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Hydrozetes longisetosus, antiaxial aspect of tarsus I. (A) Adult; (B) tritonymph. Pairs of setae in parentheses; some setae are not illustrated.
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The larva, nymphal stages and adult of Hydrozetes longisetosus sp. nov. are described and illustrated, and the relationship of this species with the other European species of Hydrozetes is investigated. This species was first found at the edge of a forest lake, Dury 3, in the Tuchola Forest (Poland). Subsequently, we studied specimens that had been...
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Citations
... In addition, five of these species are considered new to science. These findings confirm that mires are fascinating and undiscovered habitats, and even in the relatively well-studied northern hemisphere new species of mites can be discovered Seniczak & Seniczak, 2009a. ...
Arachnid orders, Mesostigmata, Trombidiformes, and Sarcoptiformes, commonly known as 'mites', are abundant in mires, both as adults and as juveniles. However, due to the challenges of identification, the juvenile forms are often excluded from analyses. This is the first study in mires that included all three mite orders identified to the species level, including juvenile instars. We aimed to compare how diversity and the response to ecological variables differed if only the adults (ad) vs. the total number of specimens (ad+juv) are considered. Samples of 20 Sphagnum species (five subgenera) were collected and mites were extracted using Berlese funnels. Overall, nearly 60,000 mites were analyzed; of these Mesostigmata made up 1.87% of the total, Trombidiformes -0.27%, and Sarcoptiformes -97.86%. The study revealed 154 species (33 Mesostigmata, 24 Trombidiformes, and 97 Sarcoptiformes), the highest diversity of mites ever reported from mires. The inclusion of juveniles increased observed species richness by 6%, with 10 species (one Mesostigmata, six Trombidiformes, and three Sarcoptiformes) represented only by juvenile forms. Seventeen species are new to Norway (four Mesostigmata, one Sarcoptiformes, and 12 Trombidiformes, including five undescribed species of Stigmaeidae and Cunaxidae). Four of these were represented in the samples only by juveniles. Including the juveniles explained a greater amount of the variability of Trombidiformes (explanatory variables account for 23.60% for ad, and 73.74% for ad+juv) and Mesostigmata (29.23% - ad, 52.91% - ad+juv), but had less of an impact for Sarcoptiformes (38.48% - ad, 39.26% - ad+juv). Locality, Sphagnum subgenus and species, wetness, and trophic state significantly affected the mite communities and should be taken into consideration when studying mires. Since juvenile stages contribute significantly to mite diversity in mires, they should also be included in mite studies in other habitats.
... The genus Hydrozetes of oribatid mites lives in aquatic habitats like ponds, lakes, and rivers [2][3][4][5][6] . The identification and description of Hydrozetes species were studied from different regions all over the world: South Africa, Hydrozetes capensis [7] ; Europe, Hydrozetes confervae, Hydrozetes lacustris, Hydrozetes lemnae, Hydrozetes octosetosus, Hydrozetes parisiensis, and Hydrozetes thienemanni [8] ; Poland, Hydrozetes longisetosus [9] ; Philippines, Hydrozetes mindanaoensis [10] , and Ecuador, Hydrozetes behanpelletierae [6] . The adults of published species of genus Hydrozetes differ from each other mainly by the shape of the bothridium and sensillus, the shape and number of notogastral setae, the number of genital setae, the epimeral setal formula, the shape of setae on the legs near the claw, and the number of claws on leg IV [6,9,10] . ...
... The identification and description of Hydrozetes species were studied from different regions all over the world: South Africa, Hydrozetes capensis [7] ; Europe, Hydrozetes confervae, Hydrozetes lacustris, Hydrozetes lemnae, Hydrozetes octosetosus, Hydrozetes parisiensis, and Hydrozetes thienemanni [8] ; Poland, Hydrozetes longisetosus [9] ; Philippines, Hydrozetes mindanaoensis [10] , and Ecuador, Hydrozetes behanpelletierae [6] . The adults of published species of genus Hydrozetes differ from each other mainly by the shape of the bothridium and sensillus, the shape and number of notogastral setae, the number of genital setae, the epimeral setal formula, the shape of setae on the legs near the claw, and the number of claws on leg IV [6,9,10] . The present paper aims to illustrate and describe the morphology of the adult of aquatic oribatid mite, Hydrozetes crassipes sp. ...
... These diagnostic and specific characters of the present species were compared with those of other species of the same genus [6][7][8][9][10] . It was found that the present species has specific characters that separate it from the other previously published species of genus Hydrozetes. ...
