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Hypoxylon aff. rubiginosum (GUM 1587) A, B stromatal habit C close-up view of stromatal surface, with stromatal pigments in 10% KOHD stroma in section showing perithecia and ostioles E mature and immature asci in water F ascus in water G ascus in Melzer’s reagent H ascus tip in Melzer’s reagent I ascospores in 10% KOH with dehiscent perispore J ascospore in water, with germ-slit K ascospore under SEM. Scale bars: 5 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C); 0.5 mm (D); 20 µm (E–G); 10 µm (H–J); 2 µm (K).
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During a survey of xylarialean fungi in Northern Iran, several specimens that showed affinities to the Hypoxylon rubiginosum complex were collected and cultured. A comparison of their morphological characters, combined with a chemotaxonomic study based on high performance liquid chromatography, coupled with diode array detection and mass spectromet...
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The current study is dedicated to the taxonomy of the genus Phylacia (Hypoxylaceae) in Argentina. Fieldwork in the north of the country provided several fresh collections that were studied, using a polyphasic approach. The secondary metabolite profiles of the specimens were generated by high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated by diode arr...
Citations
... In our previous study of an endophytic isolate of Hypoxylon rubiginosum (Xylariales, Ascomycota) derived from F. excelsior, we showed that the strain not only colonized axenically cultured seedlings asymptomatically but also that it produced large quantities of antifungal phomopsidin in dual culture with H. fraxineus (7). A follow-up study showed that several species of the H. rubiginosum complex, which are likewise often associated with Fraxinus, also produce the same compound in dual culture (9). ...
... In the course of our screening for endophytic fungi with antagonistic activities against the plant pathogenic fungus H. fraxineus, dual culture with various strains was conducted on agar media to assess the strains' antagonistic potential (7,9). DSM 104493 stood out with a growth inhibition of 64%, which has been the greatest value of inhibition thus far observed (7,9,11). ...
... In the course of our screening for endophytic fungi with antagonistic activities against the plant pathogenic fungus H. fraxineus, dual culture with various strains was conducted on agar media to assess the strains' antagonistic potential (7,9). DSM 104493 stood out with a growth inhibition of 64%, which has been the greatest value of inhibition thus far observed (7,9,11). Following initial inoculation into axenically cultured ash seedlings in 2016, seedlings infected with DSM 104493 had no more disease symptoms than the control (Table S1). ...
Ash dieback, caused by the fungal pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (Helotiales, Ascomycota), is threatening the existence of the European ash, Fraxineus excelsior. During our search for biological control agents for this devastating disease, endophytic fungi were isolated from healthy plant tissues and co-cultivated with H. fraxineus to assess their antagonistic potential. Among the strains screened, Penicillium cf. manginii DSM 104493 most strongly inhibited the pathogen. Initially, DSM 104493 showed promise in planta as a biocontrol agent. Inoculation of DSM 104493 into axenically cultured ash seedlings greatly decreased the development of disease symptoms in seedlings infected with H. fraxineus. The fungus was thus cultivated on a larger scale in order to obtain sufficient material to identify active metabolites that accounted for the antibiosis observed in dual culture. We isolated PF1140 (1) and identified it as the main active compound in the course of a bioassay-guided isolation strategy. Furthermore, its derivative 2, the mycotoxin citreoviridin (3), three tetramic acids of the vancouverone type (4–6), and penidiamide (7) were isolated by preparative chromatography. The structures were elucidated mainly by NMR spectroscopy and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), of which compounds 2 and 6 represent novel natural products. Of the compounds tested, not only PF1140 (1) strongly inhibited H. fraxineus in an agar diffusion assay but also showed phytotoxic effects in a leaf puncture assay. Unfortunately, both the latent virulent attributes of DSM 104493 observed subsequent to these experiments in planta and the production of mycotoxins exclude strain Penicillium cf. manginii DSM 104493 from further development as a safe biocontrol agent.
