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Hydrothermal Process Based on Pressure-Temperature Phase [7] Pretreatment Liquid Hot Water (LHW) or also called autohydrolysis, the objects of the autohydrolysis pretreatment include (1) dissolving the main hemicellulose into the aqueous, (2) prevent fermentation inhibitor at high temperature, and (3) producing more accessible cellulose for subsequent processing. Autohydrolysis has proven to be an efficient method for removing up to 80% of hemicellulose for pretreatment of various types of lignocellulosic biomass materials [6]. At high temperature water (150-230 o C), the H bonds begin to weaken, allowing autoionization of water into acid hydronium ions (H3O + ) which can be precursors of acid or basic (OH) catalysts. Depolymerization and cleavage of the acetyl group from the hemicellulose fraction of biomass, occurs because the heterocyclic ether bonds of hemicellulose are the most susceptible [7]. The hydrothermal process of Liquid Hot Water (LHW) is influenced by several factors, there are 2 main factors, namely temperature and time. This study aims to determine the level of optimization of hydrothermal temperature and time factors for the dissolution of hemicellulose in palm starch industrial waste using response surface methodology (RSM).
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![Figure 1. Hydrothermal Process Based on Pressure-Temperature Phase [7]...](publication/366687328/figure/fig1/AS:11431281110670408@1672693874273/Hydrothermal-Process-Based-on-Pressure-Temperature-Phase-7-Pretreatment-Liquid-Hot_Q320.jpg)
Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable source containing three main components: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The three main components can be processed into products that have high added value. Sources of lignocellulosic biomass includes wood, grass, industrial waste, and agricultural residu. Compared to other source, industrial wastes hav...
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... the dissolution of hemicellulose and the longer the hydrothermal process will increase the dissolution of hemicellulose [10]. Figure 1 shows the effect of increasing the temperature of the hydrothermal process on the decrease in the hemicellulose content. There was a very significant decrease in hemicellulose content from a temperature of 150 o C, which was 23.65% to 7.7% at a temperature of 180 o C, meaning a decrease of 15.95%. ...
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Bioenergy is energy produced from organic material of plant and animal sources, mainly agricultural residues, wood, energy crops, and organic wastes. Bioenergy is the most common renewable energy source globally, accounting for roughly 70% of all critical renewable energy sources. Since biomass is organic, it is one of the most dependable energy so...
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... Starch is extracted from the inner core of the sugar palm trunk using a grinding process, water pouring, and squeezing technique (Sanyang et al., 2018), in which high-fiber dregs are discarded as organic waste (Agustina Selected Properties of Particleboard Made from Sugar Palm (Arenga pinnata) Dregs et al., 2022). According to Sudaryono et al. (2013) in Hakim et al. (2022), material balance in palm sugar industry consists of solid waste/fibre (56%), starch (17%), bark (25%), and others (2%), based on wet conditions. According to Sahari et al. (2012), the chemical composition of a sugar palm trunk comprises cellulose ( (Bertaud et al., 2012;Kollmann et al., 1975;Raydan et al., 2021;Sahari et al., 2013;Santoso et al., 2017;Sucipto et al., 2020;Sutiawan et al., 2022;Umemura et al., 2003Umemura et al., , 2013Widyorini et al., 2016aWidyorini et al., , 2016bWidyorini et al., , 2018a. ...
... The hemicellulose fraction of biomass experiences depolymerization and cleavage of the acetyl group because its heterocyclic ether linkages are the most vulnerable. The reaction catalyzes hydrolysis by combining water's hydrolytic characteristics with free organic acids' activities (Hakim et al. 2022;Troy et al. 2013). Moreover, the concentration of H 3 O þ and OH À in neutral water is around 100 times higher than that of the normal at high temperatures. ...
... The nanocellulose crystal yield further increased from 51% to 55.5% when the temperature increased from 175 C to 200 C and time from 35 to 60 min, respectively. This observation implied that higher temperature and extended reaction time substantially solubilized the hemicellulose and enhanced the nanocellulose crystal yield using LHW pretreatment (Hakim et al. 2022). The effect of time on the nanocellulose crystal yield was evaluated when temperature and solid loading rate remained constant at 150 C and 3% w/w, respectively. ...
... This behavior is similar to the study by Syarifuddin et al. (2020) as they observed that before equilibrium was achieved, thus extending the pretreatment duration increased the reaction rate, thereby improving the product selectivity. Additionally, extended reaction time allowed the corncob powder to interact more with liquid hot water during the pretreatment process, which caused high hemicellulose dissolution and the break-down of the cell structure (Hakim et al. 2022;Ara ujo et al. 2019), hence enhancing the access to cellulose and improved the nanocellulose crystal yield. In addition, an increase in nanocellulose crystal yield was observed at constant pretreatment time and solid loading rate as the temperature rose from 150 C to 200 C. ...
