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Aristolochia subgenus Pararistolochia is revised and 35 species, distributed in tropical Africa and Australasia, are recognised. Fourteen new combinations and two new names are presented, resulting from the transfer of all taxa of Pararistolochia to Aristolochia. Additionally, a neotype is designated for Aristolochia preussii.
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Background: Ethnomedicine allows medicinal plants to cure disease combined with traditional health medicine (Ayurveda) for better healthcare worldwide. Ayurveda, the ancient traditional system of medicine in India, focuses on the natural way of managing and preventing diseases. Similarly, ethnic communities depend highly on medicinal plants in thei...
The genus Aristolochia comes under the family Aristolochiaceae, a conspicuous family with distinctive and showy flowers positioned among the basal angiosperms. The taxonomic treatment of the genus Aristolochia is ambiguous. Several generic segregates have been proposed for the genus and most literatures propose four subgenera within two subtribes....
Aristolochia L. (Aristolochiaceae) is widely used throughout Southeast Asia for the treatment of several diseases. Different species of this genus are known by similar local names in Assam. This review aims to provide up-to-date information on Aristolochia species distributed in Assam, including its traditional uses, phytochemical and pharmacologic...
Aristolochia weixiensis, a new species from northwest Yunnan, China, is described. A. weixiensis is affinis to A. moupinensis with similar leaf shape, but differs from the latter in the limb with dark purple colour and dense papillae, ca. 3.5 cm in diam., throat with light brown colour and dense brownish red patches, 13–16 mm in diam. Meanwhile, A....
Pollen ultrastructure has been studied in two relict and rare species of the genus Aristolochia, A. contorta Bunge and A. manshuriensis Kom. (Aristolochiaceae). Both species have inaperturate, spheroidal, sometimes distally monocolpate or distally bicolpate pollen grains. The equatorial and polar axes of pollen grain in A. manshuriensis are 48.5 an...
Citations
... II) (Qiu et al. 2005, Ohi-Toma et al. 2006, González et al. 2015, with various authors either also recognizing Euglypha Chodat & Hassler (1906: 138), Holostylis Duchartre (1854: 33, t. 5, f. 1-2, nom. illeg., non JIMÉNEZ ET AL. 170 • Phytotaxa 520 (2) © 2021 Magnolia Press Reichenbach 1841: 77), Isotrema Rafinesque (1819: 195) and/or Pararistolochia Hutchinson & Dalziel (1927: 75), or lumping all or some of them with Aristolochia; and/or also including Hydnora Thunberg (1775: 69) and Prosopanche de Bary (1868: 267) (both traditionally classified in Hydnoraceae) and Lactoris Philippi (1865: 642) (traditionally treated as Lactoridaceae) in the family Aristolochiaceae (e.g., Nickrent et al. 2002, González 2012, Buchwalder et al. 2014, Angiosperm Phylogeny Group 2016, Zhu et al. 2019, and references therein; but see Jost et al. 2021). We favor an inclusive circumscription of Aristolochia sensu lato (i.e., one that includes Euglypha, Holostylis, Isotrema and Pararistolochia). ...
Aristolochia longissima and Aristolochia ornithorhyncha, two new species from the lowland moist forest from the Pacific watershed of southern Costa Rica and western Panama, are described and illustrated. Both species can be distinguished from most other species of Aristolochia series Thyrsicae, because of their leaves with pellucid gland dots, which are here documented in Aristolochiaceae for the first time. Comments about their distribution, habitat, phenology, conservation status and distinction from related species are provided. The circumscription of Aristolochia belizensis, A. chapmaniana, A. fragrantissima, A. ovalifolia, A. schmidtiana and A. tonduzii is discussed.
... Many of the 22% of species shared among the survey sites, such as golden sassafras (Doryphora sassafras), mountain butterfly vine (Pararistolochia laheyana), and prickly ash (Orites excelsus), are typically associated with high-altitude cool temperate plant communities and rainforests in eastern Australia (Buchwalder, Samain, Sankowsky, Neinhuis, & Wanke, 2014;Laidlaw, McDonald, Hunter, & Kitching,2011;Lowman, 1992). Similarities of floristic assemblages across high-altitude isolated areas of the Tweed caldera may be the result of volcanic formation of the area and proximate connection within the Tweed volcano prior to its degradation 20-24 million years ago (Graham, 2010;Kooyman, Rossetto, Cornwell, & Westoby, 2011;Weber, VanDerWal, Schmidt, McDonald, & Shoo, 2014). ...
