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Hydraulic circuit and PID (proportional-integral-derivative) control algorithm of the planting depth control system of a rice transplanter.
Source publication
This study was conducted to develop a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control algorithm considering viscosity for the planting depth control system of a rice transplanter using various hydraulic oils at different temperatures and to evaluate the performance of the control algorithm, and compare the performance of the PID control algorithm wi...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... simulation model of the automatic planting depth control system was to control the pressure for both without considering and considering the viscosity of the hydraulic oil. The control algorithm was applied using MATLAB Simulink (The MathWorks, Inc., Natick, MA, USA), which is shown in Figure 2. ...
Citations
... Then the force balance equation of the hydraulic cylinder and the load is established. According to Newton's second law [21], the balanced equation of the output force and the load force of the hydraulic cylinder can be obtained, as shown in Eq. (58): ...
... For decades, researchers have mainly been focused on reducing energy losses during engagement or disengagement of the clutches and on smooth and fast clutch engagement for user comfort [13]. Research has been conducted to implement proportional control valves in the agricultural machinery field to enhance performance [14,15]. Raikwar [16] developed the power shuttle system for tractors to regulate the pressure using the proportional control valve to actuate the clutch. ...
The objectives of this study are the development and verification of a simulation model of the partial PST (power-shift transmission) tractor based on actual field operations. The PST simulation model was verified for the asphalt driving condition, and performance was evaluated for asphalt driving, plow, and rotary tillage. In this study, the traditional, APS (Auto Power Shift) ECO, and APS power engine modes were used to analyze fuel consumption. The statistical analysis proved that the experimental and simulation results were in a linear relationship, with an accuracy of over 98%. Finally, the results suggested that users could utilize the 95-kW partial PST tractor in the APS ECO engine mode with higher fuel economy compared to the traditional and APS power modes.
... In addition, the number of farmers decreased by 22% from 2,962,000 in 2011 to 2,317,000 in 2020 [5] in Korea. In particular, the proportion of farmers aged 65 and over increased by 26% from 33.7% in 2011 to 42.5% in 2020 [6,7]. The solution to the problem of aging farm labor could lie with machinery. ...
This study was focused on the stability analysis of the self-propelled radish harvester. A 3D simulation model was developed using RecurDyn and used to analyze the rollover angle. The rollover angle of the original radish harvester was analyzed and checked to see if it satisfied the standard overturning angle (i.e., 30°). To improve it, three simulated weights (50, 100, and 150 kg) were added to three positions (front, center, and rear). The rollover angle of the radish harvester was slightly less than the criterion angle at a deflection angle of 180°. This issue was solved by attaching an additional weight to the front with a deflection angle of 180 degrees. In particular, when an additional weight of 50 kg was attached to the front or an additional weight of 150 kg was attached to the center or rear, the criterion angle range satisfied all conditions. In conclusion, it is feasible that the self-propelled radish harvester prototype could satisfy the criterion angle with the additional load and could be applied to field agriculture.
... Recently, tractor power has been focused on hydraulic power, such as the hydraulic transmission, clutch, brake, steering, hydraulic pump, loader, PTO (power take-off), proportional valve, and so on [2,6], because it is highly precise, smooth, and comfortable for the driver [7]. However, Shin et al. [8] reported that the quality level of the hydraulic components of agricultural machinery in Korea was almost 68.4% in 2015, which indicated very low reliability. ...
This study focuses on the development of the reliability test method for the hydraulic pump of a tractor during major agricultural operations (plow, rotary, baler, and wrapping) at various driving and PTO (power takeoff) gear stages. The hydraulic-pressure-measurement system was installed on the tractor. The measured hydraulic pressure and engine rotational speed were converted to the equivalent pressure and engine speed for each agricultural operation using a mathematical formula. Additionally, the overall equivalent pressure and overall engine speed were calculated to determine the acceleration lifetime. The average equivalent pressure and engine speed for plow tillage were calculated at around 5.44 MPa and 1548.37 rpm, respectively, whereas the average equivalent pressure and engine speed for rotary tillage were almost 5.70 MPa and 2074.73 rpm, accordingly. In the case of baler and wrapping operations, the average equivalent pressure and engine speed were approximately 11.22 MPa and 2203.01 rpm, and 11.86 MPa and 913.76 rpm, respectively. The overall hydraulic pressure of the pump and the engine rotational speed were found to be around 10.07 MPa and 1512.93 rpm, respectively. The acceleration factor was calculated using the overall pressure and engine speed accounting for 336. In summary, the developed reliability test method was evaluated by RS-B-0063, which is the existing reliability evaluation standard for agricultural hydraulic gear pumps. The evaluation results proved that the developed reliability test method for the hydraulic pump of a tractor satisfied the standard criteria. Therefore, it could be said that the developed reliability test method could be applicable to the hydraulic pump of the tractor during agricultural field operations.
