Figure 1 - uploaded by Abdulmalik Shehu Yaro
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Air traffic control (ATC) radar has been the main sensor for the detection and monitoring of commercial aircrafts for air traffic management. Typical modern ATC radar consists of a primary radar and secondary radar which is limited by high acquisition, installation and maintenance cost. Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) system is t...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... was built using similar aspects of the current mode S aircraft surveillance transmission mode. The ADS-B system is a system on board an airplane or aviation related vehicle which allows this to transmit its position (GPS), speed, etc. Figure 1 shows the basic framework of how it works. ...
Context 2
... equations used to obtain the theoretical BER plot for non-coherent BPPM and coherent BPPM are presented in equation 12 and 13 respectively [22]. All result generated based on 100 trials Monte Carlo simulation are presented in figures 10 and 11. í µí± í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí± _í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí± ℎí µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±¡ = 0.5 * exp −0.5 * í µí°¸í µí± í µí±0 (12) í µí± í µí±í µí±í µí± í µí± í µí±í µí± ℎ í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±¡ = í µí± í µí°¸í µí± í µí±0 (13) Figure 10. BER versus Eb/N0 plot Figure 11. ...
Context 3
... result generated based on 100 trials Monte Carlo simulation are presented in figures 10 and 11. í µí± í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí± _í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí± ℎí µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±¡ = 0.5 * exp −0.5 * í µí°¸í µí± í µí±0 (12) í µí± í µí±í µí±í µí± í µí± í µí±í µí± ℎ í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±í µí±¡ = í µí± í µí°¸í µí± í µí±0 (13) Figure 10. BER versus Eb/N0 plot Figure 11. PER versus Eb/N0 plot From Figure 10, it is seen that the obtained simulated BER approximately matches the theoretical BER plot for non-coherent BPPM up to an Eb/No values of 8 dB but slightly above it from Eb/No values of 8dB. ...
Context 4
... versus Eb/N0 plot Figure 11. PER versus Eb/N0 plot From Figure 10, it is seen that the obtained simulated BER approximately matches the theoretical BER plot for non-coherent BPPM up to an Eb/No values of 8 dB but slightly above it from Eb/No values of 8dB. This threshold value of 8dB is good when compared to other digital communication system. ...
Similar publications
The surveillance function of air traffic management is critical to aviation safety. It determines the identity of an aircraft, its state and intent to support air traffic controllers in ensuring that aircraft comply with the specified separation minima. The conventional surveillance system in use for many years is the radio detection and ranging (r...
Citations
... ADS-B is a newly developed aviation system that is capable of sensing data such as RADAR. The ADS-B system utilized Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) technology to identify the location of the transponders and ground station [2]. The ADS-B receiver system utilizes a carrier frequency of 1.09 GHz, with vertical linear polarization and omni directional radiation pattern [3]. ...
The ADS-B system serves to track the location of aircraft. Ground station in the ADSB system is a receiver system that captures aircraft location signals using frequency 1090. Antenna is a key device for ADS-B communication. This paper is intended to develop a square microstrip antenna that has a working frequency of 1090 MHz. The material used is FR4 substrate, and the dielectric material is chopper. The antenna design is simulated using Matlab's Antenna Toolbox with its various conveniences. The simulation results of the patch antenna design with inset feed optimization resulted in a working frequency close to 1090 MHz, a VSWR value close to 1 and a Gain of 9.59 dBi.
... The system obtains the aircraft's speed, heading, altitude, and latitude and longitude information in real time through the fuselage sensor system and broadcasts the information through the launch system after inserting the aircraft's identification information. The fuselage sensing system mainly includes the following parts: (1) a global navigation satellite system (GNSS), (2) an inertial navigation system (INS), (3) an inertial reference system (IRS), (4) a flight manager, (5) and other airborne sensors [12][13][14][15]. ...
The broadcast automatic dependent surveillance (ADS-B) system is a new-generation air traffic control system designed to avoid the waste of resources in secondary radars. The establishment of the spaceborne ADS-B system provides a broad prospect for ionospheric tomography. In this paper, the external observation information of the ionosphere is obtained by measuring the Faraday rotation angle, that is, the total electron content (TEC). Tomography research can be carried out all over the world to conduct large-scale ionospheric electron density research. The experiment selected two different regions and had a time resolution of two hours, a height resolution of 200 km, a latitude resolution of 2°, and a longitude resolution of 5°. Based on the simulated spaceborne ADS-B signal to invert the regional ionospheric electron density, the latitude, longitude, and height distributions of inversion result are basically consistent with those of the actual ionospheric electron density.
... While the performance of ADS-B for a single aircraft has been widely studied in the literature [1], ADS-B for multiple aircrafts in the presence of packet collisions and intentional/unintentional interference has not been thoroughly investigated. Coherent and non-coherent detection of ADS-B packets for a single aircraft was studied in [6] and closed form expressions for the packet error rate were derived. The challenge of preamble detection for ADS-B for a single aircraft at low Signal-to-Noise Ratios (SNRs) was studied in [7], where the authors developed a constant false alarm rate detection algorithm. ...
