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Image schemas are recognised as a fundamental ingredient in human cognition and creative thought. They have been studied extensively in areas such as cognitive linguistics. With the goal of exploring their potential role in computational creative systems, we here study the viability of the idea to formalise image schemas as a set of interlinked the...
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... result is the conceptual metaphors for the differ- ent modes of thinking listed above, where the generic space contains just MOVEMENT OF OBJECT, and the blended concepts inherit the more complex PATH-following from 'train', 'stream', or 'line'. In more detail, Figure 6 shows two specialisations of the basic spatial schema of MOVE- MENT OF OBJECT. The first, shown on the left, specialises to a discrete version of the schema SOURCE PATH GOAL with a designated element and discrete movement, supporting the 'train of thought' blend. ...
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... Thereby, we focused on the identification of image schemas, and analysis of linguistic expressions. A description of image schemas in a large body of science education and philosophy literature [41,44,[59][60][61][62] thereby functioned as source for their identification in the text. To identify these, we focused on semantical structures such as prepositions, postpositions, verbs, bodypart-metaphors, cases and morphemes. ...
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... They may be employed to establish rigorous definitions that capture part of the meaning of natural language expressions. It is generally believed that analyzing natural language leads to a greater understanding of image schemas [6, 15]. Research on image schemas is performed in several disciplines; cognitive linguis- tics [5], developmental psychology [14] and more formal areas (e.g. ...
... In their investigation they were able to identify eight different types of CONTAINMENT. Hedblom et al. [6] showed how the image schema PATH-following represents a family of theories rather than an individual schema and demonstrated how this can be used to ground abstract concepts. With examples, they demonstrated how image schemas capture the information skeleton in (some) linguistic metaphors. ...
... Aiming to take the above mentioned aspects of image-schematic structures, components and combinatorial possibilities into account, Hedblom et al. [6] took a closer look at what in the literature is called the SOURCE PATH GOAL schema [12] . They presented a hierarchical structure, the PATH-following family (see Figure 1), that grew more specialised based on the addition of spatial primitives found in developmental psychology [15]. ...
Image schemas provide preverbal conceptual structures and are suggested to be the conceptual building blocks from which cognitive phenomena such as language and reasoning are constructed. 'Motion along a path' is one of the first image schemas infants remember, making PATH-following one of the earliest cog-nitive building blocks. We are interested in the importance of this developmentally relevant image schema in abstract adult language. For this purpose, we propose a semi-automated method to extract image-schematic structures related to PATH-following from a multilingual financial terminology. Two major assumptions are that a linguistic mapping of image schemas facilitates the understanding of complex concepts and is persistent across languages. Our results show that complex textual representations can be made simpler to understand by extracting the underlying image schemas and that they are persistent across languages. Another result includes the identification of novel specifications of predefined image-schematic structures.
... In order to implement this idea, a sufficiently comprehensive library of formalised image schema theories has to be made available for access by a blending engine. The first such library for the case of 'path following' is developed in [26]. ...
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... They distinguished no less than eight different CONTAINMENT schemas from natural language (see Figure 3). Similarly, Hedblom et al. visualised image schemas as a series of theories of increasing complexity [7] (see Figure 3). They aimed to explain how image schemas become more fine-tuned in cognitive development as a result of a complex environment [17, 22], by using the PATH-following image schema as evidence. ...
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Most research on image schema examined the meaning configuration of words connotation. However, previous studies of adjectives are meaningful in cognitive linguistics because they provide insight into how those adjectives are involved with psychological movement. In this sense, from the perspective of cognitive linguistics, one’s conceptualization and cognition are closely associated with their bodily experience and surroundings; adjectives are no exception. The varieties of transformations of image schemas lay the foundation for the conception and perception. Accordingly, this study is an investigation into the perception of adjectives and psychological activities associated with image schema. Data in this study come from adjectives in the novel The Great Gatsby, which were tagged and calculated with the help of software Python and the NLTK package. The results demonstrate that a significant amount of adjectives were used in the novel. Moreover, Nick’s psychological activities changed significantly from the SOURCE to the DESTINATION schematic stage, which is uncovered by his expression of adjectives. Finally, the results further suggest that transformations of image schema as BALANCE, CONTAINER, and PATH work together to motivate one’s linguistic expression of adjectives. The present findings have several implications for research on lexicons and literacy interpretation from cognitive linguistics.
The notion of affordance remains elusive, notwithstanding its importance for the representation of agency, cognition, and behaviors. This paper lays down a foundation for an ontology of affordances by elaborating the idea of “core affordance” which would serve as a common ground for explaining existing diverse conceptions of affordances and their interrelationships. For this purpose, it analyzes M. T. Turvey’s dispositional theory of affordances in light of a formal ontology of dispositions. Consequently, two kinds of so-called “core affordances” are proposed: specific and general ones. Inspired directly by Turvey’s original account, a specific core affordance is intimately connected to a specific agent, as it is reciprocal with a counterpart effectivity (which is a disposition) of this agent within the agent-environment system. On the opposite, a general core affordance does not depend on individual agents; rather, its realization involves an action by an instance of a determinate class of agents. The utility of such core affordances is illustrated by examining how they can be leveraged to formalize other major accounts of affordances. Additionally, it is briefly outlined how core affordances can be employed to analyze three notions that are closely allied with affordances: the environment, image schemas, and intentions.
Image schemas were introduced as mental generalisations learned from the sensorimotor experiences in infancy that in adulthood shape language formation and conceptualisations. So far, little empirical research has been devoted to investigate to which degree image schemas are involved in object conceptualisation more concretely. To address this, this experimental study investigates the relationship between abstract image schemas and their involvement in conceptualisations of common, everyday objects. The experimental set-up asks participants to describe objects using abstract representations of image schemas. The results from the study support the claim that image-schematic thinking is prevalent in the conceptualisation of objects, thus providing empirical evidence for the idea that image schemas can serve as conceptual building blocks for the meaning of objects.
Formal knowledge representation struggles to represent the dynamic changes within complex events in a cognitively plausible way. Image schemas, on the other hand, are spatiotemporal relationships used in cognitive science as building blocks to conceptualise objects and events on a high level of abstraction. In this paper, we explore this modelling gap by looking at how image schemas can capture the skeletal information of events and describe segmentation cuts essential for conceptualising dynamic changes. The main contribution of the paper is the introduction of a more systematic approach for the combination of image schemas with one another in order to capture the conceptual representation of complex concepts and events. To reach this goal we use the image schema logic ISL, and, based on foundational research in cognitive linguistics and developmental psychology, we motivate three different methods for the formal combination of image schemas: merge, collection, and structured combination. These methods are then used for formal event segmentation where the changes in image-schematic state generate the points of separation into individual scenes. The paper concludes with a demonstration of our methodology and an ontological analysis of the classic commonsense reasoning problem of ‘cracking an egg.’