... However, the system lacks practical vehicle tests to verify its feasibility. Literature [10] uses a PID control algorithm to start braking at an initial speed of about 100 km h −1 in MATLAB/ Simulink environment and sets the target value of slip rate as 0.2. Simulation results show that with the extension of control time, the ABS system gradually reaches a stable state, but the overshoot is large and the response time is long, which does not meet the requirements of the ABS system fast and stable. ...
The automobile Antilock Braking System (ABS) can prevent the wheel from locking by automatically adjusting the brake pressure at a high speed during emergency braking. While improving the braking effect of the car, it can also keep the steering ability of the car and ensure the safety of passengers. The automobile braking process has a strong nonlinearity and uncertainty, so exploring a simple and reliable control strategy is the focus of current research. Based on this, this paper proposes a variable-domain fuzzy proportional integral differential (PID) control strategy using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to iteratively find the optimal theoretical domain. First, the PSO strategy is used to obtain the optimal regulation parameters. Then, the dynamic antiinterference ability of the control system is guaranteed by the variable theory domain fuzzy PID control, and the PID parameters and variable theory domain expansion factor are optimized by the PSO to increase the utilization degree of fuzzy rules initially set. Finally, compared with the traditional control strategy, the simulation and real vehicle test prove that the proposed system can significantly improve the control accuracy of abs. The proposed system has the advantages of small overshoot, short adjustment time, strong antiinterference ability, and practicability, which greatly improves the tracking performance of the ABS.
... When the header of the harvester is lowered, the PWM value output by the control system is greater than the PWM value output by the system when it is raised. The current mainstream, closed-loop automatic control technology is mainly based on the concept of feedback to reduce the uncertainty of the system [24]. Feedback theory mainly includes: measurement, comparison, and implementation. ...
... The current mainstream, closed-loop automatic control technology is mainly based on the concept of feedback to reduce the uncertainty of the system [24]. Feedback theory mainly includes: measurement, comparison, and implementation. ...
In this paper, an adaptive header height control system is designed. Through the influence of the natural frequency, ωn, and damping ratio, ζ, on the system’s dynamic index, the optimal hydraulic cylinder parameters are determined comprehensively. The ground profiling monitoring mechanism and the header height feedback mechanism based on the angle sensor are designed. An integrated electromagnetic proportional valve was installed to replace the original header-controlled, electronically-controlled reversing valve, and a PWM (pulse width modulation) control-simulated counterweight test was performed. The limitation of traditional PID facing the integral saturation state is analysed, and a new EVPIVS-PID algorithm is proposed and simulated. Through the analysis of multiple groups of sample data in the field test, the accuracy of the control system in the header height control and output PWM value is demonstrated. The effectiveness of the EVPIVS-PID control algorithm to change the corresponding PID parameters based on the monitoring operation speed is analysed and demonstrated. Experiments show that the adaptive control system of header height based on ground profiling has a stable control effect. The height error of cutting stubble is not more than 2 cm, which can meet the requirements of a 5–11 km/h harvesting speed in plain areas.
... Statistik industri metalurgi, industri kimia dan industri makanan menunjukkan bahwa 97% pengendali memilih struktur PID (Samin, Jie dan Zawawi, 2011). Kontrol PID merupakan sebuah algoritma yang secara komparatif lebih mudah untuk dirancang sebagai algoritma kontrol berbasis model dan untuk menentukan koefisien PID (Siddique, dkk., 2020). ...
Process control is needed in various types of industries for production. The controlled process variables can be temperature, flow, pressure, and level. For this reason, an automatic control system with the right method is needed to produce quality products. This study aims to design and implement a steam pressure control system on a prototype heating tank using PID controller based on PLC. The pressure in the heating tank will be controlled to a set point of 10 kPa with a maximum steady-state error of 3%. PID control is designed using the Ziegler Nichols method which is then implemented on the PLC Omron CP1H with an MPX5500DP sensor to detect pressure. The results of the research obtained are that the PI controller can produce a better response when compared to the P and PID controllers. PI controller with parameters Kp = 1.23, Ti = 860, and Td = 0 can produce a response with a rise time of about 300 seconds and a steady-state error of 3.3%.