IMPORTANCE
Environmentally friendly measures are urgently needed to control the causative agent of ash dieback, Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. Herein, we show that the endophyte DSM 104493 exhibits protective effects in vitro and in planta. We traced the activity of DSM 104493 to the antifungal natural product PF1140, which unfortunately also showed phytotoxic effects. Our results have important implications for understanding plant-fungal interactions mediated by secondary metabolites, not only in the context of ash dieback but also generally in plant-microbial interactions.
... An antagonism study in planta showed that the practical application of endophytic fungi reduced necrotic lesions on trees (Barta et al., 2022). Apart from endophytic species, the fungi that decay wood and cause cankers have shown a certain degree of antagonism against H. fraxineus (Pourmoghaddam et al., 2020). Biological protection measures based on the antagonism of bacteria from ash leaves (Fraxinus spp.) have shown the ability to inhibit the growth of H. fraxineus (Ulrich et al., 2020) or increase the defence reactions of trees (Striganavičiūtė et al., 2021). ...
Due to intense ash dieback, this research tested the bioactivity of Thymus vulgaris, Lavandula angustifolia, and Cupressus sempervirens essential oils (EO) against Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. In vitro testing showed that EOs had a pronounced fungitoxic effect on H. fraxineus. The most effective EO was extracted from T. vulgaris, while EOs obtained from L. angustifolia and C. sempervirens were less effective and showed the same effect. At a concentration of 1%, all tested EOs inhibited mycelial growth, while 0.01% and 0.1% concentrations of EO extracted from T. vulgaris also inhibited the growth of H. fraxineus. The in planta test of EO extracted from T. vulgaris conducted on three-year-old Fraxinus angustifolia seedlings showed a reduction in the size of necrotic lesions and a better crown condition compared to untreated seedlings. This research demonstrates, for the first time, the efficiency of EOs in suppressing ash dieback making a path for the development of new biological protection measures against H. fraxineus.
... Notes: The genus Hypoxylon within the family Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales, Ascomycota) was proposed by Bulliard (1791). More than 200 species have been recorded (Becker et al. 2020, Pourmoghaddam et al. 2020, Cedeño-Sanchez et al. 2023. It is a common fungus in natural forests, and some species of the genus reside in dead plants or as endophytes, while others are beneficial and play important roles in the ecosystem (Dayarathne et al. 2020, Hyde et al. 2020. ...
Karst caves are unique oligotrophic ecosystems characterised by the scarcity of organic litter, darkness, low to moderate temperatures, and high humidity, supporting diverse fungal communities. Despite their importance, little is known about the fungi in karst caves in Thailand. In 2019, we explored the culturable mycobiota associated with three selected types of substrates (air, soil/sediment and organic litter samples) from two karst caves, the Le Stegodon and Phu Pha Phet Caves, in the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark in southern Thailand. Based on morphological characters and multilocus phylogenetic analyses, eight new species ( Actinomortierella caverna , Hypoxylon phuphaphetense , Leptobacillium latisporum , Malbranchea phuphaphetensis , Scedosporium satunense , Sesquicillium cavernum , Thelonectria satunensis and Umbelopsis satunensis ) were described, illustrated, and compared to closely related species. These new fungal taxa form independent lineages distinct from other previously described species and classified into eight different families across six orders and two phyla ( Ascomycota and Mucoromycota ). This paper provides additional evidence that the karst caves located within the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, situated in the southern region of Thailand, harbour a diverse range of newly discovered species.
... Additionally, the record should have had a precise locality name or assigned geographic coordinates, accompanied with a record date to ascertain species phenology. This was a prerequisite for obtaining ecological data (habitat type, The results of the phylogenetic analyses were similar to those previously published by Wendt et al. [10], Pourmoghaddam et al. [48], Song et al. [52] and Ma et al. [51]. Only significant branch support values of Bayesian posterior probability (BI-PP ≥ 0.95) and ultrafast bootstrap support (ML-BP ≥ 70%) are shown in the phylogram ( Figure 1). ...
