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Hygrocybe conica var. conicopalustris. A. Basidiomata; B. spores; C. basidia; D. pseudocystidia. Scale bars: resp. 1 cm, 10 µm.
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Twenty-five species of Hygrocybe are described, illustrated and discussed, including 10 new species, namely H. globispora, H. keralensis, H. gregaria, H. griseoalbida, H. corallina, H. lobatospora, H. brunneosquamulosa, H. aurantiocephala, H. smaragdina and H. aurantioalba. Two new varieties are proposed, viz. H. nivosa var. pallidolutea and H. apa...
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Context 1
... Coccineae Fayod Subsection Coccineae (Bat.) Singer 10. Hygrocybe ortoniana Bon - Fig. 11 Hygrocybe ortoniana Bon, Doc. mycol. 19 (75) (1989) Basidiomata small, delicate, trans- lucent, entirely viscid. Pileus 10 -25 mm, convex at first, becoming plano- convex, strongly hygrophanous, light orange (K. & W. 5A4, 5A5) at first, then light yellow (3A5), finally very pale yellow (3A2, 3A3) with more distinctly yellow or ...
Context 2
... is H. minutula (Peck) Murrill, described from North America. The macroscopic appearance and characters of pileipellis and stipitipellis are similar according to Hesler & Smith (1963), but the spores are reported to be larger: 7-10.3 × 4 -5(-6) µm, in the type 8 -10 × 4 -5 µm. 12. Hygrocybe lobatospora Leelav., Manim. & Arnolds, spec. nov. - Fig. 13 Pileus 25 mm latus, convexus vel plano-convexus, primo depressus, postea perforatus, rufo-auran- tius vel aurantius, viscidus, pellucido-striatus. Lamellae adnatae vel decurrentes, atro-aurantiae. Stipes 30 × 2.5 mm, aurantius. Odor ...
Context 4
... does not become perforated nor blackish on drying. In addition, the terminal cells of hyphae of the pileipellis in H. caespi- tosa are enlarged to clavate, ovoid or ellipsoid, and clamp-connections in that species are rare or absent on the hyphae of both pileipellis and hymenophoral trama (Hesler & Smith, 1963 20a. Hygrocybe nivosa var. nivosa - Fig. 21 Basidiomata small and delicate. Pileus 5 -18 mm, convex to plano-convex with a slight depression at the centre, sometimes becoming depressed when mature, purely white, smooth, when moist with a translucent appearance, translucently striate; margin involute. Lamellae subdecurrent to decurrent, narrow, subdistant to distant, with lamel- ...
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Citations
... Hygrocybe corallina Leelav., Manim. & Arnolds (in Leelavathy et al. 2006: 125), a species described from Kerala State, India, resembles the new species in having viscid, red-tinted basidiocarps, an applanate pileus with a central depression and translucent striations, adnate and subdistant lamellae, 1-, 2-, or 4-spored basidia with refractive contents, a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia, a sterile lamella edge with terminal cells similar to the morphology of pseudocystidia and an ixotrichoderm-type pileipellis. However, H. corallina differs from the new species in having larger basidiocarps (pileus 8-32 mm; stipe 20-30 × 1-3 mm) with a hygrophanous pileus, lamellae with a glutinous, hyaline, entire edge, a hollow, glabrous stipe, monomorphic basidiospores and basidia, a regular lamellar trama and an ixotrichoderm-type stipitipellis (Leelavathy et al. 2006). ...
... & Arnolds (in Leelavathy et al. 2006: 125), a species described from Kerala State, India, resembles the new species in having viscid, red-tinted basidiocarps, an applanate pileus with a central depression and translucent striations, adnate and subdistant lamellae, 1-, 2-, or 4-spored basidia with refractive contents, a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia, a sterile lamella edge with terminal cells similar to the morphology of pseudocystidia and an ixotrichoderm-type pileipellis. However, H. corallina differs from the new species in having larger basidiocarps (pileus 8-32 mm; stipe 20-30 × 1-3 mm) with a hygrophanous pileus, lamellae with a glutinous, hyaline, entire edge, a hollow, glabrous stipe, monomorphic basidiospores and basidia, a regular lamellar trama and an ixotrichoderm-type stipitipellis (Leelavathy et al. 2006). ...
