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Hypostomus commersoni , NUP 552, 216.0 mm SL, Cavernoso reservoir, rio Cavernoso, tributary of rio Iguaçu, Municipality of Candói, Paraná, Brazil.
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We reviewed several large collections of the genus Hypostomus from the rio Iguaçu basin summing up to 793 specimens mainly from the Laboratório de Ictiologia do Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva from Universidade Federal de São Carlos, from fish collection of Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura da Universidade Es...
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Taxonomy of extinct fishes is mostly based on the shapes of their bodies, teeth and skeletons and sometimes coverage of the body. Analysis of the modern fishes shows that sometimes even single scale morphology can also be used as a taxonomic tool. In spite of the fact that variation in scales character in one species can be broad, some specific fea...
Citations
... In the laboratory, one week after fish capture and fixation, the specimens were identified, according to Ingenito et al. (2004), Baumgartner et al. (2012) and Garavello et al. (2012), measured (total length, TL; standard length, SL, to the nearest 0.1 cm) and weighed (total weight, TW, to the nearest 0.01 g). In addition, the sex of each individual was determined following Vazzoler (1996), through macroscopic inspection of the gonads. ...
Length-weight (LWR) and length-length (LLR) relationships are widely used in management programs and monitoring of fish stocks. We estimated the LWR and LLR of 10 fish species sampled from nine streams of the lower reach of the Iguassu River Basin, Paraná, Brazil. All LWR fits were significant, with b values ranging from 2.37 to 3.62 and an average value of 3.07. Most species showed isometric growth. Significant differences in the LWR between sexes were observed only for Phalloceros harpagos Lucinda, 2008 in the Três Barras stream. All LLR fits were significant, with b values ranging from 0.98 to 1.25 and an average value of 1.15. Significant differences between sexes for the LLR were observed for Rhamdia voulezi Haseman, 1911 in the Arroio Passo Liso stream. First records of the LWR for four species - Ancistrus mullerae Bifi, Pavanelli & Zawadzki, 2009, Bryconamericus pyahu Azpelicueta, Casciotta & Almirón, 2003, Cambeva stawiarski (Miranda Ribeiro, 1968), and Cambeva taroba (Wosiacki & Garavello, 2004) - and the LLR for six species - A. mullerae, B. pyahu, C. davisi, C. stawiarski, C. taroba, and P. harpagos - and a new record of maximum standard length for two species - C. taroba and B. pyahu - are presented.
KEY WORDS:
Allometry; conservation; endemism; population structure; ichthyofauna; individual growth models
... strong keels on lateral plates), by having short to moderate dorsal fin, far from reaching adipose plate (vs. long dorsal fin, from just to reaching adipose plate, see Garavello et al. 2012 andCardoso et al. 2019); from H. interruptus by having anterior portion of trunk with similar color pattern to posterior portion in adults (vs. anterior portion of trunk with sharp spots and posterior portion with spots from inconspicuous to faded see Oyakawa et al. 2005); from H. rhantos by having lower caudal peduncle (8.1-9.8 % SL) (vs. ...
... Hypostomus lamberti differs from this species by having weak to moderate keels in the lateral series of plates, as opposed to strongly developed keels in H. commersoni (Fig. 5). Unlike H. affinis, where variations in keels were observed (Perez et al. 2020), this variation was not observed in H. commersoni (Garavello et al. 2012;Zawadzki et al. 2020). Thus, we assume that this is a good characteristic to distinguish these two species. ...
Scientific visits to ichthyological collections revealed a potentially new species of Hypostomus from the Rio Tocantins basin. From there, subsequent ichthyological surveys led us to capture the taxon in the upper portion of this basin and address it to the H. punctatus group. Here, we present it as a new species to science. The new species is distinguished from its congeners, except those from the H. punctatus group, by having bicuspid teeth with elliptic medial cusps, moderate keels on the head and flanks, small spots on the body, and caudal peduncle that are long and low. From the H. punctatus group, except H. subcarinatus and H. commersoni, it differs by having extremely small dark spots; from H. subcarinatus, it differs by having a beige-brown dorsal-fin background color versus blue in live specimens; and from H. commersoni, it differs by having a short to moderate dorsal fin versus a long dorsal fin.
