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http://www.greenpeace.to/greenpeace/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Bihar-Living-soils-report.pdf
MANFAAT SINGKONG FOOD, FERTILIZER, FEED, FARMASI/obat-obatan, FUEL and PACKAGE/PLASTICS
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... Many of the reviewed publications presented the short-to long-term effects of biofuel on crop prices through the direct effects of biofuel production or the indirect effect of biofuel policies [34,37,[46][47][48][49][50][51]. ...
... Globally, during 2001 to 2011, biofuels contributed about 30% and 4% to the increase in the price of corn and soybean, respectively [48]. For example, corn prices would have been 9% lower without the increase in biofuel production, this study found. . ...
... Nuñez and Trujillo-Barrera [50] studied ethanol mandates-the Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)-and emphasised the positive relationship between US ethanol mandates and world crop prices, specifically corn, soybeans, and wheat. One explanation for the observed price fluctuation in corn is that the consumption of corn for biofuel became significant around 2006, when the US federal government began implementing biofuel mandates [48]. The study suggested that mandates were the main cause for the recent increase in biofuel production, and the mandate of 2006 not only impacts current demand but also affects future supply due to its effect on inventories. ...
Food security has become a concerning issue because of global climate change and increasing populations. Agricultural production is considered one of the key factors that affects food security. The changing climate has negatively affected agricultural production, which accelerates food shortages. The supply of agricultural commodities can be heavily influenced by climate change, which leads to climate-induced agricultural productivity shocks impacting crop prices. This paper systematically reviews publications over the past ten years on the factors affecting the prices of a wide range of crops across the globe. This review presents a critical view of these factors in the context of climate change. This paper applies a systematic approach by determining the appropriate works to review with defined inclusion criteria. From this, groups of key factors affecting crop prices are found. This study finds evidence that crop prices have been both positively and negatively affected by a range of factors such as elements of climate change, biofuel, and economic factors. However, the general trend is towards increasing crop prices due to deceasing yields over time. This is the first systematic literature review which provides a comprehensive view of the factors affecting the prices of crops across the world under climate change.
... Moreover, the global food crises of 2008 (Headey and Fan, 2010) and 2011 (Hochman et al., 2014) and the increased threat for grain-importing Middle Eastern and North African (MENA) countries consequent to the Russia-Ukraine conflict have drawn attention to the crucial role of food security in the Mediterranean area, especially considering the consequences for the socio-political equilibrium in certain countries of the MENA (FAO, 2022). ...
... The causes of this dramatic rise in prices among many different commodities have been widely debated (Piesse and Thirtle, 2009;Sumner, 2009;Hochman et al., 2014), with some authors suggesting a 'perfect storm' of several coincidental and disparate causes. Early arguments for the 'perfect storm' are comprehensively summarised in Abbott, Hurt and Tyner (2008). ...
The past decade has seen the transition of agricultural economics from perceived irrelevance to being seen as key to saving the world from an array of grand challenges. These challenges include global climate change, non-communicable diseases, hunger and poverty. These challenges require international cooperation. Such cooperation is undermined by global conflicts in which agricultural trade is disrupted either to incentivise policy change or through conflict. The world is vulnerable if trade can be exploited for political power or disrupted by other actions taken for political power. Agricultural economists are uniquely situated to address these issues.
... According to Forhad and Alam (2022) a major portion of increase in corn prices is due to increase in oil costs. Higher biofuel demand is responsible for 30% of the increase in grain prices, with corn prices increasing the most with a 39% increase in real prices (Hochman and Rajagopal, 2014). According to Ferrucci and Jimenez-Rodriguez (2010) oil price changes have the highest pass-through to food commodities and fertilizers among non-energy commodities. ...
The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the relationship between petroleum energy volatility and commodity prices in Ghana, which are indexed (energy grains, meat, and cooking oil), as well as to provide an empirical specification of the impact's direction. With reference to time series literature, the paper examined energy and commodity price connection models such as augmented dickey fuller, granger causality, co-integration, vector autoregressive and the vector error correction models used in estimating the association among petroleum energy volatility and the three selected commodity variables. The paper found that, there is a long run relationship between petroleum energy volatility and commodity prices in Ghana from 2011 to 2022. A single equation error correction model suggested that, petroleum energy shocks increase prices of grains, meat and cooking oil in both the short and long run. Impulse response function and variance decomposition conducted on the variables also suggested that there is both short and long run association between the variables.
... Since the turn of the century, biofuels have become a controversial topic in the public domain and in agricultural and energy research, which evolves into two main trends. The first main body of literature concerns food security and crop prices [2,3], since the primary use of agricultural production has been food consumption. The second concerns ecology and environmental topics [4][5][6][7], such as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), use of land and water compared to just using conventional fossil fuels, and leaving land for food production or provision of environmental services. ...