Hygrocybe pellucida sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India based on both morphology and multigene phylogenetic analyses (nrITS, nrLSU). This species is characterized by small, viscid, translucent basidiocarps, a whitish to grayish pileus
with reddish pellucid striations, dimorphic basidiospores and basidia, a sterile lamella edge with abundant pseudocystidia, an ixotrichoderm-type pileipellis and an ixocutis-type stipitipellis. A comprehensive species description along with photographs of both the basidiocarps and the microscopic features, line drawings of the microscopic structures, a comparison with morphologically similar and phylogenetically related species and phylogenetic trees inferring the placement of the new species within the section Velosae are provided.
... Diversity, distribution and phylogeny Sathe and Daniel (1980); Sathe and Deshpande (1980); Bhavanidevi (1995); Natarajan (1995); Leelavathy and Ganesh (2000); Brown et al. (2006); Leelavathy et al. (2006); Manimohan et al. (2007); Riviere et al. (2007); Swapna et al. (2008); Bhosle et al. (2010); Pradeep and Vrinda (2010); Mohanan (2011Mohanan ( , 2014; Ranadive et al. (2013); Farook et al. (2013); Karun and Sridhar (2013, 2015a, b, 2016b; Senthilarasu (2014Senthilarasu ( , 2015; Usha and Janardhan (2014) ...
Macrofungi are versatile non-conventional sources of a human diet consisting of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, bioactive compounds and therapeutics. The geographic locations of southwest India encompass a variety of ecosystems in the Western Ghats, foothills, coastal plains and maritime regions. The wide climatic conditions as well as the type of ecosystems in southwest India influence the diversity, distribution and dissemination of macrofungi. The species and sporocarp richness were higher in the Western Ghats forests than in other coastal ecosystems. The core-group fungi recorded so far are unique to the southwest Indian ecosystems without much overlapping. Although soil, leaf litter and woody litter have been mainly studied in southwest India, other substrates are less studied (e.g. animals, animal excrements and termite mounds). Macrofungal mutualistic association in southwest India needs special attention (e.g. ectomycorrhizae, bipartite association and tripartite association). Traditional knowledge of tribals on macrofungal identification (edible, medicinal and poisonous) needs more emphasis. Special attention needs to be implemented in southwest India (in forests, agroforests, plantations and sacred groves) for sustainable growth, harvest, utilization and domestication of wild macrofungi. The present chapter emphasizes the diversity, distribution and ecological studies on macrofungi of southwestern India as baseline data.
Keywords: Coastal sand dunes, coprophilous fungi, core-group fungi, ecological niches, ecosystem services, ectomycorrhizae, entomopathogens, mangroves, mushrooms, termitomycetes, Western Ghats
... Diversity, distribution and phylogeny Sathe and Daniel (1980); Sathe and Deshpande (1980); Bhavanidevi (1995); Natarajan (1995); Leelavathy and Ganesh (2000); Brown et al. (2006); Leelavathy et al. (2006); Manimohan et al. (2007); Riviere et al. (2007); Swapna et al. (2008); Bhosle et al. (2010); Pradeep and Vrinda (2010); Mohanan (2011Mohanan ( , 2014; Ranadive et al. (2013); Farook et al. (2013); Karun and Sridhar (2013, 2015a, b, 2016b; Senthilarasu (2014Senthilarasu ( , 2015; Usha and Janardhan (2014) ...
Amanita is an important cosmopolitan genus that comprises of morphologically, ecologically and economically valued species with a global record of up to 613 species. Although many species of Amanita are poisonous, they possess useful metabolites of therapeutic significance. Recent reports reveal that there are about 66 species of Amanita occur in different ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent, especially from the Himalayas and the Western Ghats. Southwestern India provides suitable ecological and climatic conditions such as the Western Ghats, foothills, coastal plains and maritime habitats to support a variety of Amanita species. So far, about 30 species of Amanita have been documented in southwest India representing ectomycorrhizal, medicinal, non-toxic, edible and poisonous species. The association of Amanita species with the family Dipterocarpaceae is highly significant owing to the logging of dipterocarps for quality timber. The present chapter aims to offer the diversity, distribution, the ecological and bioactive potential of Amanita species occurring in southwest India. Emphasis has been laid on the ecological, nutritional and bioactive potential of edible ectomycorrhizal Amanita hemibapha and A. konajensis.
