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The article presents the results of the studies of lichens in streams and spring areas of the escarpment zone of Wzniesienia Łódzkie Heights in Central Poland. The boulders, stones and roots of Alnus glutinosa, situated in 3 inundated zones in the streams: submerged zone, fluvial mesic zone and fluvial xeric zone, were examined in the streams. The...
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... aquatilis, V. hydrela and Hydropunctaria rheitrophila (Fig. 3), 3 typical freshwater lichens colonize siliceous boulders and stones in submerged, fluvial mesic and fluvial xeric zones (Tab. 2). This is frequently observed in the examined streams (Fig. 1). Among the freshwater lichens Verrucaria aquatilis and V. hydrela are treated as pioneer species, which are first to colonize new substrates; ...
Citations
... La mayoría de los líquenes de agua dulce viven sumergidos solo durante una parte del año (líquenes anfibios o semiacuáticos) (Aptroot y Seaward 2003;Thüs et al. 2014), por lo que se tienen que adaptar a los ciclos de humectación y secado que experimentan durante las fluctuaciones diurnas y estacionales en la disponibilidad de agua (Coste et al. 2016). Así, en función del tiempo de inmersión al que van a estar sometidos los talos en los cursos de agua, se han considerado varias zonas o bandas (Pereira et al. 1987;Gilbert 1996;Valcárcel y Carballal 2002;Coste 2010;Hachulka 2011;Thüs et al. 2014;Krzewicka et al. 2017): (A) zona regularmente sumergida, donde los líquenes viven sumergidos una gran parte del año (algunos autores indican que más de 6-9 meses), (B) zona sumergida en las crecidas, donde los líquenes están sumergidos regularmente después de las lluvias, y cuando no están sumergidos, están humedecidos por aerosol del agua (zona de salpicadura); (C) zona terrestre, sujeta a inundaciones episódicas después de fuertes lluvias y agua de escorrentía. Los líquenes que colonizan estas zonas se corresponden con un número escaso de grupos taxonómicos que, además, suele ser bastante homogéneos a lo largo del mundo (Aptroot y Seaward 2003). ...
... Para la consecución del objetivo planteado, se obtuvo un listado preliminar de las especies de líquenes asociadas a hábitats de agua dulce en la Península Ibérica, donde además se recogían sus preferencias en cuanto al tiempo de inundación en una distribución zonal (Pereira et al. 1987;Gilbert 1996;Valcárcel y Carballal 2002;Coste 2010;Hachulka 2011;Thüs et al. 2014;Krzewicka et al. 2017) (ver introducción). Para cada una de las especies recogidas en el listado preliminar, se obtuvo su distribución peninsular utilizando el nodo GBIF España (https://www.gbif.es/), ...
Ríos intermitentes y arroyos efímeros constituyen corrientes de agua que dejan de fluir y/o se secan completamente en algún punto del tiempo y espacio, de forma que los organismos han de adaptarse a la temporalidad de estos hábitats con ciclos de inmersión y secado variables en el tiempo e intensidad. Uno de los organismos adaptados a vivir en estos ambientes son los líquenes anfibios o semiacuáticos que colonizan rocas estables en aguas no eutrofizadas. Partiendo de la existencia de adaptaciones morfológicas y anatómicas que han desarrollado los líquenes para vivir en estos ambientes, nos preguntamos sobre la especificidad que tienen por los ambientes acuáticos, y si podrían desarrollarse también en ambientes terrestres. Se han seleccionado 50 especies de líquenes con afinidad por el agua dulce, se ha extraído la información de todas las citas del nodo GBIF España, y se ha completado la información del hábitat usando referencias bibliográficas en el caso de que faltaran. Los resultados muestran una fuerte especificidad por el medio acuático de las 36 especies que viven regularmente sumergidas o en zonas inundadas después de las lluvias. Algunas de ellas como Pseudosagedia guentheri, Polyblastia quartzina o Pyrenocollema saxicola solo han sido citadas en una o dos ocasiones. Además, gran parte de las citas están relacionadas con sistemas acuáticos en zonas de montaña (>1300 m de altitud). Los cursos de agua de zonas de montaña constituyen hábitats idóneos para el desarrollo de los líquenes anfibios, especialmente los tramos asociados a gargantas y rápidos, con aguas oligotróficas y gran extensión de roca expuesta.
