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2. Homoeologous chromosome segregation and crossing over ar anaphase I during meiosis of interspecific hybrids of lily. (a) Anaphase I segregation of homoeologous chromosomes confirmed the occurrence of single crossover, three strand double and four strand double crossovers. (b) Anaphase I segregation of homoeologous chromosomes illustrated the happening of two strand double and four strand double crossovers. (c) Anaphase I segregation of pollen mother cells indicated the happening of single crossover and a two strand double crossover; (d) Anaphase I segregation of pollen mother cells in meiosis revealed the occurrence of single, three strand double, four strand double and multiple crossovers
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Near-haploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia is seen in <1% of cases and carries an unfavorable prognosis. We report a case in an 18-year old male. He presented with two abnormal clones, one with 27–28 and one with 54–56 chromosomes. Near-haploidy (27–28) carries a poor prognosis and hyperdiploidy (>50) has a good prognosis. The correct diagnosis was...
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Citations
... Besides other unregularities (chromosome deviations, genetic incompatibility, irregular chromosome sequence, chromosome passages, chromosome covering, and unbalanced moves of chromosomes), sterile F1 hybrids (improper chromosome binding) occur as a result of interspecific hybridization which is a major consequence (Ishizaka 1994;Asano 1982;Xie 2012 ...
... Straggler and various chromosomal-shaped patterns were observing data anaphase-telophase. Isochromes formation as a result of several irregularities (rupture and blend chromosome) during meiosis was also noted in interspecific hybrids (Xie 2012). Other actions of homologous chromosomes (performance and crossing) of Lilium types (F1 LA hybrids) along varietal chromosomal linkage of distinct species were studied too (Zhou et al. 2008a). ...
Lilium is known as one of the most primitive cut flowers produced commercially in diverse regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Most of the cultivars derived from Longiflorum, Asiatic, Trumpet, and Oriental, and their interspecific hybrids (Longiflorum × Asiatic; Oriental × Asiatic; Oriental × Trumpet and Longiflorum × Oriental) are typically derived from Asiatic origin. It is further split into seven diverse subsections based on prime genetic factors: Lilium, Martagon, Archelirion, Pseudolirium, SinoMartagon, Oxypetalum, and Leucolirion. Some of the lilies i.e. L. lancifolium and L. regale are also used for medicinal purposes due to their antioxidant activities and are consumed as vegetables. Evaluation based on genetic diversity for desired traits (flower color, plant structure, biotic and abiotic stresses, growth pattern, etc.) depends on the choice of a researcher's interest. Characterization based on molecular analysis has been reported for different characters like RFLPs (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) to check the hybrid parentage, RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) to evaluate diversity and genome purity ecologically, SSRs (Simple Sequence Repeats) markers performed to check the gene pattern, ISSRs (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats) to spot the mutation causing object and SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) to identify specific loci for population structure or other genetic diversity traits etc. Nowadays, cytogenetic research including fluorescence and genomic in situ hybridization (FISH & GISH) have evolved as evolutionary practices to identify the chromosomes of labeled DNA, the location of genes, and genomic interspecies dissemination. Conservation of Lilium especially the endangered species could be rescued through in situ and ex-situ protection methods for the next generation production, and to keep it safe from the multistresses.
... Studying chromosomes such as the contribution of parental genomes, chromosome number or ploidy level of hybrids and the location of recombination are some important cytogentic functions of in situ hybridization techniques (FISH, GISH) (Zhou, 2007;Lim, 2000;Khan, 2009;Xie, 2012;Ramzan et al., 2017;Silva et al., 2018). Based on genotypic study, the longiflorum hybrid showed better results; additionally, Asiatic hybrids showed significant variations in genomic structure. ...
Lilium, an important ornamental crop, requires genetic and phenotypic assessment in the development of new hybrids. Therefore, genetic (using FISH) and morphological studies were conducted on newly developed hybrids belonging to Lilium genomes (Asiatic, Oriental, longiflorum). Morphological results revealed that all F1 hybrids showed significant differences from one another. Triploid Asiatic hybrids (Brunello × Mapira) showed good phenotypic characteristics and longiflorum hybrids (Bright Tower × Snow Queen) expressed good growth characters. The Brunello × Mapira hybrid was especially superior in root length, number of scales, bulb diameter and bulb weight. Chromosomal studies confirmed that all hybrids were diploid (2x = 24) with 24 chromosomes except the “AA-2” Asiatic hybrid which was triploid (2x = 3x = 36). In our karyotyping results, there was non-significant variation with respect to short arm length and arm length ratio among hybrids, while long arm length and total chromosome length showed significant differences. In the case of 45S signals, the maximum number of 45S rDNAs were found in “Bright Tower × Snow Queen” while the minimum number of 45S signals (2) were found in “Yellow cocotte × Valdisole”. 5S signals were similar in all hybrids except triploid Asiatic hybrids. Thus, newly developed young hybrids can be successfully screened using morphological and FISH analysis. FISH karyotyping identified a triploid Asiatic hybrid which was also superior in phenotypic characteristics.
