inhabited North America during the Late Cretaceous. This massive predator has become one of the most well-known prehistoric organisms, with a considerable amount of literature on its biogeography, ecology, and evolution published. However, ontogenetic changes of Deinosuchus and other species of extinct large, predatory crocodyliforms have remained poorly understood because of a lack of remains known from juvenile individuals and issues surrounding the ability of histological analysis of adult material to provide information on yearly growth. Here, I describe a tooth from a juvenile Deinosuchus estimated at less than 1m in total body length. As the first reported specimen of a juvenile Deinosuchus, to the author's knowledge, in the literature, the new fossil evinces the extremely small size of young individuals of this taxon compared to adults more than 8 m and 3,500 kg. Furthermore, the tooth shows that some morphological discrepancies existed between the dentition of juvenile and adult Deinosuchus individuals, including the size of the nutritive region. In addition to being the first specimen of Deinosuchus from northeastern North America described in detail, the tooth emphasizes the biological extremes of attaining large body size in Deinosuchus and may add support to the hypothesis that the ontogeny of gigantic crocodyliforms was characterized by extended periods of juvenile growth.
... Examples include the Stokes Quarry site of South Carolina, from which teeth and other elements attributed to the tyrannosauroid Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis Carr, Williamson, and Schwimmer, 2005, the dromaeosaurid Saurornitholestes langstoni (Sues, 1978), and one or two other dromaeosaurid morphotypes have been described (Schwimmer et al., 2015). Other important sites include Phoebus Landing in North Carolina, which has preserved teeth and postcranial elements comparable to Dryptosaurus aquilunguis (Cope, 1866) and other tyrannosauroids, Lophorhothon, and Hadrosaurus, as well as the bones of ornithomimosaurs and the holotype of the gigantic hadrosauroid Hypsibema crassicauda (Cope, 1869) (e.g., Miller, 1967;Baird and Horner, 1979;Weishampel and Young, 1996;Schwimmer, 2016), and the Hannahatchee site of Georgia, which has preserved teeth and postcranial remains assigned to Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis, indeterminate ornithomimosaurs, and indeterminate hadrosaurids (e.g., Schwimmer et al., 1993). These sites have also been noted for their microvertebrate remains, including those of mammals, small squamates, and amphibians, making such localities extremely significant to research regarding faunal changes in North America during the Late Cretaceous (e.g., Grandstaff et al., is the Ellisdale site of New Jersey, discovered in 1980 by Robert C. O'Neill and Robert K. Denton Jr. (e.g., Weishampel and Young, 1996). ...
The Cretaceous landmass of Appalachia has preserved an understudied but nevertheless important record of dinosaurs that has recently come under some attention. In the past few years, the vertebrate faunas of several Appalachian sites have been described. One such locality, the Ellisdale site of the Cretaceous Marshalltown Formation of New Jersey, has produced hundreds of remains assignable to dinosaurs, including those of hadrosauroids of
several size classes, indeterminate ornithopods, indeterminate theropods, the teeth, cranial, and appendicular elements of dromaeosaurids, ornithomimosaurians, and tyrannosauroids, and an extensive microvertebrate assemblage. The theropod dinosaur record of the Ellisdale site is currently the most extensive and diverse known from the Campanian of Appalachia. Study of the Ellisdale theropod specimens suggests that at least four or more non-avian theropod taxa are represented at the site, including tyrannosauroids, ornithomimosaurs, several different morphotypes of dromaeosaurids that are the first of that clade described from New Jersey, and indeterminate theropods. The specimens are important for increasing current knowledge about the theropod diversity of the Atlantic Coastal Plain (ACP) during
the Campanian by representing the most speciose assemblage of the group during the time in the ACP as well as for shedding light on Appalachian dinosaur ecology and biogeography generally.
... The metatarsals are also less robust than those of most tyrannosaurid dinosaurs (e.g., Holtz, 2004). Additionally, as only nontyrannosaurid tyrannosauroid dinosaur taxa are known from Appalachia (e.g., Carr, Williamson landmass (e.g., Baird & Horner, 1979;Gallagher, 1993;Carr, Williamson & Schwimmer, 2005;Brusatte, Benson & Norell, 2011;Ebersole & King, 2011). Additionally, the specimen reveals the presence of at least two tyrannosauroid taxa in the Atlantic Coastal Plain during the Campanian, that represented by YPM VPPU.021795 and Dryptosaurus (e.g., Gallagher, 1993;Weishampel & Young, 1996). ...