... The suckermouth armored catfishes actually includes 152 species popularly known as cascudos, acaris, plecos, and bodós that occur in all the major hydrographic systems of South America, with most of the species occurring in rivers of the southeastern Brazil, in the Paraguay basin, and coastal drainages of Guiana and Suriname [1][2][3][4]. This hyperdiverse fish group, are recognized as a monophyletic assemblage by both morphological [5][6][7][8] and molecular [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] phylogenetic approaches. Recently, Jardim de Queiroz and coauthors [11], performed a most complete phylogeny of Hypostomus in terms of taxon sampling and geographical distribution. ...
Among the Neotropical fish fauna, suckermouth armored catfishes (Hypostomus - Loricariidae) stands out as one of the most difficult groups to diagnose morphologically. So the use of different molecular markers, as is the case of cytogenetics, has been fundamental for a precise identification of some species. In the present study, we characterize the karyotypes of two allopatric Hypostomus spiniger populations, using classical and molecular cytogenetic methods. This species was described by Hensel (1870) but later synonymized with Hypostomus commersoni, and recently it was again recognized as a valid species. Taking to account this taxonomic problematic, the aim of this study is to determine chromosomal characters that may be useful to validate the taxonomic status of H. spiniger and to complement its diagnosis in relation to H. commersoni populations. The karyotype of H. spiniger is composed by 66 chromosomes (10m+16sm+14st+26a), few heterochromatin and a multiple nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) system. Despite, the currently geographic isolation among the samples collected in Forquetinha River (Patos Lagoon basin) and Quadros Lagoon (Tramandaí River basin), both shared the same karyotypic structure, this cytogenetic evidence, suggest that both populations belongs to the same species. Additionally, our results clearly distinguish H. spiniger from H. commersoni populations collected along the Paraná River basin, that exhibited 2n=68 chromosomes and several divergences in heterochromatin and NORs pattern. In sum, the present study reinforces the valid status of H. spiniger and demonstrated the importance of basic cytogenetic analysis to understand conflictuous taxonomic matters.
... Information about congeners was based on both comparative material and literature (e.g. Günther 1880; Boulenger 1897; Regan 1913, Starks 1913, Fowler 1943Boeseman 1968;Weber 1985;Mazzoni et al. 1994;Armbruster 2003;Oyakawa et al. 2005;Armbruster et al. 2007;Garavello et al. 2012;Weber et al. 2012;Zawadzki et al. 2013Zawadzki et al. , 2016Zawadzki et al. , 2017Zawadzki et al. , 2021Alonso et al. 2016;Cardoso et al. 2016Cardoso et al. , 2019Matamoros et al. 2016;Ramos et al. 2017;Lustosa-Costa et al. 2022). Type material of the species here described is deposited in the following ichthyological collections: Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ); Coleção Ictiológica do Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais da Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Chapadinha (CICCAA); and Coleção Ictiológica da Universidade Estadual do Maranhão, São Luís (CIUEMA). ...
Hypostomus krikati sp. n. is described from the Mearim River basin, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil. This new species shares all the diagnostic features defining the Hypostomus plecostomus super-group. Three species of the H. plecostomus super-group are geographically close to the species described here (Hypostomus jaguribensis, H. pusarum and H. papariae). Hypostomus krikati sp. n. is easily distinguised from them by having conspicuous keels along the lateral series of plates. There are other species geographically close to H. krikati sp. n. that do not belong to the H. plecostomus super-group (H. johnii, H. velhomonge and H. velhochico). Hypostomus krikati sp. n. differs from these species by having a lower number of teeth, conspicuous keels along the lateral series of plates, abdominal region totally covered by plates, dark spots horizontally not aligned along lateral series of plates, and large-sized adults. The recently described species for the Maranhão hydrographic systems, as well as the new species here described reinforce the hypothesis that the Maranhão hydrographic systems may present a high level of endemism for freshwater fishes.