The black‐tailed dusky antechinus (Antechinus arktos) is a recently discovered, endangered, carnivorous marsupial mammal endemic to the Tweed Shield Volcano caldera, straddling the border between Queensland and New South Wales in eastern Australia. The species' preference for cool, high‐altitude habitats makes it particularly vulnerable to a shifting climate as these habitats recede. Aside from basic breeding and dietary patterns, the species' ecology is largely unknown. Understanding fine‐scale habitat attributes preferred by this endangered mammal is critical to employ successful conservation management. Here, we assess vegetation attributes of known habitats over three sites at Springbrook and Border Ranges National Parks, including detailed structure data and broad floristic assessment.
Floristic compositional assessment of the high‐altitude cloud rainforest indicated broad similarities. However, only 22% of plant species were shared between all sites indicating a high level of local endemism. This suggests a diverse assemblage of vegetation across A. arktos habitats.
Habitat characteristics were related to capture records of A. arktos to determine potential fine‐scale structural habitat requirements. Percentage of rock cover and leaf litter were the strongest predictors of A. arktos captures across survey sites, suggesting a need for foraging substrate and cover. Habitat characteristics described here will inform predictive species distribution models of this federally endangered species and are applicable to other mammal conservation programs.
... Leal et al. (2011) recently revised the family for the flore du Gabon and chose to treat the two genera as separate, publishing the combination of the species described by Jongkind (1990) in Pararistolochia. Buchwalder (2014) preferred to consider Pararistolochia as a subgenus within Aristolochia, subsequently making the necessary combinations in Aristolochia and listing 35 accepted species in the subgenus Pararistolochia. ...
Luino I., M.W. Callmander, O. Poncy, S. Da-Giau & L. Gautier (2016). A new Pararistolochia Hutch. & Dalziel (Aristolochiaceae) from the Beanka tsingy (western Madagascar). Candollea 71 : 135–141. In English, English and French abstracts. DOI : http ://dx.doi.org/10.15553/c2016v711a16 Pararistolochia Hutc. & Dalziel (Aristolochiaceae) is a genus that comprised about 35 species known until present from continental Africa and Australasia. Two recent inventories carried in the limestone massif of Beanka in western Madagascar have led to the detection of a new species that we describe here as Pararistolochia enricoi Luino, L. Gaut. & Callm. This impressive liana is until today the only malagasy representative of the genus. The deciduous habit, together with the two-lobed perianth and the presence of trichomes covering most parts of the plant are exclusive characters that clearly distinguish Pararistolochia enricoi within the genus. The new species is provided with a preliminary risk assessment of its conservation status based on the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria.
... Siphisia Raf. (Buchwalder & al., 2014). In contrast, the name Aristolochia subg. ...
The circumscription of Aristolochia L. s.l. (Aristolochiaceae) and its infrageneric taxa has been variable. In some classifications, Aristolochia subg. Siphisia (Raf.) Duch. has often been recognized, but the author citation of the subgenus is incorrect because the generic name Siphisia Raf. is superfluous and illegitimate. In the course of reviewing this author citation, we noticed that the nomenclature for the related genera Isotrema Raf. and Endodeca Raf., and the subtribes Aristolochiinae H.Huber and Isotrematinae H.Huber requires reconsideration. Herein, we review the nomenclatural history of Isotrema, Siphisia, Endodeca, and related genera. We also discuss the related infrageneric taxa of Aristolochia and the subtribes Aristolochiinae and Isotrematinae. Consequently, we confirm that the types of Isotrema and Endodeca and their author citations are I. sipho (L’Hér.) Raf. ex B.D.Jacks.and E. hastata Raf., respectively. In addition, we correct the author citation for Aristolochia subg. Siphisia to (Duch.) O.C.Schmidt. Furthermore, the names Aristolochiinae and Isotrematinae are found to have been invalidly published, since they lacked a Latin description or diagnosis, or reference to earlier validly published names.
The Checklist of the Vascular Plants of the Republic of Guinea (CVPRG) is a specimen-based, expert-validated knowledge product, which provides a concise synthesis and overview of current knowledge on 3901 vascular plant species documented from Guinea (Conakry), West Africa, including their accepted names and synonyms, as well as their distribution and status within Guinea (indigenous or introduced, endemic or not). The CVPRG is generated automatically from the Guinea Collections Database and the Guinea Names Backbone Database, both developed and maintained at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in collaboration with the staff of the National Herbarium of Guinea. A total of 3505 indigenous vascular plant species are reported of which 3328 are flowering plants (angiosperms); this represents a 26% increase in known indigenous angiosperms since the last floristic overview. Intended as a reference for scientists documenting the diversity and distribution of the Guinea flora, the CVPRG will also inform those seeking to safeguard the rich plant diversity of Guinea and the societal, ecological and economic benefits accruing from these biological resources.