... On the other hand, the three Entonaema spp. differ from the most phylogenetically related Hypoxylon carneum in having entonaematoid stromata with orange to red KOH-extractable pigments, while H. carneum has hypoxyloid, flat-pulvinate stromata with dark brown, thin (~200 µm thick), hard tissue below the perithecia and livid-violet KOH-extractable pigments, which are absent in aged material [48]. Contrary to Entonaema spp., azaphilone metabolites are not present in H. carneum. ...
... The sequences of E. liquescens and E. cinnabarinum obtained from perithecial elements were newly generated for that matter. In the previous studies [10,48,51], the ITS-LSU-rpb2-β-tub phylogeny confirmed Hypoxylon as a paraphyletic genus in the Hypoxylaceae that was recovered in at least six independent clades. Only one Entonaema strain (E. ...
The lignicolous saprotrophic genus Entonaema contains six formally accepted species: E. liquescens (type species), E. cinnabarinum, E. globosum, E. dengii, E. moluccanum, and E. siamensis. Its stromatic ascomata develop on the surface of dead wood remnants; they are rather large, globose to irregularly shaped, and vividly coloured. The fresh stroma interior is filled with a liquid matter. In early studies, the genus was considered to have a preference for tropical habitats, while in more recent field research, numerous collections have been added from warm, temperate areas of Europe, North America, and Asia. Our taxonomic and phylogenetic studies were based on freshly collected E. cinnabarinum from Croatia and E. liquescens from the USA. A phylogenetic study of the sequence alignment of four concatenated gene regions (ITS, LSU, rpb2, and β-tub) revealed the true taxonomic position of Entonaema within Hypoxylaceae (Xylariales), a sister to Hypoxylon carneum. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions of E. cinnabarinum are accompanied by drawings and colour photographs, while the study of E. liquescens is focused on stromatal microchemical reaction. With new information, the worldwide identification key to the putative species of Entonaema is proposed. Ecological data and biogeographical patterns were studied using all available and reliable sources of recorded data. Climatic preferences of the two most widespread Entonaema species, E. liquescens and E. cinnabarinum, are discussed in detail.
... Fr. (Paris) 1(1): 168 (1791) Hypoxylon was introduced by Bulliard, that contains primarily saprotrophs and endophytes of angiospermous plants. The type genus Hypoxylon is the largest genus in the Hypoxylaceae, with more than 200 species (Pourmoghaddam et al. 2020). Members of the genus have a worldwide distribution, but they display a higher diversity in the tropics and subtropics (Kuhnert et al. 2014). ...
The description of a new Mediterranean species, Coltricia insularis, is provided, on the basis of material collected in Corsica, Sardinia, Cyprus and Spain
... Fr. (Paris) 1(1): 168 (1791) Hypoxylon was introduced by Bulliard, that contains primarily saprotrophs and endophytes of angiospermous plants. The type genus Hypoxylon is the largest genus in the Hypoxylaceae, with more than 200 species (Pourmoghaddam et al. 2020). Members of the genus have a worldwide distribution, but they display a higher diversity in the tropics and subtropics (Kuhnert et al. 2014). ...
