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Hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships of some fossil (y) and recent teleosts. Consensus tree of 15 most parsimonious trees at 681 evolutionary steps (for characters and their coding see Table 1 and Appendix).
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The Late Jurassic Bavarichthys incognitus, n. gen. n. sp. from Ettling, Bavaria, is described. The new species represents the oldest record of a crossognathiform in Europe and together with Chongichthys from the Oxfordian of South America stands at the basal levels of a clade including crossognathids and pachyrhizodontoids. In addition, the new fis...
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Citations
... The Cretaceous teleost clade Tselfatiiformes, often referred to colloquially as 'plethodids', are a diverse and widely distributed group of (predominately) marine pelagic fishes with an inconclusive phylogenetic position amongst Teleostei (Taverne, 1975;Patterson, 1993;Gayet, 2004, 2005;Cavin and Forey, 2008;Arratia and Tischlinger, 2010;Cavin et al., 2015). Tselfatiiformes comprises three families: the basal Protobramidae (3 genera, 4 species), the enigmatic Eoplethodidae (1 genus, 1 species) and the derived Plethodidae (17 genera and 27 species) (Taverne and Gayet, 2005). ...
... The phylogenetic reconstruction of the Crossognathiformes presented in this work is based on the data matrix proposed by London and Shimada (2020), which is based on the data set published by Arratia and Tischlinger (2010) and modified by Mayrink et al. (2015) and Veysey et al. (2020). The data matrix constructed here involves 142 characters and 59 taxa, including Dorsetichthys Arratia, 2013, as outgroup and Salminops ibericus Gayet, 1985, previously suggested as a possible crossognathiform by Mayrinck et al. (2015). ...
... Since Taverne (1989) named this order, its naturalness, composition, and interrelationships were assessed in seven phylogenetic analyses, from which contrasting conclusions have emerged (Fig. 12). The most ambitious analysis, but not the most comprehensive, was published by Arratia and Tischlinger (2010), who intended to recognize the phylogenetic position of the order within the teleosts. Surprisingly, the last authors concluded that the order comprises two groups; on Fuentes, Chang Garrido, and Chong Díaz, 1975;Varasichthys Arratia, 1981;Domeykos Arratia and Schultze, 1985;and Luisichthy White, 1942); and on the other hand, an unnamed group that includes the Cretaceous representatives of the Crossognathidae and Pachyrhizodontoidei previously considered by Taverne (1989), plus two Late Jurassic genera, Chongichthys Arratia, 1982, from Chile and Bavarichthys Arratia and Tischlingler, 2010, from Germany. ...
... Surprisingly, the last authors concluded that the order comprises two groups; on Fuentes, Chang Garrido, and Chong Díaz, 1975;Varasichthys Arratia, 1981;Domeykos Arratia and Schultze, 1985;and Luisichthy White, 1942); and on the other hand, an unnamed group that includes the Cretaceous representatives of the Crossognathidae and Pachyrhizodontoidei previously considered by Taverne (1989), plus two Late Jurassic genera, Chongichthys Arratia, 1982, from Chile and Bavarichthys Arratia and Tischlingler, 2010, from Germany. Later, the data used by Arratia and Tischlinger (2010) were integrated into more recent analyses (Fig. 12). The results of two of these studies indicate that the order Crossognathiformes sensu Arratia and Tischlinger is an unnatural group (Mayrinck et al., 2015;Veysey et al., 2020) while the others confirm the phylogenetic arrangement described by Arratia and Tischingler (London and Shimada, 2020). ...