The world's largest butterfly is the microendemic Papua New Guinean Ornithoptera alexandrae. Despite years of conservation efforts to protect its habitat and breed this up-to-28-cm butterfly, this species still figures as endangered in the IUCN Red List and is only known from two allopatric populations occupying a total of only ∼140 km². Here we aim at assembling reference genomes for this species to investigate its genomic diversity, historical demography and determining whether the population is structured, which could provide guidance for conservation programs attempting to (inter)breed the two populations. Using a combination of long and short DNA reads and RNA sequencing, we assembled six reference genomes of the tribe Troidini, with four annotated genomes of O. alexandrae and two genomes of related species O. priamus and Troides oblongomaculatus. We estimated the genomic diversity of the three species, and we proposed scenarios for the historical population demography using two polymorphism-based methods taking into account the characteristics of low-polymorphic invertebrates. Indeed, chromosome-scale assemblies reveal very low levels of nuclear heterozygosity across Troidini, which appears to be exceptionally low for O. alexandrae (lower than 0.01%). Demographic analyses demonstrate low and steadily declining Ne throughout O. alexandrae history, with a divergence into two distinct populations about 10,000 years ago. These results suggest that O. alexandrae distribution has been microendemic for a long time. It should also make local conservation programs aware of the genomic divergence of the two populations, which should not be ignored if any attempt is made to cross the two populations.
Introduction
The Aristolochia, as an important genus comprised of over 400 species, has attracted much interest because of its unique chemical and pharmacological properties. However, the intrageneric taxonomy and species identification within Aristolochia have long been difficult because of the complexity of their morphological variations and lack of high-resolution molecular markers.
Methods
In this study, we sampled 11 species of Aristolochia collected from distinct habitats in China, and sequenced their complete chloroplast (cp) genomes.
Results
The 11 cp genomes of Aristolochia ranged in size from 159,375bp (A. tagala) to 160,626 bp (A. tubiflora), each containing a large single-copy (LSC) region (88,914-90,251 bp), a small single-copy (SSC) region (19,311-19,917 bp), and a pair of inverted repeats (IR) (25,175-25,698 bp). These cp genomes contained 130-131 genes each, including 85 protein-coding genes (CDS), 8 ribosomal RNA genes, and 37-38 transfer RNA genes. In addition, the four types of repeats (forward, palindromic, reverse, and complement repeats) were examined in Aristolochia species. A. littoralis had the highest number of repeats (168), while A. tagala had the lowest number (42). The total number of simple sequence repeats (SSRs) is at least 99 in A. kwangsiensis, and, at most, 161 in A. gigantea. Interestingly, we detected eleven highly mutational hotspot regions, including six gene regions (clpP, matK, ndhF, psbT, rps16, trnK-UUU) and five intergenic spacer regions (ccsA-ndhD, psbZ-trnG-GCC, rpl33-rps18, rps16-trnQ-UUG, trnS-GCU-trnG-UCC). The phylogenetic analysis based on the 72 protein-coding genes showed that 11 Aristolochia species were divided into two clades which strongly supported the generic segregates of the subgenus Aristolochia and Siphisia.
Discussion
This research will provide the basis for the classification, identification, and phylogeny of medicinal plants of Aristolochiaceae.
Aristolochia annamensis, a new species from central Vietnam, is described and illustrated. This new species, belonging to Aristolochia subgenus Siphisia, is characterized by a truncate to slightly cordate leaf base, a strongly constricted, straight oblong cylindrically-shaped upper tube without veins, 3–3.2 cm long, limb subcordate with margin of three lobes somewhat recurved, but not revolute, inner surface of limb smooth, annulus absent, throat densely covered with purple dots. In addition to the description, line drawings, ecology, conservation status as well as comparison with morphologically similar species are provided.
Aristolochia quangbinhensis T.V. Do, a new species from Central Vietnam, is described and illustrated. According to morphology, the species belongs to Aristolochia subgenus Isotrema. A detailed description, along with line drawings, photographs, ecology, distribution, conservation status as well as a comparison to morphologically similar species is provided.