... Among them, approximately 50% of the tractor global market is in the Asia-Pacific region. In Korea, farmers aged over 65 years old account for 6.7% of the total in 2010; this is expected to be 11.3% in 2050 [7,8]. To compete with the largest tractor manufacturing companies in the global market, and to fulfill the consumers' demands, advanced technologies along with the highest facilities should be introduced. ...
This study is focused on the estimation of fuel consumption of the power-shift transmission (PST) tractor based on PTO (power take-off) dynamometer test. The simulation model of PST tractor was developed using the configurations and powertrain of the real PST tractor. The PTO dynamometer was installed to measure the engine load and fuel consumption at various engine load levels (40, 50, 60, 70, 80, and 90%), and verify the simulation model. The axle load was also predicted using tractor’s specifications as an input parameter of the simulation model. The simulation and measured results were analyzed and compared statistically. It was observed that the engine load, as well as fuel consumption, were directly proportional to the engine load levels. However, it was statistically proved that there was no significant difference between the simulation and measured engine torque and fuel consumption at each load level. The regression equations show that there was an exponential relationship between the fuel consumption and engine load levels. However, the specific fuel consumptions (SFC) for both simulation and measured were linear relationships and had no significant difference between them at each engine load level. The results were statistically proved that the simulation and measured SFCs were similar trends. The plow tillage operation could be performed at the gear stage of 7.65 km/h with higher working efficiency at low fuel consumption. The drawback of this study is to use a constant axle load instead of dynamic load. This study can provide useful information for both researchers and manufacturers related to the automated transmission of an agricultural tractor, especially PST tractor for digital farming solutions. Finally, it could contribute to the manufacturers developing a new agricultural tractor with higher fuel efficiency.
... Industrial globalization requires intelligent solutions, such as systems capable of monitoring tasks, decision-making, generating reports, improving processes and produce alert messages notifications [6]. Most industrial control systems use Programmable Logic Controllers (PLC), which are usually the most suitable controllers, but they are more expensive and harder to use [7,8]. An option that presents good prospects are microcontrollers, which are characterized by having a small working memory, low power consumption, low cost, several alternatives on the market, extensive documentation and development tools for low and high-level programming languages. ...
... The nobility of this study is the temperatures of the transmission oil were used instead of the generated heat by friction to determine the most affected factors and variables of hydraulic clutch pack. The main reason is the viscosity of the transmission oil depends on the temperature of the oil, which affects the supplied pressure of the proportional valve [40,41] that is used as the engagement pressure in the clutch. As the clutch engagement is performed by the hydraulic pressure, the performance of the PST depends on the viscosity of the transmission hydraulic oil [39,42]. ...
... When the viscosity of the oils decreases the flow rate increases. As a result, the pressure also increases meaning is that the temperature, flow rate, and pressure are inversely proportional to the viscosity of the hydraulic oils [40]. The experiment was conducted by three ISO standard hydraulic oils namely Kixx RD Z (VG 32, 46, 68). ...
... The proportional valve pressures at port A were measured for three hydraulic oils (VG 32, VG 46, and VG 68), which is shown in Figure 10. (a), (b), (c), (d), and (e) are five temperature levels (25,40,60,80, and 100 • C) for three hydraulic oils (VG 32, VG 46, and VG 68). At each temperature level, the pressure was similar trend and maximum pressure was almost the same for all hydraulic oils. ...
The objective of this study is the simulation of the most affected design factors and variables of the clutch pack for the power-shift transmission (PST) of a tractor based measured data. The simulation model, the mathematical model of sliding velocity, a moment of inertia, and clutch engagement pressure of clutch pack were developed using the powertrain and configurations of the real PST tractor. In this study, the sensor fusion method was used to precisely measure the proportional valve pressure by test bench, which was applied to the simulation model. The clutch engagement times were found 1.20 s at all temperatures for determined factors. The engagement pressures have a significant difference at various temperatures (25 to 100 • C) of the hydraulic oils after the 1.20 s but the most affected factors were satisfied with the simulation conditions that ensure the clutch engagement on time. Finally, this sensor fusion method is believed to be helpful in realizing precision agriculture through minimization of power loss and maximum energy efficiency of tractors.