... , Y [y 0 y 1 . . . y N ] ∈ C Nr×(N +1) , x k is given by (6), and y n [y 1,n y 2,n . . . y Nr,n ] T denotes the received vector at time index n. ...
A new method for joint ranging and Phase Offset (PO) estimation of multiple drones/aircrafts is proposed in this paper. The proposed method employs the superimposed uncoordinated Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) packets broadcasted by drones/aircrafts for joint range and PO estimation. It jointly estimates range and PO prior to ADS-B packet decoding; thus, it can improve air safety when packet decoding is infeasible due to packet collision. Moreover, it enables coherent detection of ADS-B packets, which can result in more reliable multiple target tracking in aviation systems using cooperative sensors for detect and avoid (DAA). By minimizing the Kullback Leibler Divergence (KLD) statistical distance measure, we show that the received complex baseband signal coming from K uncoordinated drones corrupted by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) at a single antenna receiver can be approximated by an independent and identically distributed Gaussian Mixture (GM) with 2 power K mixture components in the two dimensional (2D) plane. While direct joint Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) of range and PO from the derived GM Probability Density Function (PDF) leads to an intractable maximization, our proposed method employs the Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate the modes of the 2D Gaussian mixture followed by a reordering estimation technique through combinatorial optimization to estimate range and PO. An extension to a multiple antenna receiver is also investigated in this paper. While the proposed estimator can estimate the range of multiple drones with a single receive antenna, a larger number of drones can be supported with higher accuracy by the use of multiple antennas at the receiver. The effectiveness of the proposed estimator is supported by simulation results. We show that the proposed estimator can jointly estimate the range of three drones accurately.
... Microstrip antenna for ADS-B receiver that can work well at 1090 MHz frequency and also can be placed at the bottom or potential position of the structure except for the use of a connector that is still quite large the SMA connector [12]. It was noticed that amplifier plays a significant role in the overall performance improvement. ...
Aircraft have a GPS based technology to know and store their location and a pressure altimeter to know their altitude. Aircraft are equipped with an ADS-B transponder that broadcasts their identification, their 3D position (latitude, longitude, altitude), and information about the aircraft's flight path on 1090 MHz or 978 MHz These broadcasts can be decided within line of sight with a radio (up to 300 miles / 480 kilometers at cruise). The receivers present around the globe, including aircraft flying over oceans and deserts, send the received data via an immediate connection to FlightAware, which amasses and processes the data and provides tracking information. Approximately 70% of all aircraft and 10% of jets are equipped with it. In this project, I have tried to apply pertinent knowledge and skills learned throughout the college years, to build as well as run a portable lightweight ADS-B receiver, and deploy the system to gather and decrypt broadcast of flight data by aircrafts. This project is expected to help integrate skills from different electrical and electronics courses to solve real aviation problems. This project emphasizes on securing the project architecture from cyber threats which is unprecedented compared to the previous implementations of the ADS-B receiver. Instead of utilizing Radar technology it uses direct communication via satellite links which provide much more accurate results.
... As stated earlier in Section 2.1, the TOR of a packet is used for TDOA estimation only if the receiver correctly detects it at all GRSs. Figure 3 presents the relationship between the PER and SNR as presented in [26] for an ADS-B packet length of about 112 bits [17] Figure 3, the PER decreases with SNR increase from 10 dB to 20 dB. The PER is 1, 0.5 and 0 at SNR of 10 dB, 16 dB and 20 dB respectively. ...
Multilateration (MLAT) system estimate aircraft position from its electromagnetic emission using time difference of arrival (TDOA) estimated at ground receiving station (GRS)s with a lateration algorithm. The position estimation (PE) accuracy of the MLAT system depends on several factors one of which is the TDOA estimation approach. In this paper, the PE performance of a minimum configuration 3-dimensional (3-D) MLAT system based on the direct and indirect approaches to TDOA estimation is presented. The analysis is carried out using Monte Carlo simulation with the transmitter and receiver parameters based on an actual system used in civil aviation. Simulation results show that within a 150 km radius, the direct TDOA based MLAT system performs better than the indirect TDOA based MLAT system. Beyond a 150 km radius, the indirect TDOA based MLAT system has the least PE error compared to the direct TDOA based MLAT system. Further comparison of the MLAT system based on the two TDOA estimation approaches with other surveillance systems shows that the direct TDOA based MLAT system has the least PE error within 150 km radius while long-range aircraft PE beyond 150 km, automatic surveillance dependent broadcast (ADS-B) outperformed the MLAT system as it has the least PE error.
... 2) Bit error rate (BER): In binary pulse position modulation (PPM), this feature for a non-coherent receiver such as an ADS-B receiver can be theoretically calculated as [18][19]: ...
... The RBF is defined as follows [25]: (17) where are two training samples and identifies the impact of the squared Euclidean distance between the two samples [25]. Quadratic and cubic kernels are polynomial kernels with order of , which are defined as follows [26]: (18) The value of is 2 for quadratic kernels and 3 for cubic kernels. To avoid overfitting, higher order polynomials are not recommended. ...
