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Historical earthquakes that occurred in Kahramanmaraş and its surround (modified from Ambrseys, 1988; Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998; Tan et al., 2008; Duman and Emre, 2013; abbreviations: ST, Shebalin and Tatevossian, 1997; KU, Kondorskaya and Ulomov, 1999; EG, Guidoboni et al., 1994; AM, Ambraseys, 1988; AJ, Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998).
Source publication
Major tectonics on the Kahramanmaraş region are the northern strand of EAFZ (Sürgü fault zone,
Çardak segment, Savrun segment and Toprakkale segment) and the southern strand of EAFZ (Gölbaşı
segment, Amanos sgment), Engizek Fault Zone, Kahramanmaraş Fault Zone and The Narlı segment of
DSFZ. An earthquake, occurred in Kahramanmaraş, 1795, is mention...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the annual displacement of the Çardak Fault is 2 mm (Menekşe, 2016). In and around Kahramanmaraş; the earthquakes with M=7,4 in 1513 on Gölbaşı segment (Ambrseys, 1988) and M=6,8 in 1544 on Çardak Fault ( Kondorsskaya and Ulomow, 1999) take place in historical records before the earthquake mentioned in the manuscript (Demirtaş and Erkmen, 2000;Duman and Emre, 2013; Figure 5). The maximum slip rate on the EAFZ is accepted as 6 mm/y. ...
Similar publications
The area of investigation is located on the south-eastern shore of Lake Van in Eastern Turkey where a destructive
earthquake took place on 23rd October, 2011 (Mw = 7.1). Following the earthquake, different source mechanisms,
deformations, and types of faulting have been suggested by different scientists. In this research, Edremit district and
vicin...
Citations
... On the other hand, some morphological features ascertained through field research help to identify the sources of historical earthquakes relatively. Moreover, geometric parameters such as rupture lengths and terminations are usually associated with segments delimited by the releasing and restraining bends observed on the surface morphology (Ambraseys, 1989;Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998;Tan et al., 2008;Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). When historical earthquake catalogs were evaluated together as a result of morphological features and field observations, it was observed that no devastating earthquakes (magnitude of > 7) occurred along the Pazarcık segment for more than 500 years (Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). ...
... Moreover, geometric parameters such as rupture lengths and terminations are usually associated with segments delimited by the releasing and restraining bends observed on the surface morphology (Ambraseys, 1989;Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998;Tan et al., 2008;Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). When historical earthquake catalogs were evaluated together as a result of morphological features and field observations, it was observed that no devastating earthquakes (magnitude of > 7) occurred along the Pazarcık segment for more than 500 years (Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). According to catalogs, the last devastating earthquake (M 7.8) along the Pazarcık segment could be placed in 1114 (Ambraseys, 1989;Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998;Guidoboni and Comastri, 2005). ...
... However, the simplified equation proposed by ASCE 7-2016 [70] also estimates the fundamental period at approximately 0.53 s for 5-story structures and 1.08 s for 10-story structures, aligning closely with the periods calculated using Eq. (2). Furthermore, the uncertainties inherent in ground-motion simulations and site response analyses (e.g., convolution and deconvolution analyses) have the potential to impact the estimated values of SA at stations 4623 and 4626. ...
This study investigates the ground-motion analysis and local site effects in Kahramanmaras city during the 6 Feb 2023 Turkey–Syria earthquake sequence. The damage distribution was non-uniform, concentrated in an area with 8–10-story buildings on alluvial soil. Comparison between the recorded data and several ground-motion models examined in this study indicates that ground-motion models predict the spectral accelerations around 3 times less than what observed during the first event. Site response analyses are carried out for three sequential earthquakes with magnitudes greater than 6.5 occurred on 6th of February 2023. Deconvolution analysis shows that the peak ground acceleration of bedrock motions correlates with distance: 0.1 g farthest, 0.3 g nearest, and ~ 0.2 g intermediary stations in Kahramanmaras city. The results of convolution analysis indicate that the ground surface spectral acceleration of the first event is the dominant spectra compared to the second and third events for periods less than 4 s. The results of site response analysis show that the 10-story buildings tolerated a spectral acceleration upto 0.85 g which is ~ 1.8 times greater than what is recommended by the available national design spectrum (i.e., the 2007 Turkey seismic design code). This means that the recorded motions in Kahramanmaras city have return periods larger than the 475 years of the Turkish seismic design code.