... This sterility is caused due to low chromosome pairing during meiosis (Ohri and Khoshoo 1983;Ishizaka 1994;Yabuya 1991), besides many other abnormalities, such as chromosome aberrations, genetic incongruity, unbalanced chromosome assortment, chromosome bridges, chromosome lagging during meiosis, and time discrepancy between chromosome movement (Asano 1982a). All these alterations are lethal and lead to sterility, hampering further breeding (Asano 1982a;Hermsen 1984;Xie 2012). ...
... At anaphase-telophase, a large number of laggard chromosomes and different kinds of chromosome bridge configurations were observed. Some other abnormalities were found during meiosis of interspecific lily hybrids by Xie (2012) including chromosome breakage and fusion which lead to the production of isochromosomes. Zhou et al. (2008a) analyzed homologous chromosome behavior and crossover events in the F1 L. longiflorum × Asiatic (LA) hybrids. ...
The genus Lilium consists of approximately 100 species that are distributed throughout the cold and temperate parts of the Northern Hemisphere. It is subdivided into seven sections: Martagon, Pseudolirium, Lilium, Archelirion, Sinomartagon, Leucolirion, and Oxypetalum. The main species are described with their characteristics. The role of these species in the breeding of lilies is presented in an updated crossing polygon. Lily is a model crop for interspecific hybridization studies resulting in a range of techniques such as pollination methods to overcome inhibition of pollen tubes in the style, embryo rescue methods to prevent embryo abortion, and polyploidization methods to overcome F1 sterility. The use of meiotic and mitotic polyploidization for obtaining polyploids and the application of genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) proved the importance of intergenomic recombination for introgression of characters. Molecular breeding has not been implemented in actual breeding yet. Progress is made in the development of markers for breeding of Lilium. Especially the development of massive parallel sequencing methods known as NGS sequencing and the availability of high-throughput marker systems resulted in new genetic maps of lily with markers closely linked to resistance genes (LMoV and Fusarium). During the last 50 years, lily has become worldwide one of the most important flower bulbs and cut flowers. They are mainly cultivated in the Netherlands with bulb production acreage of more than 5000 ha. The assortment of lilies consists of thousands of polyploid cultivars which can be classified in different established hybrid groups (Asiatic, LA, OT, OA, LO, Longiflorum, and Oriental). Recently the double-flowered lilies are a new development.
... Lilium species exhibit great variation in DNA content, ranging from 13.7 to 47.9 pg/1C with an average of 36.0 pg/1C (Bennett and Leitch 2012). Accordingly, the genetic backgrounds of modern hybrids with different ploidies are complicated, and most genetic loci have a high degree of heterozygosity (Zhou 2007;Xie 2012). Furthermore, some hybrids are sterile, especially triploids (Asano 1982). ...
... Four cultivars were introduced from the Netherlands and included three Oriental hybrids (OO) ('Sorbonne', 'Siberia', 'Starfighter'), and one Asiatic hybrid (AA) ('Tiny pudhye'). The remaining two cultivars, a Longiflorum hybrid (LL) ('Baiguang No. 3') was from Japan, and a AA hybrid ('Jinghe') were bred by the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China (Yuan et al. 2016). The three Lilium species native to China were L. henryi, L. sulphureum and L. regale, and were provided by the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China. ...
Pollen viability and stigma receptivity are prerequisites for successful pollination and seed set in flowering plants. In this study, the pollen viabilities and stigma receptivities of nine Lilium genotypes (six cultivars and three species native to China) were assayed by in vitro pollen germination and the benzidine-H2O2 method, respectively. Embryo sac development during anthesis was observed to further ensure the timing of controlled pollination. In addition, the relationship between stigma secretion and stigma receptivity was studied to estimate the pollination time based on phenotype. Anthers cracked on the day of flowering in all genotypes, but pollen germination during anthesis was not observed in Asiatic hybrids excepted for ‘Tiny pudhye’, which exhibited low pollen viability for a short period of time (from 0 to 1 day after anthesis). In the other genotypes, pollen germination rates were highest on anthesis (five of seven genotypes), 0–1 day after anthesis (L. sulphureum), or 0–2 days after anthesis (one Longiflorum hybrid), and then gradually decreased with days after anthesis. While, stigma receptivity first increased and then decreased during anthesis. For most genotypes, stigmas began to be receptive 1 day after anthesis, and all genotypes exhibited stigma receptivity at 2 days after anthesis. The durations of stigma receptivity and strongest stigma receptivity, were genotype dependent, and were 5–8 days and 1–4 days, respectively. Moreover, on the first flowering day, 6 of 7 genotypes had mature embryo sacs, and at the time at which stigmas began to be receptive, all tested genotypes had mature embryo sacs. Some Lilium genotypes showed stigma secretion, which can be a sign of stigma receptivity. Stigmas became receptive and reached highest receptivity within 1 day of the first appearance of secretion on the surface of the stigma and at peaking, respectively. The results of this study are valuable for the implementation of successful Lilium breeding programs.
