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Kunzea toelkenii at type locality, Walker Road (photos: P. J. de Lange). A Growth habit of K. toelkenii within sand dunes at type locality, note extensive suckering growth at base of shrub B Side view of the same K. toelkenii as (A) showed tortured growth and root suckers C Close up of distinctive branching pattern developed by mature K. toelkenii at type locality D–E Bark of K. toelkeniiF Late season functionally male flowers of K. toelkeniiG–H Flowering branchlet of K. toelkenii (an example with longer than usual stamens).
Source publication
A revision of the New Zealand Kunzea ericoides complex is presented. This paper is the final of a series
that has explored the systematics of the New Zealand Kunzea complex using cytological and molecular
variation, as well as experimental hybridisations between postulated segregates. As a result of those
studies ten species, all endemic to New Zea...
Citations
... Interestingly, the soil under kānuka had a consistently higher concentration of NO 3 − down the soil profile than under any other treatment, including irrigated or non-irrigated vegetation, even when TN in the soil was not significantly higher ( Figure 2 and Supplementary Material). This suggests that kānuka, or its associated microorganisms [48], are more efficient at mineralising N from soil organic matter than pine and pasture. This contrasts with previous research indicating a potential nitrification inhibition by kānuka and other Myrtaceae NZ native plants [23,24]. ...
The benefits and risks of irrigation with treated municipal wastewater (TMW) on soil quality and crop production have been largely investigated. However, there is a lack of knowledge on the effect of plant species on the interaction between soil quality and TMW. We leveraged a natural experiment investigating the effect of 30 years of TMW irrigation at a rate of 4 m y−1 (eq. 1860 kg N ha−1 y−1, and 264 kg P ha−1 y−1) on a sandy soil under pine plantation and pasture, compared with soil under New Zealand native Kunzea robusta. There was a consistent increase in soil P with irrigation under both pasture (Olsen P in topsoil 40 mg kg−1 vs. 74 mg kg−1) and pine (18 mg kg−1 vs. 87 mg kg−1), which was significant down to 2 m deep. The pH, electrical conductivity, total organic C and N, inorganic N and Na were affected by both irrigation and vegetation type. Beyond P soil accumulation, there was no evidence of soil degradation by Na or trace element accumulation. Estimations of nutrient mass balance indicated that 80% and 60% of the total applied P was lost under pine and pasture, respectively. This percentage increased to 96% and 83% for N, respectively. Although plant species had a significant effect on soil quality and N and P losses from TMW-irrigated areas, adjusting irrigation rates to levels that can be managed by plants is the only way to design sustainable TMW irrigation schemes.
... In all of the Waitākere locations, the lichen has been found on phorophytes growing in forest that has regenerated from open ground left following the logging of kauri (Agathis australis) forest (Esler & Astridge 1974). While the average longevity of the range of phorophytes is by and large unknown, with the possible exceptions of māmāngi and Sophora fulvida, the other species, notably inihina, mahoe, nīkau and rawirinui are unlikely to live for much longer than 300 years (de Lange 2007;de Lange 2014;Enright & Watson 1992;Wardle 1991). ...
Megalaria crispisulcans A.J. Marshall, Blanchon & de Lange (Ramalinaceae) is described as a new species from populations in Te Ika a Māui / North Island of Aotearoa / New Zealand, and on Rēkohu / Wharekauri / Chatham Island, Aotearoa / New Zealand. The new species is morphologically closely allied to Megalaria orokonuiana, from which it is distinguished by its nrDNA ITS sequence and morphologically by the usual presence of a white prothallus, bright green (when fresh) isidiate thallus and dark black apothecia, whose rims are usually crinkled / undulose at maturity. A phylogeny based on nrDNA ITS sequences is presented that recovers Megalaria crispisulcans as sister to M. orokonuiana. The ecology, habitats and conservation status of M. crispisulcans is provided and an update on the conservation status of M. orokonuiana provided. A revised key to the Aotearoa / New Zealand species of Megalaria is provided.