... Grandjean (1951), Behan-Pelletier (1989) and Seniczak and Seniczak (2020) compared several morphological characters of Limnozetes and Hydrozetes Berlese, 1902 and stated that these genera are closely related, that was also supported by the molecular phylogeny (Krause et al. 2016). The ontogeny of leg setae of Limnozetes species differs from that of Hydrozetes species, but in both genera the tarsal setae u and p are short, thick, and barbed (Seniczak & Seniczak 2008, 2009a, 2009b, 2010Seniczak et al. 2007Seniczak et al. , 2009Seniczak et al. , 2017, reflecting their ecological importance. They cooperate with claws and help the mites to stick to water plants, which can be easily observed while manipulating mites with the needle. ...
The morphological ontogeny of Limnozetes schatzi sp. nov. from Norway is described and illustrated. The adult of this species is the most similar to that of L. rugosus (Sellnick, 1925), but differs from it mainly by the body shape (it is stockier in dorsal aspect and less convex in lateral aspect than L. rugosus), longer prodorsal seta in and notogastral setae, lack of seta c3, which in some individuals of L. rugosus is present, and sculpture of notogaster. Moreover, in L. schatzi seta l' on femur III is absent, but in L. rugosus it is present. Seta d on femora I–III and seta l' on femora I and II have relatively long barbs, covered often with debris. The juveniles of L. schatzi have all gastronotal setae short, whereas the latter species has some setae longer (lm and lp in larva, lp in nymphs).
... For example, some species of Limnozetes lost the famulus ε on tarsus I and many leg setae (setae pl on tarsus I, a'' on tarsi I and II, setae a' and a'' on other tarsi, l' and d on genu IV in deutonymph to adult), which are present in Hydrozetes (Seniczak et al. 2017). However, in Limnozetes species, tarsal setae u and p are short, thick and barbed, similarly as in Hydrozetes species (Seniczak & Seniczak 2008, 2009bSeniczak et al. 2007Seniczak et al. , 2009Seniczak et al. , 2017, and these setae reflect their ecological importance. They cooperate with claws and help the mites to stick to water plants, which can be easily observed when manipulating the mites with the needle. ...
The morphological ontogeny of Limnozetes solhoyorum sp. nov. from Norway is described and illustrated. This species is most similar to L. guyi Behan-Pelletier, 1989 as adult, but differs from it mainly by the sculpture of notogaster, shorter prodorsal seta in and notogastral setae, especially p1, and the distribution of posterior notogastral setae. The tritonymph of L. solhoyorum differs from that of L. guyi by shorter gastronotal setae c3, dm, dp, lm and lp. In the deutonymph, tritonymph and adult of both species, setae d and l' from genu IV are absent.
... Kuriki, 2010 have been described from Sphagnum in Japan, H. longisetosus Seniczak, 2009 from Poland, andH. tamarae Tolstikov, 1996 in Russia, while H. lacustris lacustris Michael, 1882 has been recorded on this moss in Europe, H. lacustris octosetosus Willmann, 1931 in Poland and Norway, and H. lemnae (Coggi, 1897) in the Galapagos Islands (Willmann 1931;Borcard 1991;Tolstikov 1996;Schatz 1998;Weigmann & Deichsel 2006;Seniczak et al. 2007;Seniczak & Seniczak 2009;De la Riva et al. 2010;Kuriki 2010;Minor et al. 2016). Although Hydrozetes species are mostly aquatic, and live on or under, often submerged, water plants (Behan-Pelletier & Eamer 2007), they also occur in drier habitats. ...
The present study is based on oribatid mite material (Acari, Oribatida) collected from moss (Sphagnum sp.) on the seepage area below a permanent spring in South Africa. A list of identified taxa, including 17 species from 15 genera and 11 families, is presented; of these, six species (Haplochthonius simplex, Trhypochthoniellus longisetus, Tyrphonothrus maior, Neoamerioppia polygonata, Trachyoribates ovulum, Trichogalumna nipponica) and three genera (Haplochthonius, Trhypochthoniellus, Trachyoribates) are recorded in the fauna of this country for the first time, and three species (Malaconothrus hexasetosus, Mucronothrus braziliensis, Limnozetes ciliatus,), three genera (Mucronothrus, Limnozetes, Nesozetes) and one family (Nesozetidae) are recorded in the Ethiopian region for the first time. Two new species belonging to the genera Trhypochthoniellus and Hydrozetes are described. Trhypochthoniellus malaconothroiformis sp. nov. differs from the morphologically most similar species, Trhypochthoniellus ramosus Hammer, 1982 by the absence of strongly branched notogastral and leg setae, and the presence of seven pairs of genital setae. Hydrozetes sphagnicolus sp. nov. differs from all known species of Hydrozetes by the much longer notogastral setae with attenuate tips.