... On the other hand, some morphological features through field research help to find out the source of historical earthquake relatively. Moreover, geometric parameters such as rupture lengths and terminations are usually associated with segments delimited by the releasing and restraining bends observed on the surface morphology (Ambraseys, 1989;Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998;Tan et al., 2008;Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). When historical earthquake catalogs are evaluated together as a result of morphological features and field observations, there was no devastating earthquakes (magnitude>7) occurred along the Pazarcık segment more than 500 years (Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). ...
... Moreover, geometric parameters such as rupture lengths and terminations are usually associated with segments delimited by the releasing and restraining bends observed on the surface morphology (Ambraseys, 1989;Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998;Tan et al., 2008;Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). When historical earthquake catalogs are evaluated together as a result of morphological features and field observations, there was no devastating earthquakes (magnitude>7) occurred along the Pazarcık segment more than 500 years (Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). According to the cataloges, the last devastating earthquake (M7.8) along the Pazarcık segment could be placed in 1114 (Ambraseys 1989;Ambraseys and Jackson 1998;Guidoboni and Comastri 2005). ...
https://online-journals.tubitak.gov.tr/earth/accepted.htm;jsessionid=613C05AEA2170A027C4B05BE6CA8BC96
... Şekil 1. 6-9 Şubat 2023 tarihleri arasında gerçekleşen deprem aktiviteleri [1] Şekil 2. Türkiye deprem tehlikeleri haritası ve yerleşim yerlerinin tehlike seviyeleri [2] [3] Pazarcık (Mw 7.7) depremi (TSİ 04.17-GMT +03:00) Pazarcık ...
... Big black arrow indicates plate motion with respect to the Eurasian plate [38], b) Tectonic map of Eastern Anatolia, and historical and instrumental seismicity along the EAF. Historical earthquakes modified from Ambraseys, 1989;Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). Instrumental seismicity from (KOERI, 2020). ...
Turkey is a country where earthquakes are frequent for it is at the junction of a number of tectonic plates. There have been more than 130 recorded destructive earthquakes during the 20th and 21st centuries and they have caused enormous damage. One of the most destructive was the one that hit the east of the country on 24 January 2020. The epicenter of this magnitude 6.8 earthquake was in the town of Sivrice in Elazığ. Sivrice earthquake did not produce primary surface rupture; however, triggered landslides and liquefaction over an area of ~55 km2. The 24 January 2020 earthquake, now known as the Sivrice earthquake, caused substantial human and material losses. Despite the fact that there is a considerable amount of papers available about the Sivrice earthquake, none presents a detailed account of the extensive impact of the Sivrice earthquake its significance. The present study will discuss in detail for the first time the overall impacts of the disaster. It will, therefore, begin with a description of the earthquake and tectonic setting of the area. It then will give an overall assessment of the impact of the earthquake: the direct and indirect losses. Finally, it will review the policy for sustainable management of earthquakes in Turkey.
... To the west of Ç elikhan, the locations and rupture extents of the 1795 (M7.0) event on the Pazarcık 1893 (M7.1) event on the Erkenek 1872 (M7.2) event on the Amanos segments are poorly known (Duman & Emre 2013, Fig. 2). The rupture lengths and terminations are usually associated with segments delimited by the releasing and restraining bends observed on the surface morphology (Ambraseys 1989;Ambraseys & Jackson 1998;Tan et al. 2008;Palutoglu & Şaşmaz 2017). ...
