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Hybolabus amazonicus Voss, third instar larva. (A) clypeus and labrum; (B) antenna and stemma; (C) epipharynx; (D) maxillo-labial complex (ventral view); (E) maxillo-labial complex (dorsal view); (F) mandible (ventral view); (G) mandible (dorsal view); (H) prothoracic spiracle; (I) abdominal spiracle I; (J) abdominal spiracle VIII. Legends: als = anterolateral setae; ams = anteromedian setae; cls = clypeal setae; mds = mandibular setae; lr = labral rods; lrms = labral setae.
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The last instar larva and the pupa of Hybolabus amazonicus Voss, 1925 are described and illustrated, based upon adults and immatures collected in the Amazonian Region (Acre and Amazonas, Brazil). The larvae live and develop inside a leaf-roll made by the female weevil. Although the species has already been reported damaging leaves of the Brazil nut...
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... or to a Leitz Microscope SM-Lux. All images were processed with the computer program Adobe Photoshop CS3. Measurements were taken with an eyepiece micrometric scale in the stereomicroscope; values were given in millimeters. The terminology and abbreviations used in the larva and pupa descriptions follow May (1993;see also Marvaldi, 1999). (Fig. 3B). Hypopharyngeal bracon absent (Fig. 3C). Antennae exposed (Figs. 2B, 3B), two segmented; basal segment ring-like with 4 medial setae; distal segment conical and about two times longer than wide; base of antennae with one conical sensillum and one small rounded sensillum. Head capsule (Figs. 2B, 2C) with five pairs of minute posterior ...
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... All images were processed with the computer program Adobe Photoshop CS3. Measurements were taken with an eyepiece micrometric scale in the stereomicroscope; values were given in millimeters. The terminology and abbreviations used in the larva and pupa descriptions follow May (1993;see also Marvaldi, 1999). (Fig. 3B). Hypopharyngeal bracon absent (Fig. 3C). Antennae exposed (Figs. 2B, 3B), two segmented; basal segment ring-like with 4 medial setae; distal segment conical and about two times longer than wide; base of antennae with one conical sensillum and one small rounded sensillum. Head capsule (Figs. 2B, 2C) with five pairs of minute posterior epicranial setae (pes1-5), almost ...
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... setae (pes1-5), almost aligned vertically; five pairs of dorsal epicranial setae (des1-5); five pairs of subequal frontal setae (fs1-5); three pairs of lateral epicranial setae (les1-3) with similar length; two pairs of ventral epicranial setae (ves), ves2 slightly longer than ves1. Epistomal and frontoclypeal sutures slightly arcuate. Clypeus (Fig. 3A) transverse, lateral margins converging anteriorly to straight anterior margin, with two pairs of subequal clypeal setae (cls1-2), and one pair of basal sensilla. Clypeolabral suture distinct. Labrum (Fig. 3A) transverse, anterior margin trilobed, with four pairs of labral setae (lrms1-4) and one pair of basal sensilla. Epipharynx ( ...
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... two pairs of ventral epicranial setae (ves), ves2 slightly longer than ves1. Epistomal and frontoclypeal sutures slightly arcuate. Clypeus (Fig. 3A) transverse, lateral margins converging anteriorly to straight anterior margin, with two pairs of subequal clypeal setae (cls1-2), and one pair of basal sensilla. Clypeolabral suture distinct. Labrum (Fig. 3A) transverse, anterior margin trilobed, with four pairs of labral setae (lrms1-4) and one pair of basal sensilla. Epipharynx ( Fig. 3C) with one pair of anteriomedian setae (ams), three pairs of anterolateral setae (als1-3), and three pairs of median spines (ms) between vertical labral rods, anterior sensilla larger than posterior ones; ...
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... (Fig. 3A) transverse, lateral margins converging anteriorly to straight anterior margin, with two pairs of subequal clypeal setae (cls1-2), and one pair of basal sensilla. Clypeolabral suture distinct. Labrum (Fig. 3A) transverse, anterior margin trilobed, with four pairs of labral setae (lrms1-4) and one pair of basal sensilla. Epipharynx ( Fig. 3C) with one pair of anteriomedian setae (ams), three pairs of anterolateral setae (als1-3), and three pairs of median spines (ms) between vertical labral rods, anterior sensilla larger than posterior ones; labral rods (lr) long, extended backwardly beyond epistoma, H-shaped, arms curved; epipharyngeal sensory spots absent. Maxillae ...