Keywords: Western Ghats, foothills, west coast, scrub jungles, forests, maritime habitats, ectomycorrhizal mushrooms, poisonous mushrooms, non-toxic mushrooms, edible mushrooms, ecosystem services
... Diversity, distribution and phylogeny Sathe and Daniel (1980); Sathe and Deshpande (1980); Bhavanidevi (1995); Natarajan (1995); Leelavathy and Ganesh (2000); Brown et al. (2006); Leelavathy et al. (2006); Manimohan et al. (2007); Riviere et al. (2007); Swapna et al. (2008); Bhosle et al. (2010); Pradeep and Vrinda (2010); Mohanan (2011Mohanan ( , 2014; Ranadive et al. (2013); Farook et al. (2013); Karun and Sridhar (2013, 2015a, b, 2016b; Senthilarasu (2014Senthilarasu ( , 2015; Usha and Janardhan (2014) ...
Macrofungi are an evolutionarily and ecologically important segments of the fungal kingdom exists independently as well as in mutualistic association with plants and animals. They play prime ecological roles in the degradation of lignocellulosic materials, nutrient transport and biogeochemical cycles in varied ecosystems. Macrofungi prefer a variety of substrates and their enzymes are responsible for nutrient cycling. Mutualistic association (ectomycorrhizae) with roots, support many tree species to derive nutrients from the soil. Many macrofungi have also mutualistic association with fauna to provide nutrition, in turn, disseminate their propagules to new habitats and facilitate genetic exchange or recombination. Even though some macrofungi are parasites of animals, they will be benefited by dispersal through their hosts to new niches. In spite of several macrofungi being pathogenic to many tree species, they involve in nutrient cycling. Several macrofungi are capable of bioremediation of pollutants and xenobiotics by their powerful enzymes. Macrofungi succumb to habitat loss, various natural disturbances and human interference, which leads to affect their normal ecological functions and services. With valuable ecosystem services, macrofungal resources deserve conservation to maximize their benefits to plants, animals and ecosystems. Keywords: Dipterocarpaceae, bioremediation, disturbance, ectomycorrhiazae, faunal association, human interference, nutrient cycling, mutualism, pathogens, substrates
... About 53 species of Hygrocybe have been reported from various parts of India (Farook et al. 2013;Latha & Manimohan 2018). It was evident from the earlier works that the diversity of the genus Hygrocybe in Kerala State is quite high (Vrinda et al. 1995;Leelavathy et al. 2006;Pradeep & Vrinda 2007;Vrinda et al. 2013;Latha & Manimohan 2018). A total of 43 species of Hygrocybe have been reported from Kerala so far (Farook et al. 2013;Vrinda et al. 2013;Latha & Manimohan 2018). ...
... Hygrocybe corallina Leelav., Manim. & Arnolds (in Leelavathy et al. 2006: 125), a species described from Kerala State, India (Leelavathy et al. 2006), seems similar to H. snigdha in having red-tinted basidiocarps, rather similar-shaped pileus with translucent striations, subdistant lamellae, 1-, 2-, or 4-spored basidia with refractive contents, a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia, a sterile lamella-edge with terminal cells similar to the morphology of pseudocystidia and clamped hyphae. Hygrocybe corallina, however, differs from H. snigdha in having delicate, larger basidiocarps (pileus 8-32 mm; stipe 20-30 × 1-3 mm) turning orange-yellow in exsiccata, a hygrophanous pileus, adnate lamellae with a glutinous, hyaline, entire edge, a glabrous stipe, monomorphic basidiospores, and basidia, a regular lamellar trama and ixotrichoderm-type pilei-and stipitipellis. ...
... Hygrocybe corallina Leelav., Manim. & Arnolds (in Leelavathy et al. 2006: 125), a species described from Kerala State, India (Leelavathy et al. 2006), seems similar to H. snigdha in having red-tinted basidiocarps, rather similar-shaped pileus with translucent striations, subdistant lamellae, 1-, 2-, or 4-spored basidia with refractive contents, a hymenium devoid of pleurocystidia, a sterile lamella-edge with terminal cells similar to the morphology of pseudocystidia and clamped hyphae. Hygrocybe corallina, however, differs from H. snigdha in having delicate, larger basidiocarps (pileus 8-32 mm; stipe 20-30 × 1-3 mm) turning orange-yellow in exsiccata, a hygrophanous pileus, adnate lamellae with a glutinous, hyaline, entire edge, a glabrous stipe, monomorphic basidiospores, and basidia, a regular lamellar trama and ixotrichoderm-type pilei-and stipitipellis. ...