This article is the 14th in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein we report 98 taxa distributed in two phyla, seven classes, 26 orders and 50 families which are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were collected from Australia, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Chile, China, Cyprus, Egypt, France, French Guiana, India, Indonesia, Italy, Laos, Mexico, Russia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Vietnam. There are 59 new taxa, 39 new hosts and new geographical distributions with one new combination. The 59 new species comprise Angustimassarina kunmingense, Asterina lopi, Asterina brigadeirensis, Bartalinia bidenticola, Bartalinia caryotae, Buellia pruinocalcarea, Coltricia insularis, Colletotrichum flexuosum, Colletotrichum thasutense, Coniochaeta caraganae, Coniothyrium yuccicola, Dematipyriforma aquatic, Dematipyriforma globispora, Dematipyriforma nilotica, Distoseptispora bambusicola, Fulvifomes jawadhuvensis, Fulvifomes malaiyanurensis, Fulvifomes thiruvannamalaiensis, Fusarium purpurea, Gerronema atrovirens, Gerronema flavum, Gerronema keralense, Gerronema kuruvense, Grammothele taiwanensis, Hongkongmyces changchunensis, Hypoxylon inaequale, Kirschsteiniothelia acutisporum, Kirschsteiniothelia crustaceum, Kirschsteiniothelia extensum, Kirschsteiniothelia septemseptatum, Kirschsteiniothelia spatiosum, Lecanora immersocalcarea, Lepiota subthailandica, Lindgomyces guizhouensis, Marthe asmius pallidoaurantiacus, Marasmius tangerinus, Neovaginatispora mangiferae, Pararamichloridium aquisubtropicum, Pestalotiopsis piraubensis, Phacidium chinaum, Phaeoisaria goiasensis, Phaeoseptum thailandicum, Pleurothecium aquisubtropicum, Pseudocercospora vernoniae, Pyrenophora verruculosa, Rhachomyces cruralis, Rhachomyces hyperommae, Rhachomyces magrinii, Rhachomyces platyprosophi, Rhizomarasmius cunninghamietorum, Skeletocutis cangshanensis, Skeletocutis subchrysella, Sporisorium anadelphiae-leptocomae, Tetraploa dashaoensis, Tomentella exiguelata, Tomentella fuscoaraneosa, Tricholomopsis lechatii, Vaginatispora flavispora and Wetmoreana blastidiocalcarea. The new combination is Torula sundara. The 39 new records on hosts and geographical distribution comprise Apiospora guiyangensis, Aplosporella artocarpi, Ascochyta medicaginicola, Astrocystis bambusicola, Athelia rolfsii, Bambusicola bambusae, Bipolaris luttrellii, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Chlorophyllum squamulosum, Colletotrichum aeschynomenes, Colletotrichum pandanicola, Coprinopsis cinerea, Corylicola italica, Curvularia alcornii, Curvularia senegalensis, Diaporthe foeniculina, Diaporthe longicolla, Diaporthe phaseolorum, Diatrypella quercina, Fusarium brachygibbosum, Helicoma aquaticum, Lepiota metulispora, Lepiota pongduadensis, Lepiota subvenenata, Melanconiella meridionalis, Monotosporella erecta, Nodulosphaeria digitalis, Palmiascoma gregariascomum, Periconia byssoides, Periconia cortaderiae, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Psilocybe keralensis, Scedosporium apiospermum, Scedosporium dehoogii, Scedosporium marina, Spegazzinia deightonii, Torula fici, Wiesneriomyces laurinus and Xylaria venosula. All these taxa are supported by morphological and multigene phylogenetic analyses. This article allows the researchers to publish fungal collections which are important for future studies. An updated, accurate and timely report of fungus-host and fungus-geography is important. We also provide an updated list of fungal taxa published in the previous fungal diversity notes. In this list, erroneous taxa and synonyms are marked and corrected accordingly.
... The microscopic characteristics of the teleomorph were carried out as described by Pourmoghaddam et al. (2020). To observe the macro-morphology of the cultures, the strains were grown on Difco Oatmeal Agar (OA), 2% Malt Extract Agar (MEA) and Yeast Malt agar (YM agar; malt extract 10 g/L, yeast extract 4 g/L, D-glucose 4 g/L, agar 20 g/L, pH 6.3 before autoclaving) and the cultures checked at 15 days after inoculation. ...