The fish Nusaviichthys nerivelai gen. and sp. nov. is described here based on well-preserved fossils from the Albian deposits of the Tlayúa quarry, near Tepexi de Rodríguez, Puebla, central Mexico. The occurrence of this new fish from Tlayúa expands the taxonomical and morphological diversity of the crossognathiformes of the Caribbean region of America during the Early Cretaceous. The inclusion of the osteological features of this species into comparative and phylogenetic analyses reveal its belonging to the order Crossognathifomes, suborder Pachyrhizodontoidei, and family Notelopidae; some of the most significant of these features include the presence of a large extrascapular bone; circumorbital bones forming a completely closed ring; medioparietal condition of the skull; posterior infraorbitals hypertrophied, covering the entire cheek, and extended up to the anterior part of the opercular bones; the relative short uroneural 1 anteriorly restricted to the preural 1; and the cycloid scales with a crenulated posterior edge. This new species differs from its relatives in the presence of numerous and small conic teeth in both jaws and vomer; the large triangular gular plate, and the numerous radiating grooves ridges present in the supraorbital, dermosphenotic, skull roof bones, opercular bones, and jaws; and the almost horizontal position of the neural and hemal spines of the last caudal centra. Despite the weak support, the naturalness of this extinct teleost order is recovered in the phylogenetic analysis performed here, which includes this new Mexican fossil fish as well as other crossognathiform genera not included in previous studies.
... Die für diesen Bestimmungsschlüssel verwendeten Merkmale basieren größtenteils auf den Arbeiten von Nybelin (1964Nybelin ( , 1967Nybelin ( , 1974 und Arratia (1987a, 1987b, 1997, 2000, Arratia et al. 2019, Arratia & Tischlinger 2010 Abb. 4: Beispiele für die drei verschiedenen Schuppentypen bei Actinopterygii: A) Cycloide Rund-Schuppe, von einem Thrissops (JME-ETT-3934) aus Ettling: Man beachte die konzentrischen Anwachsstreifen: Dies ist der Schuppentyp, der nur bei Teleostei vorkommt; B). ...
... Previously, Muraenosaurus remains had only been discovered in Upper Jurassic outcrops in England, while Vinialesaurus has been recorded in Upper Jurassic deposits in Cuba (Otero et al., 2020). A similar pattern of common fauna components between what was formerly the Tethys Sea and southern South America has been described for some fish (Arratia, 1998(Arratia, , 2008Arratia and Tischlinger, 2010), ichthyosaurs (Fernández, 1997), plesiosaurs (Gasparini, 1992;Bardet et al., 2014), talattosuchian crocodiles (Gasparini et al., 2000), ammonoids (Leanza, 1996), belemnoids (Mutterlose, 1986) and bivalves (Aberham, 2001(Aberham, , 2002, which suggests that during the Upper Jurassic there was a faunal connection between both areas of the planet, which at least during the Oxfordian, could be connected by a marine route through the Caribbean (Iturralde-Vinent, 2003. The presence of pterosaurs of the clade Rhamphorhynchidae in deposits of the ancient Sea of Tethys and in what is now Calama probably responds to the same pattern. ...
In this contribution, we present an updated summary of the
knowledge about the pterosaurs that inhabited what is now
Chilean territory. These animals were very diverse during the
Mesozoic. While pterosaurs ruled the sky, dinosaurs occupied
firm land, and an impressive diversity of reptiles occupied the
aquatic environment. Their great diversity is demonstrated
by the extensive fossil record that we currently have of these
animals, which spans all continents, including Antarctica.
However, much of what we currently know about pterosaurs
comes from fragmentary bones, which often do not allow
us to have a clear overview of aspects as diverse as their
appearance, behavior and evolutionary history. Favorably, an
increasing number of specialists have begun to give a new
impetus to the study of pterosaurs, and Chile is not left out. In
our country, the findings are scarce and fragmentary. However,
this is compensated by the extraordinary scientific value that
these specimens possess. So far, four locations with pterosaur
findings are known in Chile. The first of them corresponds to
Quebrada La Carreta, in the Cordillera Domeyko, Antofagasta
Region, a locality where the first remains of a pterosaur were
discovered in Chile, found in Lower Cretaceous rocks, and
which allowed the description of the only species recognized
to date in our country: Domeykodactylus ceciliae. Two other
localities correspond to Cerro La Isla and Cerros Bravos, both in
the Atacama Region, in which Lower Cretaceous rocks outcrop.