... Based on this variable exposure and the expected differential responses of lichens to water, our hypothesis was that lichen taxa exhibit vertical distribution resulting from the relative duration of submersion, e.g. on an annual basis. Pereira and Llimona (1987) in Spain, Gilbert (1996) in United Kingdom, and Hachulka (2011) in Central Poland defined three zones along riverbanks characterized by increasing durations of immersion, naming them based on either their physical characteristics (i.e., submerged, mesic, and xeric river zones) or the most significant genera present (such as "Verrucaria", "Staurothele" or "Aspicilia" zones, respectively). Accordingly, Roux et al. (2006) distinguished three types of lichens: (i) those on rocks obligatorily subjected to periods of flooding by river water, (ii) those on rocks obligatorily subjected to periods of submersion by runoff water, and (iii) those not obligatorily subjected to periods of submersion by river or runoff waters. ...
We collected 252 samples in 53 French streams at 3 different heights (low-flow channel, upper limit of streambed, and intermediate zone) across a 190-2200 m altitudinal range, from which we identified and determined the abundance of freshwater lichens to test hypotheses of assemblage zonation. A total of 149 lichenic taxa, including 42 hydrophilic species together with 6 environmental parameters (relative height to stream water, altitude, general and specific orientation, slope, and substratum) were recorded. Hydrophilic species richness was relatively homogenous across height categories and altitudinal classes. Using Canonical Correspondence Analyses, we showed that lichen species, particularly hydrophilic ones, were strongly discriminated along gradients of both exposure to stream water and altitude. Consequently, we proposed a new denomination of freshwater lichens based on their affinity with exposure to stream water: (i) hyperhydrophilic (submersion >9 mo/yr; 14 sp.), (ii) mesohydrophilic (15 sp.), and (iii) subhydrophilic (submersion <3 mo/yr; 15 sp.). We also introduced a 2D typology of freshwater lichens relying on both crossed environmental parameters and showing continuous shifts in species assemblage along gradients.
... Because of their slow rates of colonization and growth, stable, undisturbed shore substrates that are periodically inundated, scoured, or silted will lack lichen or be very small. Distinct lichen lines can form on bedrock and boulder shorelines (Rosentreter 1984;Timoney and Marsh 2004) and on trunks of flood-tolerant trees (Beckelhimer and Weaks 1984;Hale 1984); these lines are less distinct on less stable or more complex surfaces, like bank roots (Hachułka 2011). Because of differences in climate, species tolerance, water quality, substrates, shading, and siltation, the inundation duration needed to form a discernable lichen line varies greatly across studies (Table 4). ...
The Interim Draft National OHWM Manual provides draft technical guidance for identifying and delineating the OHWM using a scientifically supported, rapid framework. The OHWM defines the lateral extent of U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) jurisdiction of non-tidal aquatic resources such as streams, rivers, and lakes in the U.S., and provides USACE its authorities to regulate certain activities within these geographically jurisdictional aquatic resources under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and Section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act. The National OHWM Manual provides technical guidance for identifying and delineating the OHWM by providing a scientifically based, rapid framework for consistent, robust, repeatable, and defensible decision-making. The National OHWM Manual will improve accuracy, consistency, and efficiency in OHWM identification by 1) providing consistent, science-based definitions of OHWM indicators; 2) outlining a clear process for identifying the OHWM using a Weight-of-Evidence approach; 3) providing the OHWM Data Sheet for rapid and consistent field data collection; 4) describing landscape-scale considerations for OHWM interpretation; and 5) providing examples and case studies of how to include additional evidence for difficult OHWM delineations.