... This is an effort to save fuel and cost while enhancing aircraft safety with a next generation (NextGen) solution based on ADS-B technology. The ADS-B system is currently only a requirement in Hudson Bay Area, USA, but by year 2020 it will also be a requirement in Europe, Australia and the entire USA (Abdulaziz et al, 2015). ...
Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP) direct and control aircraft within its flight information region (FIR) using surveillance systems. To carry out such duty effectively and avoid air traffic collision, accurate information about each aircraft within the FIR is required from the deployed surveillance systems. Surveillance radar is the conventional surveillance system used by the ANSP but has several operational limitations limiting its ability to support future global traffic demands. The Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is considered to be the Next Generation (NextGen) surveillance system introduced by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) to address the limitations of the surveillance radar. In this paper, the limitations of the surveillance radar system to support the ANSP in various operational environment is presented and the theoretical justifications for the use of the ADS-B system to overcome the surveillance radar system is provided.
... However, land-based primary surveillance radar has limitations at low altitudes, does not Work on the ground, and may also be influenced by atmospheric and weather conditions. Secondary surveillance radar (SSR) is an extension of primary surveillance radar and evolution of military identification friend or foe (IFF) to cater for most weaknesses of the PSR but still retains some weaknesses like poor resolution and various modes (A/C/S) indiscrimination [3]. Mode A/C basically provides identification and altitude while mode S in addition to previous functions of mode A/C allows unique addressing of targets with the aid of unique 24 bit aircraft addresses using a two-way data link between the ground station and aircraft for information exchange. ...
Air traffic control (ATC) radar has been the main sensor for the detection and monitoring of commercial aircraft for aircraft traffic management. The modern ATC radar consists of a primary radar and secondary radar which is limited by high acquisition, installation and maintenance cost. Automatic Dependence Surveillance Broadcast (ADS-B) system is the next generation locating system to complement existing ATC radar system. ADS-B is a technology that can be viewed either as a complement or as an alternative to current radar based surveillance techniques[1]. It is the surveillance technology in which an aircraft determines its position via satellite navigation and periodically broadcast, enabling it to be tracked. In this paper, ADS-B receiver setup is designed using dipole antenna, Bandpass filter, RTL-SDR receiver, raspberry pi 3 and seven inch display. The method includes the steps of receiving the signal from aircraft by antenna and it is processed in matlab via RTL-SDR receiver.
... This frame is continuously broadcast approximately twice per second (in every 0.4 to 0.6 seconds) from all aircraft. The format of 112-bit ADS-B Position Squitter frame is shown in Fig. 2 [26]. ...
... ADS-B Operation [24]Fig. 2. Current ADS-B Message Format[26] ...
... The risk of garbling or packet collision increases as more airplanes are in the field of view of the receiver. Multi-beam approaches [22] as well as data processing algorithms to retrieve ADS-B signal from noise [24] are currently being researched to mitigate these risks. They will be modeled statistically in this paper, with no claim to improve current methods. ...
... The ADS-B (1090ES) message is 112 bits, 120 ms long and characterized as an extended squitter message [24] (not interrogated). We have modeled only 1090ES in this paper, since it can be used by all aircraft, altitude notwithstanding, and is more prone to signal interference due to channel congestion, therefore more sensitive to constellation architecture. ...
... The simplifying assumptions made were that messages were not resent, all messages were assumed of equal length and all colliding messages were discarded. The load is modeled as a Poisson process with rate G ¼M att *T where T is the length of a message (120 ms) and M att is the number of messages attempted (1-3.1 per second [24,29] depending on 1090ES pr 978UAT protocols). A collision occurs if a message starts within the current or previous frame time. ...
Suitably equipped global and local air traffic can be tracked. The tracking information may then be used for control from ground-based stations by receiving the Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) signal. In this paper, we describe a tool for designing a constellation of small satellites which demonstrates, through high-fidelity modeling based on simulated air traffic data, the value of space-based ADS-B monitoring. It thereby provides recommendations for cost-efficient deployment of a constellation of small satellites to increase safety and situational awareness in the currently poorly-served surveillance area of Alaska. Air traffic data were obtained from NASA's Future ATM Concepts Evaluation Tool, for the Alaskan airspace over one day. The results presented were driven by MATLAB and the satellites propagated and coverage calculated using AGI's Satellite Tool. While Ad-hoc and precession spread constellations have been quantitatively evaluated, Walker constellations show the best performance in simulation. Sixteen satellites in two perpendicular orbital planes are shown to provide more than 99% coverage over representative Alaskan airspace and the maximum time gap where any airplane in Alaska is not covered is six minutes, therefore meeting the standard set by the International Civil Aviation Organization to monitor every airplane at least once every fifteen minutes. In spite of the risk of signal collision when multiple packets arrive at the satellite receiver, the proposed constellation shows 99% cumulative probability of reception within four minutes when the airplanes are transmitting every minute, and at ~100% reception probability if transmitting every second. Data downlink can be performed using any of the three ground stations of NASA Earth Network in Alaska.