The presence of pterosaur bones in Cerro La Isla has been
known since the late 1980s. In this place, a large accumulation
of bones has been described, which belong to at least one
indeterminate species of the clade Ctenochasmatidae. On
the other hand, in Cerros Bravos, a new deposit has recently
been located, which has been named “Cerro Tormento” by
its discoverers. Future studies will be able to answer several
questions concerning the origin of the site and the identity of
the pterosaurs preserved in it. Finally, in the vicinity of Calama,
the remains of what is so far the oldest pterosaur found in
our country were discovered in Upper Jurassic rocks. Recent
studies have shown that this specimen possesses characters
that allow its referral to Rhamphorhynchidae, a group of longtailed pterosaurs that until before this discovery had only been
recorded in the northern hemisphere. The presence of this
group of pterosaurs in these latitudes, and the fauna that lived
with it, constitute a body of evidence that indicates that, at the
end of the Jurassic, the faunal connection between the faunas
of Laurasia and Gondwana was relatively constant. It is very
possible that future prospects in the old and new locations will
deliver more surprises helping to understand about the ancient
dragons that dominated the skies of what is now Chile.
... The family Pachyrhizodontidae is a group of extinct bony fishes found in Late Cretaceous marine deposits worldwide, including a wide range of stratigraphic units formed in the Western Interior Seaway of North America (Applegate, 1970;Wiffen, 1983;Cavin, 1995;Blanco and Cavin, 2003;Shimada and Fielitz, 2006;Cumbaa et al., 2010;Shimada, 2015;Arratia et al., 2018). It belongs to an extinct actinopterygian clade Crossognathiformes (Arratia and Tischlinger, 2010). Although their exact systematic interrelationships remain uncertain, the following 15 pachyrhizodontid genera (including those of the unresolved suborder Pachyrhizodontoidei) are presently known: Apricenapiscis, Aquilopiscis, Cavinichthys, Elopopsis, Goulmimichthys, Greenwoodella, Lebrunichthys, Michin, Motlayoichtyhys, Nardopiscis, Pachyrhizodus, Platinx, Rhacolepis, Stanhopeichthys, and Tingitanichthys (Taverne, 2013;Nelson et al., 2016;Arratia et al., 2018;Taverne and Capasso, 2019, 2020a, 2020b. ...
... as a pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform is based on a phylogenetic analysis. We based our analysis on the study conducted by Arratia and Tischlinger (2010) who presented a data matrix that consisted of 52 diverse teleostean taxa (not counting their 'hypothetical common ancestor') and 193 characters. In our study, we used 42 of the 52 taxa, specifically all the taxa included in their monophyletic assemblage united by a clade denoted 'A' in their Fig. ...
... They comprised Pholidophorus, Leptolepis, Tharsis, and Ascalabos, as well as members of osteoglossomorphs, Euteleostei, Ostarioclupeomorpha, Elopiformes, Ichthyodectiformes, and Crossognathiformes, where we chose Pholidophorus as an outgroup for our study. A total of 49 Arratia and Tischlinger's (2010) characters were deleted for this present study because of ambiguous coding ("?" or "-") in the outgroup (characters 55e61, 78, 79, 84, 88, 113, 117, 126, 145, 147, 150, 160, 167e169, 187, and 192) or because all ingroup taxa have the same plesiomorphic coding as the outgroup or the same plesiomorphic coding overall but may also include one or more uninformative coding such as "?" (Arratia and Tischlinger's characters 3,4,44,53,68,77,108,110,112,140,141,146,152,153,156,159,162,163,166,and 170e176). Furthermore, two additional characters in which only one ingroup taxon was found to be apomorphic (i.e., autopomorphy that is not phylogenetically informative) were removed (Arratia and Tischlinger's characters 154 and 189). ...
SMU 76938 is a nearly complete skeleton of a fossil bony fish housed in Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas, USA. It was collected from the Tarrant Formation (middle Cenomanian) of the Upper Cretaceous Eagle Ford Group in Tarrant County, Texas, an area where it was near the East Texas Embayment of the Western Interior Seaway during the Late Cretaceous. The fossil fish has a fusiform body and measures about 1.2 m in total length. Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that it is a pachyrhizodontid crossognathiform fish, and comparisons with previously reported pachyrhizodontids suggest that the fossil fish belongs to a new species of a new genus. With a fusiform body, a large symmetrical caudal fin, and a mouth with numerous small conical teeth suited for grasping, the new taxon is interpreted to be a fast swimming, open-ocean predator that likely pursued smaller squid, crustaceans, and other fishes. Vertebral growth rings suggest that the individual was possibly about 14 years old at the time of its death, and our vertebra-based theoretical growth model indicates that the species could have reached up to about 1.8 m TL and lived up to 37 years old in age.
