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Humerus shaft variables measured. US- upper shaft, MS-middle shaft, LS- lower shaft. Red lines show the middle point of each one third of the shaft.
Source publication
The long bones are most commonly used for identification
of unknown bodies and parts of bodies. Seventy two adult dried
humeri (36 right and 36 left) were obtained from the Anatomy
Department of University College of Medical College and GTB
Hospital. Somatometry was done by means of an osteometric board,
a vernier caliper and a tapeline. The m...
Context in source publication
Citations
... In between the two tubercles, there is intertubercular groove or Bicipital groove which is also a part of proximal end of humerus 10 . Most of the conventional textbooks mention presence of three muscular impressions at the upper surface of greater tubercle for the attachment of rotator cuff tendons (supraspinatus, infraspinatus & teres minor) 11,12 . Out of which supraspinatus is the most common tendon to get impinged upon supraspinatus outlet leading to impingement syndrome 13 . ...
Background: Humerus, a typical long bone of arm forms shoulder joint at its proximal end and elbow joint at its distal end. Greater and lesser tubercles are two bony protrusions present on its proximal end with intertubercular sulcus (Bicipital groove). These tubercles are very much prone to fractures & also many other pathological conditions of shoulder joint which is termed as the most mobile joint. So, the main aim of our current study was to estimate the morphometry of greater and lesser tubercles of proximal humerus among North Indian Population group. Materials and Methods: This present study was conducted on 100 adult dry humerii of both sexes obtained from bone bank, Department of Anatomy, FMHS, SGT University, Gurugram, Haryana, India over a span of one year. Detailed Morphometry of Greater and lesser tubercles like length and width along with some bony distances were measured using digital vernier calliper on both sided bones. Results: The mean value with standard deviation for length and width of greater tubercle was 30.88±1.78 mm & 6.53±1.56 mm respectively & length and width of lesser tubercle was 16.29±1.30 mm & 4.35±1.85mm respectively on right side which was comparatively more than the left side. But distance from head to lesser tubercle was comparatively more on both sides than distance from greater tubercle. Conclusion: The morphometry of Greater and lesser tubercles of humerus among North Indian population will be a great help for the surgeons for the management of proximal humeral fractures & associated abnormalities.
... lengths produced by the probabilistic method were about 25% longer than those produced by the deterministic method (p = 0.03), corresponding to an additional 20 mm of length for an average-size adult. 48 For context, an average BB fascicle measured by cadaveric dissection is about 150 mm. 44 Although length estimates in all cases were significantly shorter than cadaveric estimates (deterministic: p 90 • < 0.001; probabilistic: p 90 • < 0.01), probabilistic results at 90 • produced the closest length estimates; under these conditions, the interquartile range overlapped with that of the cadaveric lengths, but the mean was about 25% shorter than the mean cadaveric estimate. ...
... Furthermore, across all three subjects, at the optimal turning angle of 90 • , within-subject fascicle lengths produced by the probabilistic method ranged from 23% to 46% longer than those produced by the deterministic method (Subjects 1, 2, and 3: p < 0.001), corresponding to a difference of 20-40 mm in an averaged-size adult. 48 ...
... For each condition in which the SNR was decreased by 20%, the estimated fascicle lengths decreased by about 18%, corresponding to a difference of 16 mm in an averaged-size adult. 48 ...
Purpose
To determine the sensitivity profiles of probabilistic and deterministic DTI tractography methods in estimating geometric properties in arm muscle anatomy.
Methods
Spin‐echo diffusion‐weighted MR images were acquired in the dominant arm of 10 participants. Both deterministic and probabilistic tractography were performed in two different muscle architectures of the parallel‐structured biceps brachii (and the pennate‐structured flexor carpi ulnaris. Muscle fascicle geometry estimates and number of fascicles were evaluated with respect to tractography turning angle, polynomial fitting order, and SNR. The DTI tractography estimated fascicle lengths were compared with measurements obtained from conventional cadaveric dissection and ultrasound modalities.
Results
The probabilistic method generally estimated fascicle lengths closer to ranges reported by conventional methods than the deterministic method, most evident in the biceps brachii (p > 0.05), consisting of longer, arc‐like fascicles. For both methods, a wide turning angle (50º–90°) generated fascicle lengths that were in close agreement with conventional methods, most evident in the flexor carpi ulnaris (p > 0.05), consisting of shorter, feather‐like fascicles. The probabilistic approach produced at least two times more fascicles than the deterministic approach. For both approaches, second‐order fitting yielded about double the complete tracts as third‐order fitting. In both muscles, as SNR decreased, deterministic tractography produced less fascicles but consistent geometry (p > 0.05), whereas probabilistic tractography produced a consistent number but altered geometry of fascicles (p < 0.001).