... The question then arises as to why only one taxon, Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis, is present in the Campanian of the Gulf Coastal Plain (e.g., Weishampel et al., 2004;Ebersole & King, 2011). Possible competition for prey between tyrannosauroids and the massive crocodylian Deinosuchus rugosus has been discussed Baird & Horner, 1979;Schwimmer et al., 2015). Such an understanding of local dinosaur biogeography on Appalachia thus must wait for the collection of more specimens from across eastern North America. ...
For almost the entirely of the latter half of the Cretaceous, the continent of North America was divided into two sections, Laramidia in the west and Appalachia in the east. Unfortunately, this latter landmass recorded only a sparse fossil record of dinosaurs, obscuring those forms which must have occupied the eastern portion of North America during this time. Appalachian dinosaur faunas, though obscure, do seem to be different in composition from Laramidian ones. One particular element of Appalachian faunas that has attracted significant attention are the non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids of the continent. Tyrannosauroids on Appalachia, though represented by at least two taxa (Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis and Dryptosaurus aquilunguis), as well as many partial and fragmentary skeletons and elements, are nevertheless poorly know when compared to their western contemporaries. Here, one specimen, the partial metatarsus of a tyrannosauroid from the Campanian Merchantville Formation of New Jersey, is described in detail. The specimen may be differentiated from Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis, Dryptosaurus aquilunguis, and an unnamed specimen from the Maastrichtian of New Jersey by several notable morphological features outside the spectrum of individual variation, as well as by factoring in biogeographical considerations. The new specimen thus has significance for representing a new morphotype of tyrannosauroid from Appalachia, suggesting greater diversity of the clade on the landmass. Because of this, tyrannosaur diversity in the Campanian of Appalachia was compared to the diversity of tyrannosaurs in Laramidia during the same period to analyze the similarities and differences between the biogeography of tyrannosaurs on each landmass. The results suggest that Appalachian non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids experienced a similar amount of diversity to tyrannosaurids in Laramidia during the Campanian.
... Cretaceous Research j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / C r e t R e s the site, along with material comparable to the tyrannosaur Dryptosaurus aquilunguis and indeterminate ornithomimosaur hindlimb material (Miller, 1967;Baird and Horner, 1979). A site in North Carolina corresponding to the Bladen Formation was discussed by Crane (2011), who described several theropod teeth. ...
During the Cretaceous period, North America was divided into two landmasses, the eastern Appalachia and western Laramidia. Recent research on several sites scattered across the eastern margin of North America has allowed for the analysis of vertebrate faunas from the once obscure terrestrial fossil record of Appalachia, revealing the landmass harbored a distinctive fauna composed of mostly relict forms. One geological unit that has produced a comparatively extensive record of terrestrial vertebrates, including non-avian dinosaurs, is the middle Campanian Tar Heel Formation of North Carolina. Here, the first definitive occurrence of a dromaeosaurid from the Tar Heel Formation is reported on the basis of a tooth from a fairly large member of that group. This tooth clusters with those of dromaeosaurine dromaeosaurids from the western United States and Canada in morphometric analysis, differing in morphology and size from other dromaeosaurid teeth from southeastern North America that have been assigned to saurornitholestines or considered indeterminate. The tooth described herein is intermediate in size between those of smaller dromaeosaurids like Saurornitholestes and gigantic forms like Dakotaraptor, filling the gap between larger- and smaller-bodied dromaeosaurids from the Late Cretaceous.