... Oribatid mites occur as dominant forms in litter accumulations in forest floors ( Ramani and Haq, 1991b;Julie and Ramani, 2008), and also in various soil profiles, in surface litter, low-growing herbs, shrubs, bark, twigs and leaves of trees, the barks, semi-aquatic and coastal habitats (BehanPelletier, 1999;Norton, 1990;Weigmann, 2012). Despite the above known habitats, several oribatid mites have been reported to extend their distribution to arboreal habitats (Aoki, 1980;Ramani and Haq, 1988;Behan-Pelletier and Walter, 2000), littoral environments ( Pugh et al., 1990, Luxton, 1992Pfingstl, 2013a), at the edges of lakes and rivers, especially in Sphagnum and other mosses (Seniczak et al. 2007(Seniczak et al. , 2009cSeniczak&Seniczak 2008a, 2009a) and the mangrove and bank forests ( Karasawa and Hijii, 2004b;Julie and Ramani, 2008;Julie et al., 2013). ...
‘Compost tea’ is an enriched microbial liquid suspension obtained by steeping compost in water
and fermenting under aerated conditions for 4 days. The liquid suspension is used as a foliar spray
on crop plants. Earlier Anil and co-workers have developed an integrated formulation of Compost
tea that has the duel benefit of suppressing late blight in potato crop, and enhancing plant biomass
and yield (~30 Q/ha), as tested across three years and multilocations (Anil, 2014, 2017). Compost
tea treatments increased plant biomass and enhanced grain yield in rice crop as tested in field
experiments in 2016 (Roopashree and Anil, 2017). Microbial antibiosis and Induced Systemic
Resistance is implicated in the suppression of crop disease by compost teas. Plant biomass and
yield enhancement may result from synthesis of growth promoting biomolecules by compost tea
microorganisms. To test this hypothesis, method development for HPLC based metabolic profiling
was carried out for plant hormones indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and gibberlic acid (GA). The standard
curve developed was used for the metabolic profiling of IAA and GA in two compost teas prepared
using compost from Hassan and Bangalore. This is the first report ofthe presence of both IAA and
GA in fermented compost teas. The analysis also shows that these two phytohormones are
detected only in the fermented compost tea and not the fresh compost water mix. The presence
of IAA and GA in fermented compost tea may contribute enhanced plant biomass and yield in
potato and rice crops observed under field conditions.
... Oribatid mites occur as dominant forms in litter accumulations in forest floors ( Ramani and Haq, 1991b;Julie and Ramani, 2008), and also in various soil profiles, in surface litter, low-growing herbs, shrubs, bark, twigs and leaves of trees, the barks, semi-aquatic and coastal habitats (BehanPelletier, 1999;Norton, 1990;Weigmann, 2012). Despite the above known habitats, several oribatid mites have been reported to extend their distribution to arboreal habitats (Aoki, 1980;Ramani and Haq, 1988;Behan-Pelletier and Walter, 2000), littoral environments ( Pugh et al., 1990, Luxton, 1992Pfingstl, 2013a), at the edges of lakes and rivers, especially in Sphagnum and other mosses (Seniczak et al. 2007(Seniczak et al. , 2009cSeniczak&Seniczak 2008a, 2009a) and the mangrove and bank forests ( Karasawa and Hijii, 2004b;Julie and Ramani, 2008;Julie et al., 2013). ...
Devastating crop diseases such as late blight of potato and blast disease of rice cause extensive
loss of yield globally. These fungal diseases are managed by profuse application of environmentally
harmful fungicides. A novel alternate approach is the use of ‘Compost tea’ an enriched microbial
liquid suspension obtained by steeping compost in water and using the same as a foliar spray.
Earlier we have developed an integrated formulation of Compost tea that not only manages late
blight in potato crop, it also enhanced yield (~30 Q/ha) (Anil, 2014 and Anil et al.,2017). The
microorganisms in compost tea may potentially produce biomolecules with antibiosis potential,
contributing to disease suppression. This work has evaluated the microbial composition of
Compost tea prepared in an aerated and non-aerated manner and isolated a total of fourteen
bacterial and fungal isolates that showed significant inhibition of either Phytophthora infestansor
Magnoporthe griseae, the causal agents of Late Blight of Potato and Blast of Rice. These isolates
have the potential to be developed asbiocontrol agents for disease management in an eco friendly
way.