... 4b). Other Mesozoic elements include Platinx, the last known member of Crossognathiformes, an early diverging teleost clade (Arratia & Tischlinger 2010;Sferco et al. 2015). No fewer than nine families of eels represent Elopomorpha (Blot 1978), and are joined by three osteoglossomorph species. ...
The Eocene limestones around the Italian village of Bolca occur in a series of distinct localities providing a unique snapshot of marine life in the early Cenozoic. Famous for its fishes, the localities of Bolca also yield diverse invertebrate faunas and a rich, but relatively understudied flora. Most fossils from Bolca derive from the Pesciara and Monte Postale sites, which bear similar fossils but are characterized by slightly different taphonomic and environmental profiles. Although not precisely contemporaneous, the age of these principal localities is well constrained to a narrow interval within the Ypresian Stage, c. 50– 49 Ma. This places Bolca at a critical time in the evolutionary assembly of modern marine fish diversity and of reef communities more generally.
... No crown teleosts are known from the Toarcian-Callovian. When crown teleosts first appear in the fossil record during the Late Jurassic, they comprise small-bodied and fusiform taxa in the form of elopomorphs, euteleosts, and (possibly) crossognathiforms (but see Arratia and Tischlinger 2010), all restricted to a relatively small region within the top left quadrant of morphospace (Figs. 3, 5A). ...
Comprising Holostei and Teleostei, the ~32,000 species of neopterygian fishes are anatomically disparate and represent the dominant group of aquatic vertebrates today. However, the pattern by which teleosts rose to represent almost all of this diversity, while their holostean sister-group dwindled to eight extant species and two broad morphologies, is poorly constrained. A geometric morphometric approach was taken to generate a morphospace from more than 400 fossil taxa, representing almost all articulated neopterygian taxa known from the first 150 million years—roughly 60%—of their history (Triassic‒Early Cretaceous). Patterns of morphospace occupancy and disparity are examined to: (1) assess evidence for a phenotypically “dominant” holostean phase; (2) evaluate whether expansions in teleost phenotypic variety are predominantly abrupt or gradual, including assessment of whether early apomorphy-defined teleosts are as morphologically conservative as typically assumed; and (3) compare diversification in crown and stem teleosts. The systematic affinities of dapediiforms and pycnodontiforms, two extinct neopterygian clades of uncertain phylogenetic placement, significantly impact patterns of morphological diversification. For instance, alternative placements dictate whether or not holosteans possessed statistically higher disparity than teleosts in the Late Triassic and Jurassic. Despite this ambiguity, all scenarios agree that holosteans do not exhibit a decline in disparity during the Early Triassic‒Early Cretaceous interval, but instead maintain their Toarcian‒Callovian variety until the end of the Early Cretaceous without substantial further expansions. After a conservative Induan‒Carnian phase, teleosts colonize (and persistently occupy) novel regions of morphospace in a predominantly gradual manner until the Hauterivian, after which expansions are rare. Furthermore, apomorphy-defined teleosts possess greater phenotypic variety than typically assumed. Comparison of crown and stem teleost partial disparity indicates that, despite a statistically significant increase in crown teleost disparity between the Late Jurassic and earliest Cretaceous, stem teleosts remained important long-term contributors to overall teleost disparity during this time.
... The diastema between hypural 2 and 3 is easily identified in the caudal skeleton of almost all living teleosts including the most basally diverging living teleost lineages, Elopomorphs and Osteoglossomorphs (Schultze and Arratia, 1988), as well as more basal extinct Teleostei species such as †Eurycormus speciosus (Arratia and Schultze, 2007), †Bavarichthys incognitus (Arratia and Tischlinger, 2010), and †Ebertichthys ettlingensis (Arratia, 2016), and is considered a synapomorphy of the Teleostei (Fig. 4) (Arratia, 2013(Arratia, , 2015. We thus asked whether signs of a hypural diastema could also be found in teleosteomorphs diverging more basal than the Teleostei. ...