... YPM VPPU.022361 is assigned to Ornithomimosauria based sharing with femora from taxa of this clade its (1) elongate nature, which was originally used by Baird (1986) for this assignment, (2) the presence of a thin crest extending proximally from the distal medial condyle, and (3) heavily separated distal condyles (e.g., Makovicky, Kobayashi & Currie, 2004). Besides ornithomimosaurs, only dromaeosaurids and tyrannosauroids are known from the Campanian-Maastrichtian of Appalachia (e.g., Baird & Horner, 1979;Gallagher, 1993;Weishampel & Young, 1996;Kiernan & Schwimmer, 2004;Carr, Williamson & Schwimmer, 2005;Brusatte, Benson & Norell, 2011;Brusatte et al., 2012;Schwimmer et al., 2015). All described dromaeosaurids from Appalachia are smaller than the theropod to which the YPM specimen described herein belongs (Kiernan & Schwimmer, 2004;Schwimmer et al., 2015), and dromaeosaurids of similar size to the dinosaur that the Big Brook femur represents have more robustly built femora with only slightly separated distal condyles and without a distal medial ridge (e.g., Norell & Makovicky, 2004). ...
Direct evidence of paleoecological processes is often rare when the fossil record is poor, as in the case of the Cretaceous of eastern North America. Here, I describe a femur and partial tibia shaft assignable to theropods from two Late Cretaceous sites in New Jersey. The former, identifiable as the femur of a large ornithomimosaur, bears several scores interpreted as shark feeding traces. The tibia shaft has punctures and flaked bone from the bites of mid-sized crocodyliforms, the first documented occurrence of crocodyliform traces on dinosaur bone from the Maastrichtian of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The surface of the partial tibia is also littered with indentations interpreted as the traces of invertebrates, revealing a microcosm of biological interaction on the coastal seafloor of the Cretaceous Atlantic Ocean. Massive crocodyliforms, such as Deinosuchus rugosus and the slightly smaller Deltasuchus motherali , maintained the role of terrestrial vertebrate taphonomic process drivers in eastern North America during the Cretaceous. The report of crocodyliform bite marks on the ornithomimosaur tibia shaft in this manuscript reinforces the importance of the role of crocodyliforms in the modification of terrestrial vertebrate remains during the Cretaceous in North America. The preserved invertebrate traces add to the sparse record of the presence of barnacles and other marine invertebrates on dinosaur bone, and the evidence of shark feeding on the ornithomimosaur femur support the “bloat-and-float” model of terrestrial vertebrate fossil deposition in marine deposits from the Cretaceous of eastern North America.
... Laurel Formation at upper Hop Brook, and the Navesink Formation at Big Brook in New Jersey (Krause & Baird, 1979;Baird & Galton, 1981;Gallagher & Parris, 1986;Grandstaff et al., 1992). Possible additional remains of this taxon have been reported from North Carolina (Baird & Horner, 1979). Appalachiosaurus is also known from multiple other Campanian units in the southeastern United States (e.g., Ebersole & King, 2011 (Fix & Darrough, 2004). ...
... The reassignment of the syntypes of "Teihivenator" to multiple different species may be seen as another example of the mistaken association of dinosaur specimens leading to the naming of a new genus. Baird & Horner (1979), for example, reevaluated Edward Drinker Cope's holotype specimen of Hypsibema crassicauda, finding it to include elements assignable to cf. ...
... The presence of two genera of tyrannosauroids in this unit allies it in faunal composition with the Merchantville Formation of New Jersey (fauna includes Dryptosaurus sp. and an indeterminate but distinct Merchantville tyrannosauroid) (Gallagher, 1993; pers. obs.) and the the temporally equivalent and geographically adjacent faunas of the Tar Heel and Coachman Formations (fauna includes Dryptosaurus aquilunguis and Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis)(e.g., Baird & Horner, 1979;Weishampel & Young, 1996;Schwimmer et al., 2015). The presence of two tyrannosauroids in the same ecosystem is also known in a few units from Laramidia (e.g., Weishampel et al., 2004). ...