... Schatz and Behan-Pelletier (2008) define oribatid mites as aquatic when their reproduction as well as all stages of their life cycle occur in aquatic habitats and/or at its edges. These include at least 87 species from 10 freshwater genera, namely Aquanothrus and Chudalupia (Ameronothridae), Trhypochthoniellus and Mucronothrus (Trhypochthoniidae), Tegeocranellus (Tegeocranellidae), Hydrozetes (Hydrozetidae), Limnozetella, Limnozetes (Limnozetidae), Heterozetes, and Zetomimus (Zetomimidae) (Schatz and Behan-Pelletier 2008;Seniczak and Seniczak 2009). Freshwater mites can be found in springs, seepages, temporary and permanent ponds, reed belts around lakes, rivers, streams, phytotelmata and other water-filled microhabitats (Weigmann and Deichsel 2006;Behan-Pelletier and Eamer 2007;Schatz and Behan-Pelletier 2008). ...
... Although species richness of oribatid mites is low in aquatic habitats, abundances can be very high (Behan-Pelletier and Eamer 2007;Schatz and Behan-Pelletier 2008;Seniczak et al. 2016). Oribatid mites in freshwater habitats can be parthenogenetic (all species of the genus Limnozetes; Norton et al. 1993;Krantz et al. 2009;Seniczak and Seniczak 2009;Behan-Pelletier 2015) or sexual (some species of the genus Hydrozetes, e.g., H. confervae and H. thienemanni, as well as all species of Zetomimidae, Schatz and Behan-Pelletier 2008;Behan-Pelletier 2015). Moreover, Hydrozetes shows a wide range of sexual diversity. ...
Convergent evolution is one of the main drivers of traits and phenotypes in
animals and plants. Here, we investigated the minimum number of independent colonisations
of marine and freshwater habitats in derived oribatid mites (Brachypylina), a
mainly terrestrial taxon. Furthermore, we investigated whether the reproductive mode
(sexual vs. thelytokous) is associated with the habitat type (marine, freshwater) where the
animals live. We hypothesized that continuous resource availability in freshwater systems
fosters asexual reproduction. We used 18S rDNA sequences to construct a molecular
phylogeny of oribatid mites from terrestrial, marine and freshwater habitats. The results
indicate that aquatic life in oribatid mites evolved at least 39: once in Limnozetoidea
(including only freshwater taxa) and at least twice in Ameronothroidea. In Ameronothroidea
the taxon Ameronothridae n. gen. (nr. Aquanothrus) colonized fresh water independently
from Selenoribatidae and Fortuyniidae (mainly marine Ameronothroidea).
Reproductive mode was associated neither with marine nor with freshwater life; rather, in
both habitats sexual and parthenogenetic taxa occur. However, the reproductive mode was
related to the stability of the habitat. Species that live underwater permanently tend to be
parthenogenetic whereas taxa whose life cycle is often interrupted by flooding, such as
marine oribatid mites, or by desiccation, e.g., freshwater-living Ameronothridae n. gen. (nr.
Aquanothrus) (Ameronothroidea) species, are mainly sexual, indicating that continuous
access to resources indeed favours parthenogenetic reproduction. Findings of our study therefore suggest that parthenogenetic reproduction is not selected for by disturbances but
by unlimited access to resources
... However, the juxtaposition of an atavistic male with evident dimorphism does raise the question of whether sexual reproduction occasionally occurs, or whether the modification of the tarsal seta in the male in this species is a genetic relic, and the closest relative of H. lemnae a sexual species. Based on adult and immature morphology, Seniczak & Seniczak (2009) and Seniczak et al. (2009) placed Hydrozetes lemnae in the "confervae" species group with H. confervae and H. thienemanni, whereas H. lacustris was placed in the "lacustris" group with other European species, H. parisiensis Grandjean, 1948, H. octosetosus Willmann, 1932, and H. longisetosus Seniczak and Seniczak, 2009. Clearly, sexually dimorphic species are found in both groups. ...
... However, the juxtaposition of an atavistic male with evident dimorphism does raise the question of whether sexual reproduction occasionally occurs, or whether the modification of the tarsal seta in the male in this species is a genetic relic, and the closest relative of H. lemnae a sexual species. Based on adult and immature morphology, Seniczak & Seniczak (2009) and Seniczak et al. (2009) placed Hydrozetes lemnae in the "confervae" species group with H. confervae and H. thienemanni, whereas H. lacustris was placed in the "lacustris" group with other European species, H. parisiensis Grandjean, 1948, H. octosetosus Willmann, 1932, and H. longisetosus Seniczak and Seniczak, 2009. Clearly, sexually dimorphic species are found in both groups. ...