Hygrocybe snigdha sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India, based on both morphology and molecular phylogeny. This species is characterized by small basidiocarps with a deep red, strongly viscid pileus with an orange-white margin, dimorphic basidiospores and basidia, lamella-edges with abundant pseudocystidia, and an ixocutis-type pileipellis and stipitipellis. The phylogenetic analyses based on independent data matrices of the internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and nuclear large subunit (nrLSU) of the ribosomal gene confirmed the novelty and the taxonomic position of H. snigdha within the section Velosae of the subgenus Hygrocybe. A comprehensive description of this new species is provided, along with comparisons with phenetically and phylogenetically related species, photographs of the basidiocarps, line drawings of the microscopic structures, and phylograms showing the infrageneric placement of the new species.
... Hygrocybe cinerascens (Berk. & Broome) Pegler (1977: 50), which was described from Sri Lanka and subsequently reported from India (Leelavathy et al. 2006), likely belongs in Neohygrocybe based on nitrous odour and macro-and microcharacters. Records of H. cinerascens reported by Dennis (1953) and Pegler (1977) from the Caribbean Basin, however, differ in having a fuscous rather than orangegrey or golden brown pileus, absence of a nitrous odour, and longer basidiospores (8-11 µm vs 7-9.5 µm) and thus do not represent that species based on DJL's comparison with the type and the description of a more recent collection in India by Leelavathy et al. (2006). ...
... & Broome) Pegler (1977: 50), which was described from Sri Lanka and subsequently reported from India (Leelavathy et al. 2006), likely belongs in Neohygrocybe based on nitrous odour and macro-and microcharacters. Records of H. cinerascens reported by Dennis (1953) and Pegler (1977) from the Caribbean Basin, however, differ in having a fuscous rather than orangegrey or golden brown pileus, absence of a nitrous odour, and longer basidiospores (8-11 µm vs 7-9.5 µm) and thus do not represent that species based on DJL's comparison with the type and the description of a more recent collection in India by Leelavathy et al. (2006). Those differences may explain Hesler and Smith's (1963) comment on the variable presence of an odour in H. cinerascens. ...
Humidicutis and Neohygrocybe are genera of wax cap mushrooms closely related to Hygrocybe. This is the first study in Humidicutis and Neohygrocybe from Brazil. We describe two new species, H. pindorama and N. fumosa, based on morphology and ITS rDNA data, and propose a new combination, N. ovinoides. Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses were conducted to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of the new species and related taxa. The resulting trees suggest that the new species are unique and show significant similarities to existing taxa in their respective genera. We also provide a key to the species of Humidicutis and Neohygrocybe known in the world.
... Hygrocybe astatogala shows close similarity with H. conica, which also turns black in age, however, H. astatogala differs in the presence of black fibrils on Pileus and Stipe from the beginning, in the shorter and broader sub-globose, ellipsoid spores, in the presence of true Cheilocystidia and in the excretion of fluid in moist conditions (Leelavathy et al., 2006). Previous reports of this species are from Karnataka, Mangalore, Konaje Village (Greeshma, et al., 2015); Kerala, Malappuram, Calicut University Campus (Leelavathy et al., 2006); Wayanad, Begur, Kuruva; Trissur, Peechi (Mohanan, 2011). ...
... Hygrocybe astatogala shows close similarity with H. conica, which also turns black in age, however, H. astatogala differs in the presence of black fibrils on Pileus and Stipe from the beginning, in the shorter and broader sub-globose, ellipsoid spores, in the presence of true Cheilocystidia and in the excretion of fluid in moist conditions (Leelavathy et al., 2006). Previous reports of this species are from Karnataka, Mangalore, Konaje Village (Greeshma, et al., 2015); Kerala, Malappuram, Calicut University Campus (Leelavathy et al., 2006); Wayanad, Begur, Kuruva; Trissur, Peechi (Mohanan, 2011). In Maharashtra it has been reported by Senthilarasu (2014) ...