Direct documentation of the ecology of past life is often rare when the fossil record is comparatively poor, as in the case of the terrestrial fauna of the Maastrichtian of eastern North America. Here, I describe a femur and partial tibia shaft assignable to theropods from the Maastrichtian Big Brook locality of New Jersey. The former, identifiable to a previously undetected morphotype of large ornithomimosaur, bears several scrapes identifiable as the feeding traces of sharks, adding to the collection of terrestrial vertebrate remains bearing such marks from the state. The latter is littered with tooth marks and punctures from possibly multiple crocodyliform individuals, the first documented occurrence of such traces on dinosaur bone from the Maastrichtian of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Additionally, its surface is dotted with likely traces of invertebrates, revealing a microcosm of biological interaction from the Maastrichtian New Jersey shoreline. Previously, the massive Campanian crocodylian taxon Deinosuchus rugosus and the slightly smaller Cenomanian-age Texas crocodyliform Deltasuchus motherali have been shown as important drivers of terrestrial vertebrate taphonomy in eastern North America. The report of crocodyliform bite marks on the ornithomimosaur metatarsal shaft in this manuscript reveals that crocodylians continued to play role in the taphonomy of large dinosaurs in eastern North America through the end of the Mesozoic. The preserved invertebrate traces add to the sparse record of their traces on dinosaur bone, and the presence of shark scrapes on the femur supports the “bloat-and-float” model of terrestrial vertebrate fossil deposition in eastern North America.
... In western North America, members of the derived 69 Tyrannosauridae inhabited the Campanian landmass Laramidia, whereas intermediate-grade 70 species did so on Appalachia (e.g, Holtz, 2004;Carr et al., 2005;Brusatte et 71 al, 2011;Carr et al., 2017). The latter are among the best-represented 72 dinosaurs in Appalachian faunas, with comparatively abundant teeth and bones assignable to 73 them described from many deposits in the American East (e.g., Baird & Horner, 1979;74 Schwimmer et al., 1993;Carr et al., 2005;Brusatte et al., 2011;Ebersole & 75 King, 2011;Schwimmer et al., 2015;Brownstein, 2017 (Fig. 1B). The dorsal 178 tympanic recess, which sits on the lateral surface of the braincase just dorsal to the prootic (e.g., 179 Witmer, 1997;Rauhut, 2004;Bever et al., 2013) is inferred present based on a smooth, concave 180 portion of bone on the dorsomedial surface of the caudal process of the prootic (Fig.1B). ...
Among the most recognizable theropods are the tyrannosauroids, a group of small to large carnivorous coelurosaurian dinosaurs that inhabited the majority of the northern hemisphere during the Cretaceous and came to dominate large predator niches in North American and Asian ecosystems by the end of the Mesozoic era. The clade is among the best-represented of dinosaur groups in the notoriously sparse fossil record of Appalachia, the Late Cretaceous landmass that occupied the eastern portion of North America after its formation from the transgression of the Western Interior Seaway. Here, the prootic of a juvenile tyrannosauroid collected from the middle-late Campanian Marshalltown Formation of the Atlantic Coastal Plain is described, remarkable for being the first concrete evidence of juvenile theropods in that plain during the time of the existence of Appalachia and the only portion of theropod braincase known from the landmass. Phylogenetic analysis recovers the specimen as an “intermediate” tyrannosauroid of similar grade to Dryptosaurus and Appalachiosaurus . Comparisons with the corresponding portions of other tyrannosauroid braincases suggest that the Ellisdale prootic is more similar to Turonian forms in morphology than to the derived tyrannosaurids of the Late Cretaceous, thus supporting the hypothesis that Appalachian tyrannosauroids and other vertebrates were relict forms surviving in isolation from their derived counterparts in Eurasia.
... This latter species, originally named Neosaurus missouriensis and incorrectly identified as a sauropod (Gilmore and Stewart, 1945), was later assigned a new genus Parrosaurus due to the name Neosaurus being occupied (Gilmore, 1945). Later, Baird and Horner (1979) assigned P. missouriensis to Hypsibema based on the similarity of their caudal vertebrae. More recent discoveries show the site is rich in dinosaur fossils warranting study (Darrough, personal commun., 2016) and in some places the site may even constitute as a bone bed (Fix and Darrough, 2004). ...
... Therefore, the name Parrosaurus missouriensis is preferred herein. This hadrosauroid was of huge size, as its distal caudal vertebrae are similar in dimensions to those of Hypsibema crassicauda (Baird and Horner, 1979). As Baird and Horner (1979) suggested, the similarity of the vertebrae of these two taxa indeed suggest a relationship between the two species. ...