Expressions of strong sexual dimorphism have been found in 77 species of Brachypylina, representing 36 genera, in the superfamilies Gustavioidea, Ameroidea, Oppioidea, Limnozetoidea, Ameronothroidea, Licneremaeoidea, Oripodoidea, Oribatelloidea, Ceratozetoidea and Galumnoidea. There are many examples of convergences, e.g., modifications of tarsus I setae in Cosmogneta (Autognetidae), Hydrozetes (Hydrozetidae) and Erogalumna (Galumnidae), and of possible behavioural constraints, e.g., the paraxial position of modified setae in sexually dimorphic species in these genera. Similarly, there is strong convergence in position and modification of presumed secretory porose organs in species of Autogneta (Autognetidae), Mochloribatula (Mochlozetidae), Symbioribates (Symbioribatidae), Oribatella (Oribatellidae), Zachvatkinibates, Nuhivabates (Punctoribatidae), Xiphobates (Chamobatidae) and Psammogalumna (Galumnidae). The number of superfamilies with sexually dimorphic species and the range of expression of sexual dimorphism suggest multiple independent origins in Brachypylina, as congeneric species in 20 of these 36 genera do not show such modifications. Despite 1% of brachypyline species being strongly sexually dimorphic, the evidence for courtship behaviour is limited to the Galumnidae and an undescribed species of Mochloribatula (Mochlozetidae). Evolution of strongly sexually dimorphic species in Oribatida seems to be in response to intermittent dryness, or aquatic habitats, or spatially discrete microhabitats. The littoral habitat is represented by 11 species showing strong sexual dimorphism, coastal vegetation by 6, the semiaquatic by 5, dry soil by 4 species and crustose lichens by 3 species. Arguably, these 29 species and some of the 19 species reported from arboreal habitats (including lichens and moss) live in microhabitats that can be intermittently dry, with wet-dry periods of varying lengths and intensity. Seven sexually dimorphic species of Hydrozetes are found in aquatic habitats; males of these all show modifications of one or more paraxial seta on tarsus I which may be used to orient the female. The 5 sexually dimorphic species of Autogneta, and Unguizetes mauritius (Jacot) are associated with decaying wood, bark and fungal sporophores, suggesting evolution of sexual dimorphism in this spatially discrete habitat. Undoubtedly, there are many other undiscovered cases of sexual dimorphism in Brachypylina, as microhabitats where they predominantly occur are rarely studied.
... There is also an opposite order of loss of setae of c-series in the adults of Brachypylina, which starts with seta c 1 and continues to seta c 3 (Shaldybina 1972). The model genera that illustrates well this order of setal loss are Hydrozetes Berlese, 1902 (Seniczak and Seniczak 2009a;Seniczak et al. 2009) by nymphs, using special muffs that are formed on apical part of setal pair da (apopheredermous), and loss of pair c 1 occurs in the protonymph of O. calcarata (C. L. Koch, 1835) and this seta remains absent in other nymphs and adult (Seniczak et al. 2013b). ...
The morphology of juvenile stages of Eremaeus cordiformis Grandjean, 1934 is redescribed and illustrated, and those of Eueremaeus laticostulatus Bayartogtokh, 2003 and Proteremaeus punctulatus Bayartogtokh, 2000 are described and illustrated for the first time. The juveniles of these species differ from each other mainly by the presence of distinct prodorsal ridges in the central part of the prodorsum, shape and distribution of some setae, and number of adanal and anal setae. The larva of Er. cordiformis has these ridges, whereas other species lack them. Eueremaeus laticostulatus has relatively long and barbed prodorsal seta in in the larva and most gastronotal setae similarly ornamented in all juveniles, whereas other species have these setae short and smooth. The nymphs of Er. cordiformis and Eu. laticostulatus have three pairs of posterior gastronotal setae (p 1, h 1, h 2), which are inserted close to each other in transverse row, whereas those of p. punctulatus have only two pairs (p 1, h 1) there, and seta h 2 is inserted far from seta h 1 and closer to seta p 2. The nymphs of all species lose dorsal gastronotal setae of d-series and carry the exuvial scalps of previous instars directly on the glabrous gastronotum mainly due to lateral folds. The nymphs and adult of p. punctulatus have three pairs of adanal setae and two pairs of anal setae, whereas those of other species have at least five pairs of each series. The adult of Er. cordiformis has 11 pairs of notogastral setae, whereas other species investigated here have 10 pairs. The adults of all species have lamellar costulae on the prodorsum, but in p. punctulatus they are more widely separated than in other species. At present the systematic position of Proteremaeus is controversial in the literature, but the morphology of juveniles and adult of p. punctulatus investigated here confirms the membership of this genus in the Eremaeidae. A number of morphological characters support the separation of Er. hepaticus and Er. cordiformis and we provisionally reject their synonymy, until the type or topotypic material is compared.