During a mycological survey of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a fungal specimen that morphologically resembled the American species Hypoxylon papillatum was encountered. A polyphasic approach including morphological and chemotaxonomic together with a multigene phylogenetic study (ITS, LSU, tub2, and rpb2) of Hypoxylon spp. and representatives of related genera revealed that this strain represents a new species of the Hypoxylaceae. However, the multi-locus phylogenetic inference indicated that the new fungus clustered with H. papillatum in a separate clade from the other species of Hypoxylon. Studies by ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and ion mobility tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-DAD-IM-MS/MS) were carried out on the stromatal extracts. In particular, the MS/MS spectra of the major stromatal metabolites of these species indicated the production of hitherto unreported azaphilone pigments with a similar core scaffold to the cohaerin-type metabolites, which are exclusively found in the Hypoxylaceae. Based on these results, the new genus Parahypoxylon is introduced herein. Aside from P. papillatum, the genus also includes P. ruwenzoriense sp. nov., which clustered together with the type species within a basal clade of the Hypoxylaceae together with its sister genus Durotheca.
... Recently, the classical concept of the family has been shown to be phylogenetically heterogeneous, and the Hypoxylaceae were segregated and re-established as a distinct family for Hypoxylon, Daldinia and their allies (Wendt et al. 2018). In recent years, substantial progress has been achieved in classification and documentation of generic and species diversity of Hypoxylaceae by a combination of multigene phylogenies, morphology, pure culture studies, and secondary metabolite chemistry (e.g., Kuhnert et al. 2014, Stadler et al. 2014, Sir et al. 2016a, Wendt et al. 2018, 2021, Wongkanoun et al. 2019, Cedeño-Sanchez et al. 2020, Pourmoghaddam et al. 2020). ...
Based on phylogenetic analyses of a multi-gene matrix of nuITS-LSU rDNA, RPB2 and TUB2 sequences and morphology, xylariaceous species with uni- to pauciperitheciate stromata and ascospores having a spirally coiling (helicoid) germ slit are revised and reclassified, including detailed descriptions and illustrations. The genus Helicogermslita is redefined and restricted to seven species with massive, erumpent, clypeus-like carbonaceous stromata, and Rosellinia somala is combined in Helicogermslita. Within the core Xylariaceae, the poorly known Leptomassaria simplex is shown to be closely related to Anthostoma insidiosum, for which the new genus Oligostoma is established, and Anthostoma rhenanum is demonstrated to be synonymous with O. insidiosum. The new genus Albicollum, characterised by immersed ascomata and a collar of white pseudostromatic tissues surrounding the ostioles, is established for Amphisphaeria canicollis, Anthostoma chionostomum, Sordaria (= Helicogermslita) fleischhakii and Anthostoma vincensii. Anthostoma ostropoides is synomymised with Albicollum canicolle, and Al. berberidicola, Al. longisporum and Al. novomexicanum are described as new species. Rosellinia (= Helicogermslita) gaudefroyi is transferred to the new genus Spiririma. Anthostoma amoenum and Euepixylon udum, both with a poroid germ locus, are shown to be only distantly related, and An. amoenum is reclassified within the asexual genus Digitodochium. Based on phylogeny, the genus Euepixylon is treated as a synonym of Nemania. A new species, Nemania ethancrensonii, which is closely related to the two formerly accepted Euepixylon species (E. sphaeriostomum, E. udum) but strongly deviates from the morphological concept of Euepixylon and Nemania, is described from the eastern USA. The genera Anthostomelloides, Clypeosphaeria, Digitodochium, Emarcaea, Induratia, Linosporopsis, Magnostiolata, Occultitheca and Spiririma are revealed to form a morphologically heterogeneous lineage in a basal position of Xylariaceae. Anthostoma vincensii, Quaternaria simplex and Rosellinia gaudefroyi are lectotypified, and Amphisphaeria canicollis, Anthostoma amoenum, An. rhenanum, An. vincensii, Quaternaria simplex, Rosellinia gaudefroyi and Valsa insidiosa are epitypified. Keys to uni- to pauciperitheciate xylariaceous genera with sigmoid to helicoid germ slits and to species of Albicollum are provided.