... Mānuka and kānuka are two examples of taonga (treasured) species used by Māori in this setting. Both mānuka (Leptospermum scoparium J.R. Forst et G. Forst) (de Lange and Schmid, 2021) and kānuka/rawirinui (Kunzea robusta de Lange et Toelken) (de Lange, 2014) (hereafter referred to as kānuka) are members of the Myrtaceae, although the former has attracted much greater international attention for its medicinal properties as a superior antibacterial agent, especially products made from mānuka honey due to the presence of methyl glyoxal (Alvarez-Suarez et al., 2014;Bulman et al., 2017;Mathew et al., 2020). By comparison, kānuka is far less studied, nor is it as well recognised outside of NZ for its potential medical applications. ...
... By comparison, kānuka is far less studied, nor is it as well recognised outside of NZ for its potential medical applications. Note that, as described by de Lange (de Lange, 2014), the name 'kānuka' apparently first appeared in usage from Tairāwhiti about 1871 and even then it was not widely used for species of Kunzea until the 1930s, prior to which the collective name for North Island Kunzea was confusingly 'mānuka'. Sometime after 1930, use of 'mānuka' was switched from Kunzea to Leptospermum (previously widely known as 'kahikatoa'). ...
... Correcting these names to their historic usage would now, with respect to the economically valuable 'mānuka honey' industry, prove problematic so in effect the loss of these names is a problem no longer easily addressed. Nevertheless de Lange (2014) advised that Kunzea robusta might more usefully be called 'rawirinui' -a name once widely used for it by far north iwi (tribes) (Ngāti Kurī, Te Aupōuri, Te Rarawa) and some Ngā Puhi iwi, because that name helps separate that species from the allied 'rawiritoa' (Kunzea amathicola) and 'rawiri' (Kunzea linearis) with which it grows (de Lange, 2014). ...
Kānuka/rawirinui (Kunzea robusta de Lange & Toelken) is an endemic plant species in Aotearoa/New Zealand, which is still used today and traditionally by Māori. Chemical profiling of kānuka essential oils has been performed previously, although comprehensive studies are rare, as is the integration of multiple analytical platforms. In this study, we wished to compare the use of GCMS and NMR metabolomic methods for the analysis of eleven kānuka essential oils, and to apply statistical tools to evaluate how well the data sets corresponded. The main compounds detected were α-pinene (35-59%), p-cymene (0.1-19%), γ-terpinene (not detected-12%), α-terpinolene (0.1-4%), linalool (1-5%), limonene (2-3%), eucalyptol (0.1-7%) and sesquiterpenoid viridiflorol (2-9%). Use of Procrustes analysis to compare the analytical data obtained from a pilot study using both GCMS and NMR metabolomic profiling indicated a high level of correlation between the data sets, suggesting either approach is suitable for analysis of kānuka essential oils in an unbiased fashion. In addition, we also report on the absolute configuration of the major component of the essential oil, (+)-D-α-pinene.
... This study examines a silvopastoral system in New Zealand hill country with kānuka (Kunzea spp.; Mackay-Smith et al., 2021;Mackay-Smith et al., 2022a). Kānuka is a native genus that has 10 endemic species in New Zealand (de Lange, 2014). Kānuka has previously been reported to increase pasture production compared to open pasture positions by over 100% at two sites in New Zealand (Mackay-Smith et al., 2022a). ...
Silvopastoral systems have great potential for forming multifunctional landscapes that provide a range of economic and environmental benefits to pastoral land. However, pasture production–diversity relationships in silvopastures require further exploration.
This study measures how pasture functional group production, pasture species diversity and pasture functional diversity (FD) are impacted by trees in a novel native silvopastoral system in New Zealand hill country with kānuka (Kunzea spp.).
Silvopastoral trees facilitated the growth of fast‐growing competitor functional groups (Lolium perenne, Dactylis glomerata and high fertility annuals: Bromus hordeaceus and Critesion murinum), because of positive impacts on soil fertility, organic matter and porosity.
Shannon diversity, species richness and species evenness were significantly less in the more productive pastoral environment under the trees, but functional richness, functional evenness and functional dispersion were similar between kānuka pasture and open pasture.