Conclusion
Findings from this study provide best practice recommendations for implementing DTI tractography in skeletal muscle and will inform future in vivo studies of healthy and pathological muscle structure.
... It can likewise be disclosed because of the control of the contralateral hemisphere of the brain, the left half of the cerebral hemisphere will be bigger than the right one and shows functional superiority and prevailing influence on the right extremity. [10,11] Table 3 shows the comparison of the values obtained after measuring parameters two to parameter six related to the distal end of the arm bone. Lokanadham et al. reported the gender differences in the maximum horizontal diameter of the trochlea (20.34 ± 0.022 and 20.09 ± 0.034 mm in males and females, respectively). ...
Background: The arm bone is the largest and strongest bone of the superior extremity. Movement of the arm bone helps in essential activities
like writing. lifting objects and throwing. Use of implants in communited cracks in the lower end of the humerus of an aged person may be
needed to retain the mobility at the elbow joint. The present study was aimed at providing morphometry of the distal end of the arm bone
for comparison with different populations. Methodology: Eight morphometric parameters were evaluated from 200 dry adult humeral bones
using the osteometric board and digital vernier calipers. Results: The average value of the maximal length of the arm bone in the present study
was 306.3 ± 21.19 mm in the right humerus and 301.1 ± 22.4 mm in the left humerus. The transverse distance between the medial and lateral
epicondyles was 57.4 ± 4.8 mm and 56.0 ± 4.7 mm in right and left humerus, respectively. The average distance between the capitulum and
medial end of trochlea horizontally was 39.6 ± 3.4 and 39.5 ± 4.3 mm in right and left humerus, respectively. The average maximum transverse
diameter of the trochlea was 24.4 ± 2.6 and 23.5 ± 2.6 mm in right and left humerus, respectively. The average anteroposterior diameter of the
trochlea was 17.0 ± 3.9 and 16.3 ± 3.7 mm in right and left humerus, respectively. Conclusion: Eight morphometric parameters of 200 humeri
presented. This information can be useful for surgeons in preparing implants and reconstruction of fractures of the distal end of the arm bone.
Keywords: Capitulum, distal end, fractures, Humerus, trochlea
... Humeral length shows a great variation which is likely to be due to factors such as nature of work, mode of life, continuous modifications that may affect the characteristics of man as well as effects of civilization on composition of human body. (24) Asymmetry between right and left humerus as it has been maintained by old and modern researchers, must be considered inherited. It can be enhanced or reduced according to individuals' habits and activities, age, nutrition, overuse or disuse of the limb. ...
... Thus, the present data regarding humerus measurements described are in line with literature from Indian population with differences in humerus measurements data from other continent populations. The difference in measurements across different population groups has been attributed to difference in diet patterns, genetic differences and environmental factors affecting the growth patterns [28]. Multivariate analysis with similar parameters has been found to be able to differentiate male and female humerus bones with reasonable accuracy in different population groups. ...
... The estimation of stature from various skeletal parameters has [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] been performed in different studies . Studies have also been done where stature as well as gender is estimated from [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] dimensions of hands and feet . ...
Introduction : The identification of body parts is essential of biological profiling. Present study aims to use hand and feet measurements to estimate stature based on sex.
Material and Methods : The study included 140 adults with 70 male and 70 female from central India. The age group was between18 to 25 years. Length and breadth of both hands and feet were taken into account.. A descriptive analysis was done and regression
equations were derived to estimate the stature for each gender.
Results : The correlation coefficient was significantly positive between measurements and stature in both sexes. The stature prediction accuracy ranged from ±3.49 - ±4.25 in males and ±0.86 – ±1.37 in females.
... Type 6 grooves had an angle of 15 degrees. Anudeep Singh et al. [22] reported the height of humerus as 306.41± 25.8mm on the right bone and 304.43 ± 23.4mm on the left bone. In the upper third the mean circumference of the shaft was 60.6 ± 6.6mm and 58.85 ± 6.0mm whereas the mean transverse diameter was 18.6 ± 2.1mm and 18.2 ± 2 mm on right and left sides respectively. ...