*Note the report number was updated on 21 December 2022 and republished as ERDC/CRREL TR-22-26 after originally being published as ERDC/CRREL TR-22-16. The only change to the report on 21 December 2022 is the updated report number.
... Obecnie znany jest z rozproszonych stanowisk w całym kraju (por. Bielczyk et al., 2016;Czarnota, 2010;Hachułka, 2011;Kubiak, 2013;Kubiak et al., 2017;Kubiak, Wrzosek, & Zaniewski, 2010;Fałtynowicz et al., 2018;Śliwa, 2010). Odnalezione stanowisko w pobliżu przylegającej do Wrocławia wsi Wysoka jest pierwszym w niżowej części Dolnego Śląska. ...
... Głównym zagrożeniem dla tego gatunku są niekorzystne zmiany zachodzące w zbiorowiskach leśnych powodowane pozyskaniem drewna. Uwagi: plecha listkowata, drobna, żółta (K-), z błyszczącą dolną stroną plechy (kora dolna wykształcona), sorediowana (Westberg & Arup, 2010, 2011. ...
The paper presents new localities of 44 lichen species and four
lichenicolous fungi, which are considered to be rare or threatened in Poland. In addition to the list of localities, brief comments on their characteristic features and general distribution in Poland are provided.
... Z kolei Krzewicka i Galas (2006) prowadziły badania nad wymaganiami siedliskowymi dwóch gatunków z rodzaju Verrucaria w Tatrach, uwzględniając wielkość kamieni i głazów preferowanych do zasiedlania przez te taksony, jak i głębokość zanurzenia plech w wodzie. Cieki wodne w ostatnich latach stały się przedmiotem zainteresowań lichenologów (Kiszka 1998a, b;Krzewicka & Hachułka 2008;Hachułka 2011;Matura & Krzewicka 2015;Matura 2016;Krzewicka i in. 2017). ...
... 2017). W trakcie gromadzenia danych ekologicznych dotyczących porostów siedlisk wodnych uwzględniano takie czynniki jak stopień nasłonecznienia, stabilność podłoża, prędkość nurtu, głębokość zanurzenia, a także właściwości fizykochemiczne wody (Krzewicka & Galas 2006;Krzewicka & Hachułka 2008;Hachułka 2011;Galas & Krzewicka 2012a, b;Krzewicka i in. 2017Krzewicka i in. ...
... Badania dotyczące bioty cieków zaczęto również prowadzić poza Karpatami, np. w Polsce Centralnej w Parku Krajobrazowym Wzniesienia Łódzkie (Krzewicka & Hachułka 2008;Hachułka 2011). ...
The study presents the results of lichenological research conducted in 2012–2016, based on my fieldwork carried out in mountain streams in the Polish Western Carpathians, revision of herbarium materials, and published data on lichen species in freshwater habitats in the study area. Field work was performed on 98 research plots divided into three zones related to duration of immersion (294 sampling sites in total). As the result of the work, 94 freshwater lichen species were found (91 based on my field work and/or revision of herbarium material), including 56 aquatic species. For all species, detailed descriptions of morphological and anatomical characters, information on their habitat, occurrence in the study area, worldwide and country distribution, and brief taxonomic notes are given. A key for species identification is also provided. From the present lichenological study, Verrucaria acrotella is reported as new for the Polish Western Carpathians. In total, 30 new species were recorded in particular mountain ranges in the study area. New records of Sarcogyne privigna and Thelidium fontigenum, very rare species in Poland, are given. The streams of the Polish Western Carpathians are characterized by high species diversity in various mountain ranges. The richest lichen biota was observed in streams of the Tatra Mts, where 76 species were found, representing more than 80% of the total number of freshwater lichens known from the Western Carpathians. In the Beskidy Mountains, species diversity in the streams remains within the range of 38–46 species. Two mountain ranges are distinguished by the presence of more species: the Beskid Sądecki Mts (60) and Beskid Żywiecki Mts (57). Thirtysix