... 13 Taxonomic diversity of mushrooms was studied by various researchers from Kerala. [14][15][16][17][18][19] The fruiting bodies of Volvariella, Pleurotus, Termitomyces, Boletus, Calvatia, and Macrolepiota species were collected from the Southern part of Kerala and identified. 20 22 Vrinda and Pradeep 23 studied the ectomycorrhizal diversity in three different forest types in Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala, and they found a higher number of diversity in evergreen forests. ...
Wild edible mushrooms are a valuable dietary food to many tribal people around the world. Wild medicinal mushrooms are therapeutically important sources of bioactive compounds. Tribal groups in Kerala ('Adivasis' of Kerala) are indigenous, ethnic populations that live in the forests and mountains of the Western Ghats, bordering Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. Cholanaikkans, Kurumbas, Kattunaikkans, Kadars, and Koragas are the five primitive tribal groups in Kerala, constituting nearly 5% of the total tribal population in the state. Knowledge on the edibility of mushrooms is mainly based on folk taxonomy and traditional knowledge of indigenous people. Tribal people use some wild mushrooms as sources of food and medicine for various ailments in their communities. Auricularia auriculata, Agaricus bisporus, Boletus edulis, Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus edodes, and L. squarrosulus are therapeutically important medicinal mushroom species used by the tribal people of Kerala. This article discusses the wild edible and medicinal mushrooms used by different tribal communities in Kerala.
... The Indian subcontinent comprises about 52 species of Hygrocybe (Lata and Manimohan 2018). Twenty five species of Hygrocybe (with 10 new species) have been described from the Kerala state (Leelavathy et al. 2006). A checklist by Farook et al. (2013) During a diversity expedition in the scrub jungles of southwest Karnataka, the edible wild mushroom H. alwisii was found in large numbers on the litter strata (Dattaraj et al. 2020). ...
The scrub jungles of southwest India are endowed with several wild edible mushrooms, hence this study addresses the nutraceutical potential of Hygrocybe alwisii. Uncooked and cooked whole tender fruitbodies of H. alwisii were processed to assess the biochemical composition, mineral components and antioxidant activity. The qualitative test revealed occurrence phenols, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides and coumarins in uncooked as well as cooked fruitbodies. The total phenolics and vitamin C were significantly higher in uncooked than in cooked samples. The FTIR analysis of the uncooked sample revealed the presence of biogenic amines (N-H) as secondary amines (amine salts), it was not found in cooked mushroom samples, instead found the carboxylic acids (O-H). Except for these, there were common functional groups recorded in uncooked and cooked samples. Further, elemental composition through EDS analysis revealed the differences in their elemental composition. Total antioxidant, ferrous ion-chelation and DPPH radical-scavenging capacities were significantly higher in uncooked than in cooked samples. The antioxidant activity of H. alwisii is comparable or higher than many edible wild mushrooms of the scrub jungles. In addition to nutritional traits, H. alwisii also possesses several bioactive compounds and antioxidant potential to defend human health. Future studies about metabolites of H. alwisii will provide more insight on its significance in human nutrition, human health, domestication, utilization and conservation.
Key words: scrub jungles, wild mushroom, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, minerals, nutraceuticals
... Hygrocybe astatogala, originally described from Madagascar, resembles H. griseonigricans in the black fibrils on the pileus. However, H. astatogala, has distinct and persistent conical and yellow to orange pileus, yellow to orange lamellae, and subglobose to ovoid basidiospores (Horak 1990;Leelavathy et al. 2006). Sequences ex holotype. ...
Blackening waxcaps (Hygrocybe subsect. Hygrocybe) are a group of colorful and attractive mushrooms. However, the species diversity of subsect. Hygrocybe in China is still poorly known due to the limited sampling. In this study, three new species of this group from Guangdong Province, China are described and illustrated based on their morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of the internal transcribed spacer and large subunit ribosomal DNA regions. Hygrocybe debilipes from grasslands of South China Sea islands is mainly characterized by its orange red to vivid red pileus, fragile stipe, and ellipsoid to oblong basidiospores; H. griseonigricans from woodlands is characterized by its whitish to dull yellow pileus, quick black discoloration and the globose, subglobose to broadly ovoid basidiospores; H. rubroconica from woodlands is characterized by the hemispheric to plano-convex pileus when mature, semitranslucent fibrose stipe, and globose to ellipsoid basidiospores.