The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is a 700 km long left-lateral transform fault located between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The proximity of the Euler Pole to the Arabia-Anatolia plate boundary leads to rapid changes in plate velocity along the boundary, which is manifested by the decreasing slip rates from east (10 mm/yr) to west (∼1-4 mm/yr). The EAF displays heterogeneous seismicity patterns with seismic gaps, localized clusters and broad diffuse zones. In this study, in order to understand the origin of these complexities and quantify the seismic hazard along the EAF, we present an improved seismicity catalog with more than 26.000 earthquakes and 160 focal mechanisms from regional moment tensor inversion between 2007 and 2020. The focal mechanisms and seismicity show that the EAF dips toward north and forms a well-defined plate boundary in the east between Palu and Çelikhan with almost pure left-lateral motion. Further west, the boundary becomes broader with activity along subparallel faults. Focal mechanisms show heterogeneous stress orientations in consistence with geodetically determined strain rate field. The stress orientations show a transition from strike-slip to extension toward the west of Çelikhan. Amongst all segments of EAF, the Pütürge segment, which holds the near-repeating earthquakes in the vicinity of the nucleation of the 2020 Mw6.8 earthquake, is distinguished with its steady and high rate of seismicity. Further east, the neighboring Palu segment is characterized by several distinct moderate earthquakes. We do not observe any change in the seismicity rate on these segments of the EAF following large earthquakes. In order to quantify the seismic hazard along the EAF, we calculate the recurrence time and maximum magnitude for each segment by using an extended seismicity catalog of 150 years including the large historical earthquakes and the geodetic strain rate. The results show ∼150 year recurrence time with Mmax∼6.7-7.0 along the seismically active Palu and Pütürge segments on the east, while relatively silent western segments yield longer recurrence times; 237- 772 for Pazarcık and 414-917 for Amanos segments with slightly larger magnitudes (Mmax∼7-7.4). We infer that the seismicity patterns and strain-rate field along the EAF are shaped by several factors such as strong geometrical irregularities, heterogeneous coupling and complex plate motion leading to rapid change of fault slip rate.
... EAFZ, in which destructive earthquakes developed in the historical period, is more silent than the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) with medium-magnitude Figure 2. Location of the study area within the tectonic scheme of eastern Turkey. Segmentation of the East Anatolian Fault Zone and other major structural elements in the region (Duman and Emre, 2013) with historical (Ambraseys, 1989;Ambraseys and Finkel, 1995;Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998;Tan et al., 2008;Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017) and instrumental (AFAD) earthquake locations on the East Anatolian Fault Zone. ...
: The Eastern Anatolian Fault Zone (EAFZ), having a prominent place in the tectonic evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean,
is a structural element of tectonic indentor due to the convergence between the African-Arabian plates and the Eurasian Plate. This
study investigates the central part of EAFZ between Doğanyol (Malatya) and Çelikhan (Adıyaman). The geometry of the fault and the
morphotectonic structures were determined by the field studies. Moreover, fault-slip data are measured according to the fault planes
along the deformation zone for paleostress analysis. The paleostress analysis revealed three deformation phases that developed from
the Late Eocene to the present due to the convergence between the Arabian Plate and the Anatolian Block. The first deformation phase
is characterized by NW-SE compressional stress between Late Eocene and Late Oligocene periods. The second deformation phase is
related to N-S compressional stress from the Middle Miocene to Pliocene. The most recent deformation phase shows the strike-slip
faulting under the NNE-SSW compressional stress from the Late Pliocene to the present. The EAFZ developed during the last phase
of these deformation stages. In addition, elongated ridges parallel to the fault, sinistral offsets of drainage networks, linear valleys, and
fault terraces observed along the segment show that the study area exhibits active tectonic morphology of the EAFZ. The distribution of
seismic activity that occurred during and after the recent mainshock (24 January 2020, Sivrice-Doğanyol earthquake) is compatible with
the geometry of the segment and confirms strongly the active tectonics of the segment.
Key words: East Anatolian Fault Zone, paleostress analysis, deformation phase, Sivrice-Doğanyol earthquake
... The available structural schemes set the triple junction of Arabia-Anatolia-Africa close to Kahramanmaras (Sengor et al. 1985). Kahramanmaras city is surrounded by active faults of the southern and northern branches of the EAFZ (Amanos segment, Golbasi-Turkoglu segment, Surgu segment, Savrun segment, Cardak segment, Toprakkale segment, and Cokak segment), Kahramanmaras Fault Zone, Engizek Fault Zone, and Narlı segment of the DSFZ (Palutoglu and Sasmaz 2017). ...