Introduction: The Bicipital Groove (BG) or intertubercular groove in the upper end of the humerus is a deepgroove formed between the greater and lesser tubercles. This groove lodges the long tendon of the Biceps brachiiand also transmits a branch of the anterior humeral circumflex artery. Its lips are called as the crests of thegreater and lesser tubercles (bicipital ridges), and form the upper parts of the anterior and medial borders of thebody of the bone.Materials and Methods The study was carried out in 87 adult humeri (39 right and 48 left sides) from theDepartment of Anatomy, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical college, Tamaka, Kolar, Karnataka. Damaged or bones withdeformities were excluded from the study. The length, width, depth were accurately measured using digitalvernier callipers.The medial wall angle(MWA) and lateral wall angle(LWA) were measured using goniometer. Theparameters were tabulated and statistically analysed.Results and Discussion: The mean length of BG on right side was 89.94 ±6.03 mm and 88.88±8.11mm on left side.The length of medial and lateral walls of BG on the right side was 81.72± 6.34mm and 89.61± 6.03 mmrespectively and 79.56± 7.64 mm and 89.15± 8.27mm on left side. The mean width of BG on right side was 8.53±1.56 and 7.96 ±1.39mm on left side. The mean depth of BG on right side was 6.48±1.13 mm and 6.14±1.04mm onleft side. The medial wall angle of BG on the right side was 66.15± 13.20mm and 64.37± 18.81 mm on left side. Themaximum length of humerus was 32.49± 1.83 cm on right side and 31.72 ± 2.03 cm on left side. Supratubercularridge of Meyer was present in 87.17 % of humeri from the right and 85 % of those from the left. Medial wall spurswas present in 4.16% of left humeri and absent in right humeri. Bicipital groove spurs was present in 5.12% ofright humeri. Type 2 variation of medial wall angle was the commonest and Type 6 was the rare variation similarto observation made by Hitchcock and Bechtol.Conclusions: Bicipital groove can be a used as a landmark for humeral head replacement in fractures of the upperend of the humerus. Osseous spurs and supratubercular ridge may predispose dislocation of tendon of bicepsbrachii. Therefore the study is important as the knowledge of its morphometry is essential for the selection ofprosthetic design, size and position.
KEY WORDS: Bicipital groove, Supratubercular ridge, osseous spurs, groove spurs
... The major concern for humeral fracture is the size of the hole created for the SPBT relative to the humeral diameter. The average diameter of the upper third of the humeral diaphysis measures about 19 ± 2.1 mm [14]. When using a 6.5 mm tenodesis screw, which corresponds to 1/3 of the humeral diameter, significant reduction in the torsional strength of the humerus is to expected [15]. ...
Background: Long bones from skeletal remains are useful for identification of the deceased, estimation ofstature, determination of sex etc. in case of fracture of proximal humerus, the contra lateral head dimensionsare used as a template for making prosthesis in replacement surgery.Aims and Objectives: To study and compare the morphometric data of proximal end of humerus of Telugupopulation with similar studies of other ethnic populations, and generate regression equations using themeasured parameters.Material and Methods: Study was conducted on 159 unpaired dry humeri (72 right and 87 left) fromthe collection of Department of Anatomy, Mamata Medical College, Khammam, Using slide calliper andOsteometric board.Results: The mean of maximum length of humeri of right/ left side were 309.88 ± 20.07/ 303.97 ± 22.07,the mean of transverse diameter of humeri of head of right/ left were 38.95 ± 3.38/38.21 ± 3.68, the meanof vertical diameter of humeri of right/ left were 42.77 ± 3.86/41.28 ± 3.84,the mean of circumference ofsurgical neck of right/left were 81.18 ± 8.47/79.58 ± 7.30. Circumference of surgical neck had a strongpositive correlation with transverse diameter & vertical diameter of head which was statistically significant( p < 0.001).Conclusion: The morphometric parameters of proximal end of right humeri were found to greater thanthat of the left humeri. The mean humeral length was similar to that found in studies of various Indianpopulations.
Background: Long bones have long been used to determine the stature and identification of an individual. There are studies to determine the variation in anatomical segments focusing on ethnicities and with the need for required implant design for an individual. The aim of this is to contribute to the data on morphometric segments of the humerus of the Rajasthan region. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 (R-50 & L-50) humeri were used in this study. A total of eight morphometric segments were measured in each of these bones and their mean+SD were derived and compared with others. All measurements are in millimeters. Results: The results were 1. MH: mean maximum humeral length (R-290.16, L-288.48); 2. H1: mean distance between the most proximal point of the articular segment of the humeral head to the most proximal point of the greater tuberosity (R-5.3,L-5.16); H2: mean distance between the most proximal point of the caput humeri and most distal point of the anatomical neck (R-34.91,L-35.78); H3: mean distance between the most proximal point to the most distal point along the edges of the olecranon fossa (R-18.77,L-19.15); H4: The distance between the most distal point of the olecranon fossa and trochlea of the humerus (R-20.84, L-19.79); H5: The distance between along the proximal edge of the olecranon fossa and the most proximal point of the trochlea (R-36.04, L-34.90); WOF: Width of olecranon fossa (R-24.53,L-24.13); DOF: Depth of olecranon fossa (R-10.79, L-11.39). Conclusion: Analysis of data revealed that our results were in correlation with Indian studies but most of the foreign studies showed higher values of the segments studied. This difference is either be due to ethnic, genetic, nutritional or stature differences among different populations. We believe that data obtained herein can contribute to anthropologists and orthopedic surgeons.