... In the last 20 years, several phylogenetic hypotheses were proposed to elucidate the relationships within Hypostomus by both molecular (Montoya-Burgos, 2003;Jardim de Queiroz et al., 2020;Anjos et al., 2021;Cardoso et al., 2021) and morphological (Armbruster, 2004;Garavello et al., 2012;Zawadzki et al., 2019) approaches. All of these studies confirmed the monophyletic status of this hyperdiverse genus. ...
Freshwater catfishes in the genus Hypostomus have been the model for several cytogenetic studies, due to their intense variability in diploid number, chromosome morphology, and the distribution of repetitive DNAs. Taking the taxonomic complexity inherent to this group into consideration, the present study aims to describe the karyotypes of five species of Hypostomus collected in their type localities: Hypostomus albopunctatus (Regan, 1908), Hypostomus hermanni (Ihering, 1905), Hypostomus iheringii (Regan, 1908), and Hypostomus paulinus (Ihering, 1905) from the Piracicaba River (the Upper Paraná River Basin); and Hypostomus mutucae Knaack, 1999 from the Claro River (the Upper Paraguay River Basin). Our results evidenced a great inter-specific diploid-number variation: 2n = 72 (H. hermanni); 2n = 74 (H. albopunctatus); 2n = 76 (H. paulinus); 2n = 80 (H. iheringii); and 2n = 82 chromosomes (H. mutucae), which reflects the important role of Robertsonian rearrangements in the karyotypic differentiation among these species. The distribution of heterochromatin also varied considerably among species, making it possible to characterize each species analyzed, as well as to detect microstructural variations among populations of the same species. These data can support taxonomic revisions when further associated with molecular markers and morphological analyses to delimit, more consistently, the taxonomic status of these Hypostomus species, each of which historically has a complex taxonomic diagnosis.
... On its right bank is the municipality of Capanema, and on its left bank is the municipality of Capitão Leonidas Marques (Paraná, Brazil). The specimens identified according to Baumgartner et al. (2012), Garavello et al. (2012), Garavello and Sampaio (2010), and Graça and Pavanelli (2007), and total and standard lengths (in cm) were measured. Taxonomic classification and species names mainly follow Fricke et al. (2020). ...
The fish fauna from the Lower Iguaçu River and tributaries upstream of the Iguaçu Falls, the last free-flowing river stretch, were investigated. Twenty five sites in tributaries and the main channel were sampled between 2010 and 2016 using several kinds of fishing gear. The species were categorized according to their size, origin, and conservation status. Species richness and abundance in the main channel and tributaries were compared. In total, 87,702 specimens were recorded, comprising 76 species, 25 families, 53 genera, and eight orders. Characiformes and Siluriformes were the richest orders, representing 92% of the total specimens; Characidae, Cichlidae, Pimelodidae, and Loricariidae were the richest families. The fish fauna was composed of small and medium-sized species and included endemic (42%), autochthonous (24%), allochthonous (21%), and exotic (9%) species, as well as hybrids (4%). Significant differences in the relative numerical abundance of species were found among sites. Ancistrus mullerae and Rhamdia branneri (endemic) were indicator species for tributaries inside of Iguaçu National Park (INP), while Phalloceros harpagos (autochthonous) and Ictalurus punctatus (exotic) for tributaries outside of INP and Odontesthes bonariensis (allochthonous) for the main channel. The last dam-free stretch of the Lower Iguaçu River and tributaries upstream the Iguaçu Falls exhibits a rich endemic fish fauna, including some rare, endangered species ( Steindachneridion melanodermatum , Gymnogeophagus taroba , and Psalidodon gymnogenys ). These findings are essential to predict and understand the effects caused by the new Baixo Iguaçu Hydroelectric Power Plant and highlight the importance of tributaries and Iguaçu National Park for conservation of endemic species.