This paper presents a study on the seismic site classification map using the geophysical tests in Kahramanmaras city located at a place where African, Anatolian, and Arabian plates meeting in southern-central Turkey. Generating seismic site classification maps in accordance with National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) has become a more significant criterion for earthquake hazard estimations. The SPT-N values obtained from the field studies at 287 boreholes within the upper 30 m were used to describe the subsurface conditions in the region. The shear wave velocity (VS) values in the study area were obtained by implementing Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) and Microtremor Array Method (MAM) measurements tests. An approach proposed by Boore (Boore, Bull Seismol Soc Am 94:591–597, 2004) for the cases where the VS measurements do not reach 30 m depth has also been adopted by correlating the shallow shear wave velocity with VS30. The resulting site classification maps estimate that the study area is predominantly classified as soil site class C, while the small areas were rarely classified as soil site class D and B. Furthermore, a systematic analysis based on a comparative study of the present research and the published correlations for seismic site classification with VS30 values has been carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS). Evidently, the VS30 based seismic site classification maps could be effectively used by researchers and engineers for the purpose of land-use planning and urban development in earthquake-prone regions.
... e available structural schemes set the triple junction of Arabian, Anatolian, and African plates at the northern Karasu valley, nearby the study area [17]. e study area is surrounded by active faults of the EAFZ (i.e., Surgu Segment, Savrun Segment, Cardak Segment, Toprakkale Segment, Cokak Segment, Amanos Segment, and Golbasi Segment), Kahramanmaras Fault Zone, Engizek Fault Zone, and Narli segment of the Dead Sea Fault Zone (DSFZ) [18]. e Engizek Fault Zone with a length of 66 km locates in north of the study area [19,20]. ...
... Nalbant et al. [22] studied the KM zone (the area between Kahramanmaras and Malatya), which has gathered significant amount of stress during the last 200 years; thus the magnitude of a possible earthquake along the segment ruptured by 1114 (Mw > 7.8) and 1513 (Mw > 7.4) earthquakes is expected to be larger than 7.3. Palutoglu and Sasmaz [18] pointed out that another destructive earthquake in the vicinity of study area took place in 1795 with a magnitude of 7.0 ( Figure 2). Accordingly, Golbasi-Turkoglu Segment, the KFZ, the Engizek Fault, and the Cardak Fault come to the forefront. ...
Assessment of seismic site classification (SSC) using either the average shear wave velocity (VS30) or the average SPT-N values (N30) for upper 30 m in soils is the simplest method to carry out various studies including site response and soil-structure interactions. Either the VS30- or the N30-based SSC maps designed according to the National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) classification system are effectively used to predict possible locations for future seismic events. The main goal of this study is to generate maps using the Geographic Information System (GIS) for the SSC in Kahramanmaras city, influenced by both East Anatolian Fault and Dead Sea Fault Zones, using both VS30 and N30 values. The study also presents a series of GIS maps produced using the shear wave velocity (VS) and SPT-N values at the depths of 5 m, 10 m, 15 m, 20 m, and 25 m. Furthermore, the study estimates the bed rock level and generates the SSC maps for the average VS values through overburden soils by using the NEHRP system. The VS30 maps categorize the study area mainly under class C and limited number of areas under classes B and D, whereas the N30 maps classify the study area mainly under class D. Both maps indicate that the soil classes in the study area are different to a high extent. Eventually, the GIS maps complied for the purpose of urban development may be utilized effectively by engineers in the field.
... Big black arrow indicates plate motion with respect to the Eurasian plate (Reilinger et al., 2006), b) Tectonic map of Eastern Anatolia, and historical and instrumental seismicity along the EAF. Historical earthquakes modified from Duman and Emre (2013) (Ambraseys, 1989;Ambraseys and Finkel, 1995;Ambraseys and Jackson, 1998;Tan et al., 2008;Palutoğlu and Şaşmaz, 2017). Instrumental seismicity (http://www.koeri.boun.edu.tr/sismo/zeqdb). ...
The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is an active left-lateral strike-slip fault extending between Karlıova (Bingöl) in the northeast and Iskenderun Bay in the southwest. The Palu, which is the subject of the study area, is located on the Palu segment of the EAF. The Palu segment starts from the northeast of Palu, and is approximately 77 km long, and reaches the Lake Hazar after passing the Baltaşı Plain. Maximum shaking intensity in the earthquake listed in historical catalogs is estimated to have been Mercalli Intensity VIII, with conflicting accounts of as few as 8.000-10.000 to as many as 50.000 people killed. An examination of contemporary documents, books and administrative archives in the State Archives Head of Presidency Republic of Turkey for the district reveal that the extent of damage and the number of fatalities in the earthquake have been considerably inflated by these historical catalogs.