These results show that silvopastures can increase pasture production by promoting the growth of competitive pasture functional groups, and that reduced species diversity under silvopastoral trees does not necessarily impact FD in the context of production. Moreover, species indices overestimated diversity reductions under the trees compared to functional indices. Thus, considering FD in silvopastoral systems is integral for not misinterpreting diversity outcomes.
... It is worth mentioning that finding types and making correct type designations for many of the names described by early New Zealand-based botanists, such as William Colenso (1811Colenso ( -1899, Thomas Kirk (1828-1898, and John Buchanan (1819-1898), among others, are often complex tasks (see Adams 2002, Brownsey 1979, Lehnebach 2012, de Lange 2014, 2016. Regarding J. Buchanan, three Celmisia taxa he described are included in this work for which types have not been found. ...
As part of ongoing taxonomic studies on the subtribe Celmisiinae, a nomenclatural analysis of names validly published in Celmisia subgenera Caespitosae, Glandulosae and Lignosae is presented, including 10 new lectotypifications.
... Inflorescences are classified based on the presence and size of foliage leaves or bracts as frondose (leafy), bracteate (with bracts), or ebracteate (without bracts). Additionally, based on location, there are pherophylls (covering leaves on the inflorescence axis, with flowers formed in their axils), bracts (developing on the flower peduncle), and bracteoles (secondary bracts subtending a flower within inflorescence) [38]. The same leaf series structure of an inflorescence can be referred to with different terms, depending on the morphological approach and the goals of the study. ...
The morphostructure of inflorescences in the genus Coelogyne Lindl. was studied for the first time using a structural-rhythmological approach. Three species of Coelogyne were used to describe one-season, intercalary, and all-season inflorescences. In C. monilirachis, a new type of all-season inflorescence was identified, characterized by a prolonged sympodial growth of the rachis, lack of a pronounced dormant period, and thickening of all rachis internodes except the first. This inflorescence has been determined to be a compound monochasial cyme, with each floral unit represented by a separate flower. C. ovalis has a one-season inflorescence, with the floral unit being a determinate bracteous spike (stachyoid), and C. prolifera developed intercalary inflorescences united in an indeterminate bracteous spike.
... Joy Thomps., a widespread, morphologically variable tree with two named varieties. A recent revision of Kunzea in New Zealand recognised 10 species (de Lange 2014) (Table 1), and these have subsequently been promoted (Dawson et al. 2019; de Lange 2020). However, as discussed by Heenan et al. (2021), there have been problems with applying the revision in that many populations are difficult to attribute to a species. ...
... However, as discussed by Heenan et al. (2021), there have been problems with applying the revision in that many populations are difficult to attribute to a species. This difficulty was recognised in the 2014 revision as inter-specific hybrids were frequently identified and widespread 'introgressed hybrid swarms' common (de Lange 2014). ...
... Based on the results of the microsatellite study (Heenan et al. 2021), in this new investigation we hypothesise that geographically proximate populations will be each other's closest relatives and will reflect phylogeographic patterns irrespective of the taxonomy. The null hypothesis is that the populations will be grouped by their probable species assignment based on de Lange (2014). ...
In vascular plant systematics there are sometimes conflicts between phenotypic and ecotypic variation and genetic differentiation that challenge species concepts, introduce taxonomic confusion, and create nomenclatural uncertainty. Until a 2014 taxonomic revision that segregated Kunzea ericoides into 10 species, it and K. sinclairii were the only species recognised in New Zealand. A recent DNA microsatellite study failed to support any of the new species, instead revealing biogeographic variation. Here we present the results of a genotyping by sequencing study with 1,361 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), sampling 48 populations representing four Kunzea species from South Island and southern North Island. The SNP study confirms the microsatellite findings: the two widespread species, K. robusta and K. serotina, are indistinguishable and share northern and southern genotypes with other species; a single metapopulation lineage reflects a national north-to-south clinal pattern; and population differentiation is low and net migration high. A significant isolation by distance pattern was revealed with SNPs. The 2014 revision was explicitly based on the unified species concept, but the primary criterion, that each species represents a separate metapopulation lineage, was not demonstrated. Species recognition was based on morphological and ecological criteria that have proved difficult to apply. Applying the unified species concept and the primary criterion of a single metapopulation genetic lineage, we now recognise just a single New Zealand species, K. ericoides, with other species constituting taxonomic synonyms. In doing so, we distinguish a grey zone of taxonomic uncertainty that reflects incomplete lineage sorting, gene flow coupled with a lack of reproductive isolation, and only partial ecotypic and phenotypic differentiation. As demonstrated in the Kunzea revision, there is considerable phenotypic and ecotypic variation in regional populations that is likely to be of ecological and conservation importance. We suggest informal ecotypes are a better way to recognise this level of variation.
