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Historic distribution of Russian River tule perch based on records from 1897 to 1990. Reference materials used to prepare this figure are Hopkirk (1973), Pintler and Johnson (1958), and Appendix I documents. Records within the footprint of Lake Sonoma and Lake Mendocino are prior to reservoir construction.
Source publication
The Russian River is a coastal stream located north of the San Francisco Bay drainage, California, and has a fish fauna derived from the Sacramento River system. Although the Russian River tule perch (Hysterocarpus traski pomo) is the only endemic fish in the watershed, this taxon has received limited study. Historic and recent records indicate tha...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... located a total of 172 site records of Russian River tule perch consisting of 62 historic records dating from 1897 to 1990, and 110 recent records from 1991 to 2009 ( Figure 2, Figure 3). There were also 167 historic and 150 recent site records where tule perch were not detected. ...
Context 2
... found records of tule perch in 9 tributaries to the Russian River (Figure 2, Figure 3). Tule perch appear to be restricted to low gradient valley reaches of larger creeks within about 20 rkm of the confluence with the Russian River. ...
Context 3
... found no occurrence of tule perch in foothill or headwater reaches of creeks. The distribution of tule perch in tributaries appears to be similar for both historic and recent records (Figure 2, Figure 3). In the upper watershed tule perch occur in the lower reaches of both the East and West Forks of the Russian River, although there are only historic records for the East Fork. ...
Context 4
... current distribution of tule perch in Dry Creek appears to be restricted to the lower reach of the creek (Figure 3). Several recent boat electrofishing surveys of Lake Sonoma located no tule perch (Cox 1992aapp, Cox 2007app There are 3 historic records of tule perch in the lower East Fork prior to the construction of Coyote Valley Dam and Lake Mendocino in 1959 (Figure 2). One museum record (CAS 1957app), which predates the dam construction, is located in the current footprint of Lake Mendocino. ...
Citations
... One or more appendices may be used to present information that is germane to the paper, but is not necessary to the understanding of the presentation. Examples of information that is appropriate to be included in an appendix include lists of specimens examined or lists of unpublished literature, such as field notes, that were referenced in the text but not appropriate for inclusion in the literature cited (see, for example, Cook et al. 2010). Alternatively, a web site may be referenced for information that would otherwise appear in an appendix. ...
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Intermittently Open/Closed Estuaries (IOCEs) are dynamic, sensitive estuaries that periodically close as a function of competing marine and fluvial energies. Once closed, IOCEs are often artificially opened to relieve localised flooding. Artificial openings are generally effective as a short-term flood mitigation strategy but sometimes IOCEs close immediately after excavation without draining the lagoon. In this situation, the opening does not achieve its management purpose and reimplementation is required – costing thousands of dollars at a time and sometimes having adverse impacts on biota. Using a dataset of 137 openings at 37 IOCEs globally, we show that the hydraulic gradient (or grade) at opening and offshore wave height determine whether an estuary will remain open and drain its lagoon. The hydraulic gradient represents the energy slope between the estuary and the ocean. Wave height determines the capacity of waves to infill the channel with sediment to counter offshore erosion. Artificial openings are only successful when IOCEs are opened with a hydraulic gradient steeper than 0.017 m/m (equivalent to a grade of 1:60) and when significant wave height is below 4.30 m. These findings highlight that the estuary water level alone is not a good predictor of opening success, despite it being widely used to decide when to implement artificial openings. Using near-continuous monitoring of geomorphic change at 28 artificial openings, we show that the hydraulic gradient (and grade) at the time of opening controls the rate of channel expansion, outflow velocity at the mouth, lagoon drainage, and the time to reach peak channel width and outflow velocities. The tidal stage at opening can be used to either speed up or slow down the rates of change, potentially reducing the occurrence of fish kills associated with rapid drainage. Although the decision to open an estuary is a complex balance between environmental, cultural, socio-economic, and practical factors, we present a simple and cost-effective way to predict if artificial openings will be successful. The thresholds of our study can be used to complement existing decision support tools, but as a standalone method, are best suited for emergency openings where draining the lagoon to reduce flooding is the main management priority.