... Identification follows Ingenito et al. (2004), Baumgartner et al. (2012), Garavello et al. (2012), and by comparison of the specimens with original descriptions. Whenever possible, the determinations of the fish species were checked by specialists of each taxonomic group. ...
Knowledge of the ichthyofauna of a hydrographic basin is the minimum necessary condition for the implementation of any measures for the exploration, management or preservation of water and fishing resources. Despite its relevance, the number of fish species across the Iguassu River basin is still uncertain. Thus, the objective of this study was to compile the fish species that occur in the extensive stretch of the basin above the Iguassu Falls. In addition, we recorded the level of threat of extinction for native species, the origin of nonnative species, and their main vectors of introduction. To achieve this goal, a survey was carried out through consultations with ichthyological collections as well as online databases. Also, a literature review was conducted using the search platforms Thomson Reuters, SciELO and Elsevier’s ScienceDirect to locate all articles published by March 2020 that addressed the topic “ichthyofauna in the Iguassu River basin”. The survey compiled a total of 133 fish species distributed in nine orders, 29 families and 72 genera. Seventy-nine fish species were recorded that occur throughout the entire length of the basin, 119 species that occur in the hydrographic units of the middle and lower Iguassu River (40 exclusive) and 93 species that occur in the hydrographic unit of the upper Iguassu River (14 exclusive). The endemism rate shown here for the Iguassu River basin (approximately 69%) contrasts with the 40 nonnative fish species recorded (approximately 30% of the total species in the basin). Successive impoundments, reductions in habitat quality and the increase in the number of nonnative species are the main threats to native
species, especially to the endemic species; approximately 20% of these species were listed in some category of threat of extinction. We emphasize that constant monitoring of ichthyofauna is necessary to discover putatively undescribed species, as well as for the application of management strategies to mitigate the negative effects and promote the control of the spread of nonnative species.
... In 1977, R.M.C. Castro collected the specimens that eventually would become the type series of Trichomycterus castroi (de Pinna, 1992; now in Cambeva). Júlio C. Garavello (Universidade Federal de São Carlos) and associates collected extensively in the rio Iguaçu basin from the late 1970's to the early 1990's and published several papers reviewing and describing species from that basin (Garavello, 2005;Garavello & Shibatta, 2007;Garavello & Sampaio, 2010;Garavello et al., 2012). Additionally, he published an inventory of the rio Iguaçu ichthyofauna, which included a characterization of each species, including some not described at that time (Garavello et al., 1997). ...
An annotated checklist for the freshwater fishes from Paraná State, Brazil is provided. A total of 440 freshwater fish species are recorded for the state, distributed across five ecoregions: Upper Parana, Lower Parana, and Iguassu, all within the rio Paraná basin, and corresponding to the state’s Inland Slope, and Southeastern Mata Atlantica and Ribeira de Iguape, corresponding to the Atlantic Slope, encompassing minor coastal drainages emptying in the Baía de Paranaguá or in the Baía de Guaratuba, and the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin, respectively. The Upper Parana ecoregion ocuppies the larger in area in the state, and is divided into the following sub-ecoregions: Floodplain, Paranapanema, Piquiri, and Ivaí. Species richness for each ecoregion is as follows: 273 species for the Upper Parana (Paranapanema sub-ecoregion, 217 species; Floodplain sub-ecoregion, 193 species; Piquiri sub-ecoregion, 154 species; Ivaí sub-ecoregion, 132 species), 154 species in the Lower Parana, 127 species in the Iguassu, 68 species in the Southeastern Mata Atlantica, and 50 species in the Ribeira de Iguape. We recorded 42 putatively undescribed species and 117 endemic species from specific ecoregions (except Upper Parana) or sub-ecoregions in the state. Ninety-eight species recorded are non-native from at least one of the state’s ecoregions. Thirty-three species are considered threatened. The ecoregions in the Atlantic Slope share many more species with each other than with ecoregions in the Inland Slope. The Iguassu ecoregion is the only one located in Inland Slope that shares more species with the Atlantic Slope than with the remaining ecoregions from the Inland Slope. The Ivaí sub-ecoregion lacks several species that are common to all other sub-ecoregions of the Upper Parana ecoregion. Comments on the historical development of taxonomic knowledge, biogeography, threats, and conservation strategies for the fish fauna from the Paraná State are provided.