... Aotearoa / New Zealand has 29 indigenous Myrtaceae in five genera de Lange & Rolfe 2010;de Lange 2014;Schönberger et al. 2021); all are endemic, with the possible exception of Leptospermum scoparium J.R.Forst. et G.Forst., which, as currently circumscribed (Thompson 1989;Sykes 2016), extends to Australia and Rarotonga (Cook Islands), though de Lange & , on the basis of genetic analyses published by Buys et al. (2019), treated it as endemic to Aotearoa / New Zealand. ...
The invasive rust Austropuccinia psidii, responsible for myrtle rust disease, poses a serious threat to the New Zealand Myrtaceae. Since the 2017 detection of Austropuccinia psidii in Aotearoa / New Zealand, the rust has spread rapidly, resulting in the decline and death of a range of indigenous Myrtaceae, most notably
the two species of the endemic genus Lophomyrtus, ramarama (L. bullata) and rōhutu (L. obcordata). While the threat Austropuccinia psidii poses to Lophomyrtus is now widely recognised, the indirect impact the rust has on the associated biota is poorly understood. Very little has been documented about the biota found in association with Lophomyrtus. To rectify this, we undertook a survey of the specimens held in three of the key Aotearoa / New Zealand herbaria that had been collected from Lophomyrtus. This was supplemented by field work in eight sites in western Te Ika a Maui / North Island, and north-western Te Wai Pounamu / South Island of Aotearoa / New Zealand. Although the herbarium searches located few specimens, and field work was limited to a few sample points within the range of Lophomyrtus, we found 221 taxa associated with Lophomyrtus, 176 taxa on ramarama, 81 on rōhutu and one on the naturally occurring hybrid between these two species Lophomyrtus ×ralphii. Of the 176 taxa found on ramarama, 59 are bryophytes (one hornwort, 33 liverworts and 25 mosses), five pteridophytes, 16 spermatophytes and 96 are lichenised mycobiota. Rōhutu supported 81 taxa: comprising one cyanobacterium, one alga, twenty- nine bryophytes (17 liverworts and 12 mosses), four pteridophytes, two spermatophytes and 44 lichenised mycobiota. Wild populations of Lophomyrtus ×ralphii were not investigated, and herbarium searches only disclosed one plant, the mistletoe Korthalsella lindsayi, associated with it. Several lichens and liverworts collected from Lophomyrtus represent potentially new species, and Lepra erythrella is a new addition to the lichenised mycobiota of Aotearoa / New Zealand. None of the putative new species are endemic to Lophomyrtus.
... Melissopalynology-the pollen analysis of honey-is widely applied internationally, especially in Europe and America, in combination with chemical, physical, and sensory characters to indicate the approximate contributions of nectar from various plants to the honey [6][7][8][9]. However, using melissopalynology techniques to determine the nectar contribution of As a result of these findings, in 2016 we set out to examine in detail the pollen morphology of the 10 New Zealand Kunzea species recently established by de Lange [11], and pollen from Leptospermum scoparium and putative segregates from that species, covering a wide geographic spread of populations throughout the New Zealand range, to determine: ...
... Our size measurements of Kunzea pollen tend to be larger than those previously reported by de Lange [11]. This is likely due to the acetolysis treatment applied in this study, which tends to enlarge pollen grains [42,43]. ...
... grains. It is hard to assess the range of the coverage of McIntyre's specimens, taking the new taxonomic revision of Kunzea into account [11]. Another observation by McIntyre [23], that the colpi are more frequently parasyncolpate in Kunzea than in Leptospermum scoparium s.l., is confirmed by the present study. ...