Background:
The caudal fin of actinopterygians transitioned from a heterocercal dorsoventrally asymmetrical fin to a homocercal externally symmetrical fin in teleosts through poorly understood evolutionary developmental mechanisms. We studied the caudal skeleton of major living actinopterygian lineages, including polypteriformes, acipenseriformes, Holostei (gars and bowfin), and teleosts, compared to reports of extinct neopterygians and basal teleosteans. We focused on the hypural diastema complex, which includes 1) a gap between hypurals 2 and 3, that 2) separates two plates of connective tissue at 3) the branching of caudal vasculature; these features had been considered as a shared, derived trait of teleosts, a synapomorphy.
Results:
These studies revealed that gars and teleosts share all three features of the hypural diastema complex. Absence of a complex with these features from bowfin, fossil Holostei, and stem Teleostei argues in favor of repetitive, independent emergence in several neopterygian and basal Teleostei lineages, or less likely, many independent losses. We further observed that in gars and teleosts, the earliest developing lepidotrichia align with the horizontal adult body axis, thus participating in external symmetry.
Conclusions:
These results suggest that the hypural diastema complex in teleosts and gars represents a homoplasy among neopterygians and that it emerged repeatedly by parallel evolution due to shared inherited underlying genetic and developmental programs (latent homology). Because the hypural diastema complex exists in gars with heterocercal tails, this complex is independent of homocercality. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... The taxon was erected by Müller (1845) who based the classification on soft-tissue characters and the presence of intermuscular bones. For a long time, Teleostei were interpreted as a polyphyletic group, but were recognized to be monophyletic by e.g., Arratia (1991Arratia ( , 1997Arratia ( , 1999Arratia ( , 2013, Arratia and Tischlinger (2010). ...
... The family Leptolepidae sensu Nybelin (1974) includes the genera Leptolepis, Proleptolepis, Leptolepides and Tharsis. Later phylogenetic studies demonstrated that Leptolepides and Tharsis are not close related to Leptolepis (e.g., Patterson and Rosen, 1977;Arratia, 1997Arratia, , 1999Arratia, , 2015aArratia and Tischlinger, 2010) and no support for the family was found. Arratia and Thies (2001) introduced Longileptolepis wiedenrothi (=Paraleptolepis wiedenrothi, Arratia, 2003), based on a single specimen from the Toarcian of Salzgitter-Haverlahwiese (Lower Saxony, Germany). ...
... Consequently, Arratia (1997) erected the family Orthogonikleithridae, including Leptolepides and Orthogonikleithrus. The sister-taxa relationship between both taxa was confirmed by several phylogenetic analyses (e.g., Arratia, 1999Arratia, , 2000Arratia and Tischlinger, 2010;Sferco et al., 2015b). Konwert (2016b, appendix hoelli (see below). ...
... Apparently, Nybelin's description was largely based on this specimen, since several characters of L. sprattiformis sensu Nybelin (1974) are different from L. sprattiformis sensu Arratia (1997), but similar to L. haerteisi. Furthermore, the members of Orthogonikleithridae were recognized as members of Euteleostei (Arratia 1997, 1999, 2000a, Arratia & Tischlinger 2010, and represent the oldest known members of this group (Arratia 1997, Benton et al. 2015. ...
Abstract
Leptolepides haerteisi Arratia, 1997 is a small teleost, belonging to the family Orthogonikleithridae. This
species was formerly known only from the Plattenkalk deposits of Zandt only. However, through identifiation of several shared characters between the type
specimens of L. haerteisi and the new material, including shape of the mesethmoid, the number of supraorbital bones, number of hypurals, and the position of
the caudal fin rays over the hypurals, this species is interpreted as also present in the Plattenkalk deposits of
Schamhaupten. Th presence of L. haerteisi in Schamhaupten increases its geographical as well as its stratigraphical range from uppermost Kimmeridgian to lowermost Tithonian.