This study aims to provide a review of the state-of-the-art literature regarding the impact and contributions of corn ethanol on retail gasoline prices in the US. For this, a Systematic Literature Review following Prisma statement was carried out, seeking to answer four research questions: (1) what are the main characteristics of the literature regarding the impact and contributions of ethanol on US retail gasoline prices?; (2) what are the main article clusters identified in the evaluated literature?; (3) what was the numerical impact of Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax Credit/Renewable Fuel Standard (VEETC/RFS) mandate on the price of gasoline and what are the main methods used for calculation in the literature?; (4) what are the main trends and possibly new research directions for this literature? As a result of the characterization of the sample, driving themes such as energy policy, costs, price dynamics, trade and energy market were identified. Furthermore, three main clusters were identified in the sample: (i) impacts of biofuels on commodity prices and general price dynamics; (ii) impact of public policies on the implementation of ethanol and flexibility in formulating fuel blends; and (iii) impact of biofuels on environmental aspects. As a practical implication, the prevailing result in the analyzed literature is that the addition of ethanol reduces the price of gasoline at the pump, and estimates range from no effect to nearly 10% off the price of gasoline. Finally, the topic on the impacts of biofuels on commodity prices and on the general dynamics of prices is the most relevant research line and trend suggested by the proposed Research Agenda.
... The prices of commodities may vary; thus, producers may obtain higher or lower revenue due to market fluctuations or volatility. In turn, market fluctuations or volatility are caused by, among other factors, production or external factors, such as exchange rate variations or increased food consumption 49,50 . AS-I had the highest mean annual pesticide costs, approximately 21% of the total cost (US$ 254). ...
Crop rotation with species diversification contributes to the control of pests, diseases and weeds and improves soil fertility and conservation, which can lead to increased profitability in grain production systems. The objectives of this study were to determine whether grain production systems that employ crop rotation with species diversification are more productive and profitable than double-cropping rotations without diversification and to analyze the revenues and production costs of these cropping systems. An experiment was conducted in a region with subtropical climate between the crop years of 2014–2015 and 2019–2020. The experiment consisted of a randomized block design with six treatments and four replicates. The treatments consisted of six grain production systems, including five rotations with varied levels of species diversification and a corn–soybean rotation without species diversification, all under no-tillage. Productivity, revenue, production cost and profit indicators were analyzed. Productivity was compared by Duncan’s test (p ≤ 0.05). The grain production systems with species diversification showed better productivity and profitability than the corn–soybean system. The profit of the systems with species diversification was on average 37% higher than that of the system with corn–soybean rotation. In summary, grain production systems that employ crop rotation with species diversification showed higher productivity and profitability than the corn–soybean rotation without species diversification.
... The rise in biofuel production is responsible for the rise in the prices of agricultural commodities (Paris 2018). But the main drivers of supply-side shocks are the rise in global oil prices and the increase in the agricultural commodity prices due to drought and climate change (Hochman et al. 2014). ...
... The impact of the oil demand shock on the change in prices of egg, cocoa, papaya, rubber, and tomato is between 2 and 4 months and for palm oil and rice is about 6 months. Palm oil, the main source of biofuels in Malaysia, responds to the oil demand shock positively or negatively, consistent with the finding of the study conducted by Hochman et al. (2014) for ethanol. Paris (2018) also showed that greater demand for biofuels leads to higher agricultural commodity prices. ...
Few studies have differentiated oil demand shocks from oil supply shocks in the literature that has investigated the impacts of these issues on the prices of agricultural products. This study attempts to investigate this problem by employing a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) technique on Malaysian data from January 1993 to December 2019. We found that the reactions of agricultural commodity prices to the changes in global oil prices largely depend on whether they result from oil demand shocks or oil supply shocks. Global oil demand shocks before the food price crisis (2006–2008) can explain a large share of the changes in prices of agricultural products, while after that period, their capacity to explain these changes becomes much weaker. After the food crisis period, the contribution of the oil supply shock to changes in the prices of agricultural products is higher than that of the oil demand shock. We can conclude that the role of oil supply in the economy in explaining changes in the prices of agricultural commodities is stronger after the food price crisis. This is because Malaysia’s economy, as a net oil exporter, benefits from higher oil prices resulting in higher demand for agricultural products and, consequently, higher prices for agricultural commodities.