... This hadrosauroid was of huge size, as its distal caudal vertebrae are similar in dimensions to those of Hypsibema crassicauda (Baird and Horner, 1979). As Baird and Horner (1979) suggested, the similarity of the vertebrae of these two taxa indeed suggest a relationship between the two species. The Coffee Sand has been considered equivalent in age to the Mooreville Chalk and Blufftown Formations (Ebersole and King, 2011). ...
The Cenomanian to Maastrichtian of the Late Cretaceous saw the flooding of the interior of North America by the Western Interior Seaway, which created the eastern landmass of Appalachia and the western landmass of Laramidia. Though Appalachian dinosaur faunas are poorly known, they are nevertheless important for understanding Cretaceous dinosaur paleobiogeography and ecology. In order to better track the vicariance of eastern and western North American dinosaur faunas over the duration of the Cretaceous, the former were compared with the latter from the Aptian to Maastrichtian Stages of the Late Cretaceous using several similarity indices. The data gathered from biogeographic similarity indices suggest that an almost completely homogenous North American dinosaur fauna found in the Early Cretaceous experienced significant vicariance, splitting into a Laramidian fauna differentiated by the presence of ceratopsids, pachycephalosaurids, saurolophids, lambeosaurines, ankylosaurids, therizinosaurids, and troodontids and an Appalachian fauna characterized by the lack of the aforementioned groups and the presence of non-hadrosaurid hadrosauroids, massive hadrosauroids, basal hadrosaurids, leptoceratopsians, “intermediate”-grade tyrannosauroids, and nodosaurids between the Cenomanian and Campanian, with these two faunas later experiencing limited dispersal after the disappearance of the Western Interior Seaway from the American Interior during the Maastrichtian. Dinosaur provincialism and ecology on Appalachia are also investigated and discussed. Though the fossil record of dinosaurs for parts of the Cretaceous is poor throughout North America and in the eastern portion of the continent especially, the analyses herein nevertheless allow for a greater glimpse at dinosaur biogeography and ecology in Appalachia and in North America generally during the time.
... These comparisons (e.g., Table 2) suggest YPM VPPU.021795 represents a distinct taxon of tyrannosauroid on Appalachia. Notably, Dryptosaurus and Appalachiosaurus have been reported from other Campanian deposits of this landmass (Baird & Horner, 1979;Gallagher, 1993;Carr, Williamson & Schwimmer, 2005;Brusatte, Benson & Norell, 2011;Ebersole & King, 2011). However, the identification of a new taxon of tyrannosauroid from the Merchantville Formation hints at the possibility that Campanian bones assigned to the two named Appalachian tyrannosauroids could belong to other taxa. ...
... The author agrees with this assignment in light of the recognition of a distinct taxon of tyrannosauroid in the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Notably, several partial femora that compare favorably with that of D. aquilunguis have been collected from Campanian deposits in North Carolina (Baird & Horner, 1979;Weishampel & Young, 1996). Thus, it may be concluded that two to three tyrannosauroid taxa were present on Appalachia during the Campanian: that represented by YPM VPPU.021795, A. montgomeriensis, and D. aquilunguis/cf. ...
During the Late Cretaceous, the continent of North America was divided into two sections: Laramidia in the west and Appalachia in the east. Although the sediments of Appalachia recorded only a sparse fossil record of dinosaurs, the dinosaur faunas of this landmass were different in composition from those of Laramidia. Represented by at least two taxa ( Appalachiosaurus montgomeriensis and Dryptosaurus aquilunguis ), partial and fragmentary skeletons, and isolated bones, the non-tyrannosaurid tyrannosauroids of the landmass have attracted some attention. Unfortunately, these eastern tyrants are poorly known compared to their western contemporaries. Here, one specimen, the partial metatarsus of a tyrannosauroid from the Campanian Merchantville Formation of Delaware, is described in detail. The specimen can be distinguished from A. montgomeriensis and D. aquilunguis by several morphological features. As such, the specimen represents a potentially previously unrecognized taxon of tyrannosauroid from Appalachia, increasing the diversity of the clade on the landmass. Phylogenetic analysis and the morphology of the bones suggest the Merchantville specimen is a tyrannosauroid of “intermediate” grade, thus supporting the notion that Appalachia was a refugium for relict dinosaur clades.