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... arms curved; epipharyngeal sensory spots absent. Maxillae (Figs. 3D, 3E) with cardo transverse and slender, cuneiform; stipes elongate with one seta on dorsal side and two setae on ventral side; mala rounded, slightly inward extended, without spines, with about 15 marginal dorsal spatulate setae more or less aligned along anterior outer margin (Fig. 3E); maxillary palpus three-segmented, proximal palpomere transverse, wider than distal segments, with one seta and two sensilla, medial palpomere unisetose, distal palpomere with some minute apical sensilla. Labium ( Fig. 3D): labial palpi two-segmented, palpomeres elongate and with similar length, basal palpomere slightly wider than ...
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... extended, without spines, with about 15 marginal dorsal spatulate setae more or less aligned along anterior outer margin (Fig. 3E); maxillary palpus three-segmented, proximal palpomere transverse, wider than distal segments, with one seta and two sensilla, medial palpomere unisetose, distal palpomere with some minute apical sensilla. Labium ( Fig. 3D): labial palpi two-segmented, palpomeres elongate and with similar length, basal palpomere slightly wider than distal one, distal palpomere with ventral sensillum; prementum with one pair of setae and one pair of sensilla close to palpus insertion; submentum with three pairs of setae, posterior pair longest; ligula short, not reaching ...
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... palpomere slightly wider than distal one, distal palpomere with ventral sensillum; prementum with one pair of setae and one pair of sensilla close to palpus insertion; submentum with three pairs of setae, posterior pair longest; ligula short, not reaching tip of labial palpi, with 2 pairs of setae and one pair of sensilla. Mandibles symmetrical (Figs. 3F, 3G), stout, apically bidentate, cutting edge dentate; dorsally with two sensilla and two aligned setae (mds), hind seta slightly longer than distal ...
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... ventropleural lobe with two setae (vpls1-2); each side of meso-and metathorax with similar number of setae: prodorsum with two prodorsal setae (prs), postdorsum with eight dorsolateral setae (dls1-8); pedal lobe with three setae (pdas1-3); ventropleural lobe with two setae (vpls1-2). Thoracic spiracle in intersegmental fold, bicameral ( Fig. 3H), slightly oblique, air-tubes with nine ...
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Citations
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A castanheira-da-amazônia, Bertholletia excelsa Bonpl. (Lecythidaceae), apresenta significativa relevância social e econômica para as comunidades locais, decorrente da comercialização de suas castanhas, o produto florestal não madeireiro mais importante da região. Apesar do alto consumo de castanha-da-amazônia no mercado
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The distribution of functional abdominal spiracles in pupae of Coleoptera is reviewed based on published descriptions and original observations. Aquatic Coleoptera typically have strong modifications, generally including dramatic reductions in the number of functional spiracles and often their modification into either spiracular gills or snorkels, as a response to their environment. But pupae of the great majority of Coleoptera, which are terrestrial, show broad stability across higher taxa. Most terrestrial beetles have at least the first five pairs of abdominal spiracles functional, up to and including a full set of eight pairs. However, the number is unexpectedly low in Scarabaeoidea and within Staphyliniformia, where Histeridae and all Staphylinoidea have a confirmed maximum of four pairs of spiracles. The relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles in terrestrial pupae is explored, and it is suggested that those groups with an unexpectedly small number of functional spiracles may have passed through a “small-size bottleneck” in their ancestry. However, this hypothesis does not explain why several families of very small beetles in other groups of Coleoptera do not show a similar reduction, and little evidence was found to support a strong relation between pupal size and number of functional spiracles at lower taxonomic levels (below family). Whether pupae are exarate or obtect apparently also has little correlation with the number of functional spiracles. However, the consistency and stability of spiracular reductions in the above groups suggests that deep historical factors are involved and thus the reductions may be of phylogenetic significance. It is urged that establishing the number of functional spiracles in beetle pupae become as standard a feature of pupal descriptions as chaetotaxy and whether they are exarate or obtect.