... Hypoxylon species are mainly saprobic on dead and decaying wood of angiospermous plants [14]. In this genus, more than 200 species with 1189 epithets included in the Index Fungorum have been reported so far [4,15,16]. Despite species of The alignment, trimming, and concatenation of sequences followed Song et al. [21]. ...
... The new species is quite similar to H. rubiginosum in ascospore dimensions and KOH-extractable pigments, but the latter has darker colored ascospores, smaller asci (100-170 µm total length), dehiscent perispores and smooth or with inconspicuous coil-like ornamentation. Hypoxylon rubiginosum sensu stricto was always discovered in the temperate northern hemisphere except for samples reported in Florida [12,15,48]. Moreover, the status of H. damuense as a new species is also supported in the phylogenetic trees, where it appears distant from H. rubiginosum. ...
... mm) and smaller ascospores ((8-)9-12 × 4-5.5 µm). In addition, H. rubiginosum prefers to distribute in the northern temperate region, while H. zangii was found in subtropical region [12,15,47]. These three species are distant from H. zangii in the phylogenetic trees ( Figure 1). ...
During a survey of hypoxylaceous fungi in Medog county (Tibet Autonomous Region, China), three new species, including Hypoxylon damuense, Hypoxylon medogense, and Hypoxylon zangii, were described and illustrated based on morphological and multi-gene phylogenetic analyses. Hypoxylon damuense is characterized by its yellow-brown stromatal granules, light-brown to brown ascospores, and frequently indehiscent perispore. Hypoxylon medogense is morphologically and phylogenetically related to H. erythrostroma but differs in having larger ascospores with straight spore-length germ slit and conspicuously coil-like perispore ornamentation. Hypoxylon zangii shows morphological similarities to H. texense but differs in having Amber (47), Fulvous (43) and Sienna (8) KOH-extractable pigments and larger ascospores with straight spore-length germ slit. The multi-gene phylogenetic analyses inferred from the datasets of ITS-RPB2-LSU-TUB2 supported the three new taxa as separate lineages within Hypoxylon. A key to all known Hypoxylon species from China and related species worldwide is provided.
... These metabolites were shown to be toxic for Hymenocyphus fraxineus, the agent of dieback disease in native ash trees. Despite mild cytotoxic effects, the potential of H. rubiginosum to be developed as a biocontrol agent for dieback diseases is high [45]. Similarly, in this study poisoned food assay suggested that the addition of crude extracts of X. feejeensis SRNE2BP lead to a decrease of mycelial growth of the two pathogenic strains. ...
Over the past decade endophytic fungi have been known as a source of secondary metabolites with the ability to act as a biocontrol agents. Xylaria feejeensis, SRNE2BP a fungal endophyte isolated from a mangrove tree exhibited antagonistic activity against two fungal pathogens of tomato. Crude extract of X. feejeensis SRNE2BP significantly inhibited Fusarium oxysporum MFLUCC 19–0157 growth as shown approximately 60–75% in in vitro and in situ assays. Both assays showed that the endophyte also inhibited mycelium formation of Alternaria solani MFLUCC 19–0093 by 56% and 87%, respectively. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of X. feejeensis SRNE2BP crude extract against A. solani and F. oxysporum was approximately 7 mg/l. Crude extract and mycelium of X. feejeensis SRNE2BP showed potential in controlling early blight and fusarium wilt disease in tomato, respectively. Seedlings from seeds coated with crude extract of X. feejeensis SRNE2BP had lower disease severity (31.71%) of early blight disease compared to un-treated seeds (57.13%). Soil treated with 10% endophytic mycelium not only reduced fusarium wilt in tomato plant (55.55% severity compared with 91.66% in un-treated soil) but also promoted seed emergence and growth of tomato. Structure analysis revealed that 12 secondary metabolites, especially mellein derivatives, are major components of the crude extract of X. feejeensis SRNE2BP. These compounds could be responsible for antifungal activities; however, further study is required. Our findings strongly suggest that colonization with this fungal endophyte can be beneficial to the host plant especially with regards to plant growth promotion and broad antagonistic activity.