taxa were noted in the Carpathian foothills. A frequency analysis of lichens shows that very rare species (38 taxa; 40%) and rare species (32; 35%) dominate in the study area. Frequent lichens are the poorest group in the Polish Western Carpathians, accounting for only 4 species (slightly over 4%). Of all the lichens noted in the study area, 34 (~36%) are on the red list of the lichens in Poland. In the case of Carpathian streams, the substrate and the duration of inundation seem to be the most important factors for the occurrence of freshwater lichens. The duration of immersion also affects the species distribution. The submerged zone was the least diverse, in the terms of both number of species and represented families. The only species found there exclusively in the submerged zone were Ionaspis lacustris, Sporodictyon cruentum, Staurothele fissa, Thelidium submethorium, Verrucaria devensis and V. pachyderma. The splash zone provides a habitat transitional between the submerged and riparian zones. Lichens in this zone are constantly exposed to frequent changes between periods of inundation and desiccation. In the splash zone, both species found in the submerged zone as well as those occurring in the riparian zone were found. Species typical for the splash zone included Bacidina inundata, Gyalidea rivularis, Thelidium fontigenum, T. pluvium, Verrucaria humida and V. sublobulata. The most diverse group of lichens was associated with the riparian zone. Many lichens found in this zone are terrestrial lichens commonly found in non-freshwater habitats. They are considered to be rare in aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats but frequent in terrestrial habitats.
Key words: aquatic lichens, biodiversity, Carpathians, freshwater lichenized fungi, Poland.
... The substrate is particularly important for lichens and their occurrence in streams depends on the type of bedrock and size of the rocks (Keller 2005, Krzewicka & Galas 2006, Nascimbene & Nimis 2006, Nascimbene et al. 2009). Some aquatic lichens, although inherently saxicolous, are able to inhabit submerged roots in places with little rocky substrate (Motiejűnaitë 2003, Hachułka 2011. The increase in geomorphological diversity of the structure of stream beds by the presence of large boulders, rocky thresholds, gravel, rocky banks or logs, backwaters (abandoned channels and chutes) will increase the diversity of the space that could be colonized by lichens (Thüs & Schultz 2009). ...
... References. Krawiec (1955), Dziabaszewski (1962), Glanc (1969), Czyżewska ( , 1976aCzyżewska ( , 1980Czyżewska ( , 1981Czyżewska ( , 1988Czyżewska ( [1989, Kośmider (1998), Kozik (1998), Ogrodowczyk (2002), Sochocka--Osińska (2003), Spadło (2003), Kubiak & Szczepkowski (2006, Olszewska (2006), Hachułka (2010Hachułka ( , 2011 Habitat. On sandstone debris. ...
... References. Łubek (2012b), Zduńczyk & Kukwa (2014 , , Dziabaszewski (1962), Nowak (1967), Glanc (1969), Czyżewska ( , 1976aCzyżewska ( , 1980Czyżewska ( , 1981, , Kośmider (1998), Kozik (1998), Toborowicz (1998), Ogrodowczyk (2002), Sochocka-Osińska (2003), Spadło (2003), Wójcik (2003), Kubiak & Szczepkowski (2006, Olszewska (2006), Hachułka (2010Hachułka ( , 2011Hachułka ( ), Łubek (2012a References. Nowak (1967), , Kośmider (1998) Note. ...
... References. Błoński (1890 -vicinity of Końskie town), Krawiec (1955), , Dziabaszewski (1962), Nowak (1967), Glanc (1969), Rydzak & Krysiak (1970), Czyżewska (1981, Kubiak & Szczepkowski (2006), Olszewska (2006), Hachułka (2010Hachułka ( , 2011 , Glanc (1969), Czyżewska ( , 1981, , Kozik (1998) References. Błoński (1890), Tyszkiewiczowa (1935), Krawiec (1955), Halicz & Kuziel (1958 -sub Ph. aipolia, LOD L 16422), Halicz (1959a), Dziabaszewski (1962), Nowak (1967), Rydzak & Krysiak (1970), Czyżewska ( , 1981, Kozik (1998), Hachułka (2010Hachułka ( , 2011 References. ...