... These findings are congruent with previous work [9] which suggest that legumes such as mungbeans and chickpeas would be most profitable options when income uncertainties are taken into account. Potential future surge in production and supply of grain-legumes at the expense of cereals would exert significant pressure on demand and supply dynamics at global and domestic levels [94][95], resulting in decreased legume prices [96] and spikes in prices for cereals [97][98] and cereal end-products (e.g., durum-based pasta, Gal [95], Freebairn [99]). ...
... These findings are congruent with previous work [9] which suggest that legumes such as mungbeans and chickpeas would be most profitable options when income uncertainties are taken into account. Potential future surge in production and supply of grain-legumes at the expense of cereals would exert significant pressure on demand and supply dynamics at global and domestic levels [94][95], resulting in decreased legume prices [96] and spikes in prices for cereals [97][98] and cereal end-products (e.g., durum-based pasta, Gal [95], Freebairn [99]). ...
The climate crisis challenges farmer livelihoods as increasingly frequent extreme weather events impact the quantum and consistency of crop production. Here, we develop a novel paradigm to raise whole farm profit by optimising manifold variables that drive the profitability of irrigated grain farms. We build then invoke a new decision support tool—WaterCan Profit—to optimise crop type and areas that collectively maximise farm profit. We showcase four regions across a climate gradient in the Australian cropping zone. The principles developed can be applied to cropping regions or production systems anywhere in the world. We show that the number of profitable crop types fell from 35 to 10 under future climates, reflecting the interplay between commodity price, yield, crop water requirements and variable costs. Effects of climate change on profit were not related to long-term rainfall, with future climates depressing profit by 11–23% relative to historical climates. Impacts of future climates were closely related to crop type and maturity duration; indeed, many crop types that were traditionally profitable under historical climates were no longer profitable in future. We demonstrate that strategic whole farm planning of crop types and areas can yield significant economic benefits. We suggest that future work on drought adaptation consider genetic selection criteria more diverse than phenology and yield alone. Crop types with (1) higher value per unit grain weight, (2) lower water requirements and (3) higher water-use efficiency are more likely to ensure the sustainability and prosperity of irrigated grain production systems under future climates.
... Global market price GIRFs to a positive stock-to-use shock The critical role of stocks-to-use ratios in driving price spikes and volatility has been studied and documented in various papers such as [42][43][44]. ...
... The critical role of stocks-to-use ratios in driving price spikes and volatility has been studied and documented in various papers such as [42][43][44]. ...
The objective of this paper is to combine cross-commodity and spatial price transmission analysis to study the dynamics of the global cereal feed market during the COVID-19 pandemic. After reviewing the nascent literature on the impact of COVID-19 on agricultural markets, we discuss the different impact channels on prices. Then, we provide stylized market reactions of three relevant feed markets, wheat, barley, and maize, to a set of simulated possible future shocks on oil prices, stock-to-use ratios, and export restrictions. These three shocks are useful to assess what could be the consequences of policy responses to COVID-19 (export restrictions) or the disruptions due to the virus (stock-to-use reductions), in a context of lower oil prices. To generate these market reactions, we use a Global Vector Auto Regression (GVAR) model where each market is modelled independently, and connected through trade-based composite variables. We expand the work on the global wheat market by introducing maize and barley. The results of the empirical analysis indicate that the fall in the oil price may have contributed to the stability of the world grain market in early 2020, despite fears of supply chain disruption. We also note that export restrictions could significantly increase global prices, and that such restrictions could affect more than the targeted commodity, through significant cross-commodity price linkages.
... A combination of high commodity crop prices, rising global food demand and technological advances, has transformed the scale of global crop production (Hochman et al., 2014). Certain crops are becoming more prevalent taking into consideration monoculture mainstreaming in agricultural production globally. ...
p class="042abstractstekst"> Large scale crops like maize, soybean, wheat and rice have changed the ecosystems worldwide, causing a major impact on global agricultural diversity. Intensive farming includes wide range of synthetic substances which are very often applied irrationally and excessively. Given the prevalence of large-scale farming in world agriculture, it is necessary to begin the transition from conventional crop protection to integrated pest management (IPM) in these agroecosystems. One of the most important components of IPM are biological control measures with augmentative release of commercially available species of the genus Trichogramma Westwood, 1833 (Hymentoptera: Trichogrammatidae) as potentially successful and environmentally friendly methods. Besides Trichogramma, many other beneficial organisms are constantly being tested as potential biocontrol agents such as Chrysopa spp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Orius spp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). Minimizing the use of chemicals and replacing them with biological plant protection is fully in line with the agriculture development strategy and confirmed to be achievable in practice. It is especially important to apply such tactical decisions in the production of large-scale crops, which, at the same time, represent the biggest polluters of the environment as well. </p