... However, despite the many available names for Hypostomus, specimens assigned to this genus have been commonly identified only to genus in fish collections since at least the end of the 20th century (Agostinho & Júlio Jr, 1999). In the upper Rio Paraná basin, there are more than 30 species ( Garavello et al., 2012;Martins et al., 2014) that have adaptively radiated from apparently few common ancestors in the recent past (Silva et al., 2016). However, the principal works about systematic research are basically outdated and generally restricted to specimens from the rivers Tietê (Ihering, 1905(Ihering, , 1911 or Mogi Guaçu (Godoy, 1969;Schubart, 1964), especially in S~ ao Paulo State territory. ...
Hypostomus albopunctatus was described from the Rio Piracicaba, a tributary of the Rio Tietê, upper Rio Paraná basin. Nevertheless, specimens attributed to this species are commonly found throughout other river systems in the upper Rio Paraná basin and present varying degrees of morphological variation. A taxonomic review of H. albopunctatus based on large series of specimens from many localities throughout the upper Rio Paraná basin was carried out. Results support H. lexi, H. niger and H. scaphyceps as junior synonyms. Hypostomus albopunctatus differs from all congeners except H. heraldoi by having pectoral‐fin spine equal to or shorter than pelvic‐fin spine (v. longer); it differs from H. heraldoi by having white or light yellow spots on the body and fins (v. dark brown or black spots). Despite conspicuous variation related to the shape and size of the spots and snout morphology, both spot and snout patterns overlapped among the examined populations, thus this variation was inferred to be intraspecific within a widely distributed H. albopunctatus.
... In the clade composed by J. eigenmanni and J. diphyes, both from the Iguaçu River basin, and J. eirmostigma, from the Uruguay River basin, the analyses supported the MRCA inhabiting an area comprising the Iguaçu and Uruguay River basins. Previous studies also recovered a close relationship among species of cichlids and loricariids occurring in the Iguaçu and Uruguay River basins ( R ı can, Pialek, Almiron & Casciotta, 2011;Garavello, Britski & Zawadzki, 2012), suggesting the existence of ancient connections between both basins. The time calibrated analysis (Fig. 3) indicated that the split between J. eigenmanni from the Iguaçu River basin and J. eirmostigma from the upper Uruguay River basin occurred in the Early Pleistocene (1.9 Ma, 95% HPD 4.1-0.5 Ma), thus indirectly suggesting that the connection between those basins was kept until the Pliocene. ...
The current distribution of the Neotropical ichthyofauna has been widely affected by the main geological events that occurred in South and Central America. However, robust biogeographic information is still scarce or absent for most fish families. The biogeographic relationships of the most diverse anablepid genus, Jenynsia, are herein analysed, using temporal and spatial approaches based on a total evidence dataset, including 167 morphological characters and seven nuclear genes, totalling 6075 bp. A time calibrated analysis recovered the origin of Jenynsia at the Miocene and the diversification of its two subgenera between the Late Miocene and Early Pliocene. This result combined with the analysis of reconstruction of ancestral states indicates that the ancestor of Jenynsia colonized the Paranean Sea, and the current distribution of the species of the genus is probably a result of geological events, including: (1) ancient connections between Iguaçu and upper Uruguay River basins; (2) sea level variation along the Pliocene in the South American Atlantic coast; and (3) the decrease of the Paranean Sea along the Pliocene and Pleistocene.