The very similar appearance of pollen of the New Zealand Myrtaceous taxa Leptospermum scoparium s.l. (mānuka) and Kunzea spp. (kānuka) has led palynologists to combine them in paleoecological and melissopalynological studies. This is unfortunate, as differentiation of these taxa would improve understanding of past ecological change and has potential to add value to the New Zealand honey industry, where mānuka honey attracts a premium price. Here, we examine in detail the pollen morphology of the 10 Kunzea species and a number of Leptospermum scoparium morphotypes collected from around New Zealand, using light microscopy, SEM, and Classifynder (an automated palynology system). Our results suggest that at a generic level the New Zealand Leptospermum and Kunzea pollen can be readily differentiated, but the differences between pollen from the morphotypes of Leptospermum or between the species of Kunzea are less discernible. While size is a determinant factor–equatorial diameter of Leptospermum scoparium pollen is 19.08 ± 1.28 μm, compared to 16.30 ± 0.95 μm for Kunzea spp.–other criteria such as surface texture and shape characteristics are also diagnostic. A support vector machine set up to differentiate Leptospermum from Kunzea pollen using images captured by the Classifynder system had a prediction accuracy of ~95%. This study is a step towards future melissopalynological differentiation of mānuka honey using automated pollen image capture and classification approaches.
... and Leptospermum J.R.Forst. et G.Forst (Myrtaceae) (Dawson and Lucas, 2011;de Lange, 2014;Kirk, 1899;Riley, 1994). These taonga (treasured species (Anon, 1998)) are listed together in the main written compilation of mātauranga Māori (Māori traditional knowledge) on rongoā (medicines) (Riley, 1994), but some tohunga (healers) do distinguish Kunzea (generally kānuka or white mānuka) from Leptospermum (mānuka or red mānuka) (confidential pers. ...
... linearis (Kirk) (Fig. 2); K. amathicola, K. robusta and K. serotina occur in both main islands of NZ; K. triregenis is endemic to Manawa/Three Kings Islands; K. sinclairii is endemic to Aotea; and. K. linearis, K. salterae, K. tenuicaulis and K. toelkenii are endemic to Te Ika-a-Māui (de Lange, 2014). This revision was based on a combination of cytogenetic, molecular and hybridization experiments, and morphological and ecological data (de Lange, 2014;de Lange et al., 2005de Lange et al., , 2010de Lange and Murray, 2004). ...
... K. linearis, K. salterae, K. tenuicaulis and K. toelkenii are endemic to Te Ika-a-Māui (de Lange, 2014). This revision was based on a combination of cytogenetic, molecular and hybridization experiments, and morphological and ecological data (de Lange, 2014;de Lange et al., 2005de Lange et al., , 2010de Lange and Murray, 2004). Notably these studies found that NZ Kunzea, though distinct from Australian members of the K. ericoides complex, are very closely related to each other. ...
Kunzea (Myrtaceae) trees and shrubs, generally called kanuka, grow across most of Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ). With the exception of K. sinclairii, an offshore island endemic, k¯anuka had been treated as an Australasian species K. ericoides. However, a 2014 taxonomic revision recognized ten species, all endemic to NZ. Kanuka chemistry is
less studied than that of its closest relative in NZ, m¯anuka (Leptospermum scoparium), which shows very distinct regional foliage chemotypes. We have used a miniaturized method with GC and 1H NMR to analyze foliage chemistry of voucher specimens from across the geographic ranges of the ten NZ Kunzea species. We found common mono- and sesquiterpenes, with α-pinene dominant in all samples, but only traces of antimicrobial triketones. Two unusual flavanones, with unsubstituted B-rings and known bioactivity against Phytophthora, did distinguish some of the samples. 5,7-Dihydroxy-6,8-dimethyl flavanone was only found at high concentrations in the three K. sinclairii samples in this study’s sample set, but this compound has separately been reported in K. robusta samples from a nearby region. Therefore none of the New Zealand Kunzea species was distinguished by the chemistry analyzed in this study, but there is a possibility of regional flavonoid chemotypes cutting across the species boundaries.