... In interspecific lily hybrids, the failure of association is the main reason which determines the loss of fertility. In Lilium hybrids, bivalents as well as univalents have been found during meiosis ( Figure 3) and hybrids with high frequency of univalents are generally sterile, and only those which have higher frequency of bivalents show a low level of fertility (Xie, 2012). These elite genotypes can produce few haploid gametes and resulted to diploid progenies in further crosses. ...
... In addition, chromosome breakage and fusion could also be happen in the hybrids, and lead to the production of isochromosomes ( Figure 5). These isochromosomes are the fusion of two arms of the missing chromosomes and showed similar length and 45s rDNA locus (Xie, 2012). ...
The Lily Yearbook of the North American Lily Society 2011-2012, 63: 1-176 contains 25 articles from various authors about Lilium research
... GISH is a sophisticated tool that can discriminate between parental genomes, show an interspecific hybrid's genome organization, and consequently the (promising) recombination locations in chromosomes of allopolyploid and interspecific introgression lines (Jiang et al. 1995). The GISH technique uses the total genomic DNA of a species, in contrast to FISH, where a specific part of the DNA is used as a probe (Xie 2012). In GISH analysis, more DNA is available, and therefore, specific probes are easier to identify and amplify (Peñaloza and Pozzobon 2007). ...
... Chromosome analyses, such as distribution of the parental genomes, location and frequency of recombination, and the number of chromosomes of interspecific hybrids, are important applications of FISH and GISH (Zhou 2007; Lim 2000; Khan 2009; Xie 2012). In Tecoma, interspecific hybridization was carried out by Contreras et al. (2012) to produce new varieties. ...
Key message:
The innovations in chromosome engineering have improved the efficiency of interrogation breeding, and the identification and transfer of resistance genes from alien to native species. Recent advances in molecular biology and cytogenetics have brought revolutionary, conceptual developments in mitosis and meiosis research, chromosome structure and manipulation, gene expression and regulation, and gene silencing. Cytogenetic studies offer integrative tools for imaging, genetics, epigenetics, and cytological information that can be employed to enhance chromosome and molecular genomic research in plant taxa. In situ hybridization techniques, such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH), can identify chromosome morphologies and sequences, amount and distribution of various types of chromatin in chromosomes, and genome organization during the metaphase stage of meiosis. Over the past few decades, various new molecular cytogenetic applications have been developed. The FISH and GISH techniques present an authentic model for analyzing the individual chromosome, chromosomal segments, or the genomes of natural and artificial hybrid plants. These have become the most reliable techniques for studying allopolyploids, because most cultivated plants have been developed through hybridization or polyploidization. Moreover, introgression of the genes and chromatin from the wild types into cultivated species can also be analyzed. Since hybrid derivatives may have variable alien chromosome numbers or chromosome arms, the use of these approaches opens new avenues for accurately identifying genome differences.
... In interspecific lily hybrids, the failure of association is the main reason which determines the loss of fertility. In Lilium hybrids, bivalents as well as univalents have been found during meiosis ( Figure 3) and hybrids with high frequency of univalents are generally sterile, and only those which have higher frequency of bivalents show a low level of fertility (Xie, 2012). These elite genotypes can produce few haploid gametes and resulted to diploid progenies in further crosses. ...
... In addition, chromosome breakage and fusion could also be happen in the hybrids, and lead to the production of isochromosomes ( Figure 5). These isochromosomes are the fusion of two arms of the missing chromosomes and showed similar length and 45s rDNA locus (Xie, 2012). ...
... In interspecific lily hybrids, the failure of association is the main reason which determines the loss of fertility. In Lilium hybrids, bivalents as well as univalents have been found during meiosis ( Figure 3) and hybrids with high frequency of univalents are generally sterile, and only those which have higher frequency of bivalents show a low level of fertility (Xie, 2012). These elite genotypes can produce few haploid gametes and resulted to diploid progenies in further crosses. ...
... In addition, chromosome breakage and fusion could also be happen in the hybrids, and lead to the production of isochromosomes ( Figure 5). These isochromosomes are the fusion of two arms of the missing chromosomes and showed similar length and 45s rDNA locus (Xie, 2012). ...