... For instance, noticed only six species in perennially inundated habitats, and thirteen species in periodically inundated habitats of 36 springs examined in the Alps. In general, in European watercourses, species richness in the submerged zone rarely exceeds five to ten species at a given site (Gilbert, 1996;Gilbert and Giavarini, 1997;Hachułka, 2011;Keller, 2005;Krzewicka and Hachułka, 2008;Motiejūnaitė, 2003;Motyka, 1926) and 15-20 species at unpolluted sites in temporarily but regularly inundated and splash zones. ...
... In his pioneering work Santesson (1939) recognized the zonation patterns of lichen assemblages, which seemed to be driven primarily by the length of inundation, and this view was broadly supported by other workers. Many later papers also focused on patterns and drivers of the zonation of lichen assemblages in watercourse beds or along lake margins (Coste, 2005;Gilbert, 1996;Gilbert andGiavarini, 1997, 2000;Hachułka, 2011;Motiejūnaitė, 2003;Keller and Scheidegger, 1994;Ried, 1960a,b;Rosentreter, 1984). The majority of these studies, however, provided at best only detailed floristic descriptions (with the exception of phytosociological treatment by Coste in 2005) and did not attempt statistical analyses of the patterns observed. ...
... Of the 13 species found in this zone all except one (Bacidina inundata) belonged to Verrucariaceae (Table 3). Submerged habitats are generally characterized by a low number of lichen species and their assemblages show some similarities in species composition even in widely geographically separated watercourses (Aptroot and Seaward, 2003;Coste, 2005;Gilbert, 1996;Gilbert andGiavarini, 1997, 2000;Hachułka, 2011;Motiejūnaitė, 2003;Nascimbene and Nimis, 2006;. The most pronounced differences are associated with bedrock chemistry, with siliceous rock hosting a larger and markedly different lichen flora than limestone or chalk (Gilbert, 1996;Gilbert and Giavarini, 1997). ...
Freshwater lichens of selected Carpathian streams were investigated to identify their diversity and distribution patterns. Lichens were investigated along six transects, each running across three different habitats (hydrological zones: submerged, splash and riparian), established in upper, middle and lower reaches of the streams and the data were a subject to statistical analyses. The studied mountain streams provided suitable habitats for a number of aquatic and semi-aquatic lichens and species richness in both streams was very similar. Overall, 52 species of lichens were identified from all sampling plots (γ diversity). Species number for a single plot (α diversity) ranged from 1 to 14 species and differences in species composition between the plots (β diversity) were high. Differences were mainly noted for typical terrestrial lichens occurring in riparian zones. The location along the stream reaches did not have a significant effect on species diversity and distribution. The hydrological zone appeared to be the most important predictor explaining the small-scale occurrence and diversity of lichens with species assembled into distinct, low-diversity communities in the transition from submerged to riparian habitats. The distinction among hydrological zones and their lichen biota were corroborated by nMDS analyses. The method of defined plots provides a way of recording baseline data for a particular river, which can be repeated (monitor) in the future.
... It was found in the Czaczowiec stream on inundated rocks in sunny places, at an altitude of 430 m. In Poland, it is known from scattered localities in the Carpathian Mts [13] and from a few sites in central Poland [14]. This species is poorly known in Europe and outside Poland it has so far been reported only from the type locality [4]. ...
Ten freshwater lichen species from the Beskid Sądecki Mts are presented. Seven of them: Hydropunctaria rheitrophila, Thelidium aquaticum, T. minutulum, T. zwackhii, Verrucaria dolosa, V. elaeomelaena and V. submersella, are new to the region. Three species: Verrucaria elaeina, V. hydrophila and V. latebrosa, were previously known from single localities.
Eight lichen species are presented. Four of them: Agonimia flabelliformis, A. opuntiella, A. tristicula and Micarea adnata are new to Central Poland. Caloplaca cerina var. chloroleuca, Micarea hedlundii and Porina leptalea are very rare in the Świętokrzyskie Mts and in Central Poland.
