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Histology of the transverse pyloric fold in a porcine stomach. This fold is created mostly by the ovoid-shaped capacious muscularis propria (MP) and enlarged mucosa (M). The normal submucosa is marked as SM, the muscularis mucosa is lettered as MM. Hematoxylin-eosin , magnification 109
Source publication
The aim of this project was to develop a methodology to introduce wireless video capsule endoscopy in preclinical research.
Five mature female pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) were selected for the study. Capsule endoscopes (the EndoCapsule system; Olympus) were introduced into the duodenum endoscopically
in each of the animals. The life span of batteri...
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Citations
... 28 The intestinal length and diameter of a 35-50 kg mini pig are roughly the same as those of an adult. 29 The study was conducted following the "Regulations on the Administration of Laboratory Animals" In this experiment, the 42-kg pig was selected for animal experiments, and the other was used as a spare. First, bowel cleansing was performed for 2 weeks before the experiment, and gluten-free diets and magnesium sulfate 50-100 g were fed daily. ...
Background/purposes
Magnetic navigation capsule endoscopy (MNCE) is considered to be an important means to realize the controllable and precise examination of capsule endoscopy (CE) in the unstructured gastrointestinal (GI) tract. For the current magnetic navigation system (MNS), due to the limitation of workspace, driving force, and control method of the CE, only clinical application in the stomach has been realized, whereas the examination of other parts of the GI tract is still in the experimental stage. More preclinical studies are needed to achieve the multisite examination of the GI tract.
Methods
Based on the MNS (Supiee) developed in the laboratory, an X‐ray imaging system with magnetic shielding and a commercial CE are integrated to form the MNCE system. Then, in vivo GI tract experiments with a porcine model are performed to verify the clinical feasibility and safety of this system. Moreover, the effects of different control modes on the efficiency and effect of GI tract examination are studied.
Results
Animal experiments demonstrate that with the MNCE system, it is convenient to achieve steering control in any direction and multiple reciprocating movements of CE in the GI tract. Benefiting from the flexibility of the three basic control modes, the achieved swing movement pattern of CE can effectively reduce the inspection time. It is demonstrated that the esophageal examination time can be reduced from 13.2 to 9.2 min with a maximum movement speed of 5 mm/s.
Conclusion
In this paper, the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the MNCE system for a one‐stop examination of the in vivo GI tract (esophagus, stomach, and colorectum) is first demonstrated. In addition, complex movement patterns of CE such as the swinging are proved to effectively improve examination efficiency and disease detection rates. This study is crucial for the clinical application of the MNCE system.
... In order to validate the performance of the developed CE system, the system was tested in pig's intestine for both ex-vivo and in-vivo cases. Pig's intestine is chosen for experiment due to its relatively similar gastrointestinal functions in comparison to humans [33]. The experimental setup and results are briefly discussed below. ...
In this paper, a new low complexity and lossless image compression system for capsule endoscopy (CE) is presented. The compressor consists of a low-cost YEF color space converter and variable-length predictive with a combination of Golomb-Rice and unary encoding. All these components have been heavily optimized for low-power and low-cost and lossless in nature. As a result, the entire compression system does not incur any loss of image information. Unlike transform based algorithms, the compressor can be interfaced with commercial image sensors which send pixel data in raster-scan fashion that eliminates the need of having large buffer memory. The compression algorithm is capable to work with white light imaging (WLI) and narrow band imaging (NBI) with average compression ratio of 78% and 84% respectively. Finally, a complete capsule endoscopy system is developed on a single, low-power, 65-nm field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) chip. The prototype is developed using circular PCBs having a diameter of 16 mm. Several in-vivo and ex-vivo trials using pig's intestine have been conducted using the prototype to validate the performance of the proposed lossless compression algorithm. The results show that, compared with all other existing works, the proposed algorithm offers a solution to wireless capsule endoscopy with lossless and yet acceptable level of compression.
... A small size FPGA-based capsule prototype is now under development where a novel image compression algorithm proposed in [32,33] is implemented. After the final capsule prototype is developed, it will be inserted in pigs intestine [42] due to its relatively similar gastrointestinal functions in comparison to human and live images will be captured for more rigorous animal testing. Testing the data logger with capsule endoscopy prototype in several human patients faces several challenges. ...
The interest of physiological data sensing and recording using wireless body sensor network has increased in recent years due to the advancement of miniature and portable electronic devices. In this study, the design of a portable and rechargeable data logger with high data rate multiple wireless connectivity (Bluetooth and 2.4-GHz radio frequency) is discussed. The data are logged in micro secure digital (SD) cards and can be transferred to PC or Smartphone using SD card reader, USB interface, or Bluetooth wireless link. Analog signals can also be logged through an 8-channel analog-to-digital interface. A graphical LCD with touch screen is added for control and diagnosis. The hardware is generic and targeted for various medical imaging and data collection applications. The functionality of the prototype is later tested for wireless capsule endoscopy and skin temperature logging application.
... Pigs can be used in various preclinical experiments (Květina et al. 2008; Kuneš et al. 2010 ) as a representative of the omnivore due to their relatively very similar gastrointestinal functions in comparison to man (Kararli 1995 ). However, there are some distinct differences in the anatomy and physiology of the stomach between humans and pigs (Bureš et al. 2009; Kopáčová et al. 2010;). The porcine stomach is pouch-shaped, gastric cardia is close to the pylorus, and a special transverse pyloric fold serves as a " gatekeeper " . ...
... The porcine stomach is pouch-shaped, gastric cardia is close to the pylorus, and a special transverse pyloric fold serves as a " gatekeeper " . Gastric emptying of pigs is much slower, there are significant remnants of food in the porcine stomach even after 36–48 hours of fasting found at gastroscopy (Kopáčová et al. 2010;). Erythromycin induced a significant increase in the dominant frequency of slow waves in our current study. ...
Electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive investigation of gastric myoelectrical activity. The aim of study was to evaluate the impact of erythromycin on EGG in gastrointestinal toxic injury induced by dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) in experimental pigs.
The experiments were carried out on 12 adult pigs (weighing 30-35 kg). EGG was recorded using Digitrapper equipment (Synectics Medical AB, Stockholm). Running spectrum activity was used for EGG evaluation. There were two groups of animals: Group I: 6 controls with erythromycin administration (1,600 mg intragastrically); Group II: 6 animals treated with DSS (for 5 days, 0.25 g/kg per day in a dietary bolus) followed by erythromycin administration. Baseline and subsequent six separate 30-minute EGG-recordings (from time 0 to 360 min) were accomplished in each animal.
A total of 84 records were analysed. Baseline dominant frequency of slow waves was fully comparable in both groups. In Group I, there was a significant increase in dominant frequency after erythromycin administration (maximum between 240-360 min). There was a flat non-significant and delayed increase in dominant frequency after erythromycin administration in Group II. The difference between Group I and II at particular time intervals was not significant but a diverse trend was evident. EGG recording enables us to register a gastric myoelectrical effect of prokinetic drugs. Erythromycin induced a significant increase in the dominant frequency of slow waves. DSS caused toxic injury to the porcine gastrointestinal tract responsible for the delayed and weaker myoelectrical effect of erythromycin in experimental animals.
... Capsule endoscopy is a novel means used in the small intestine, and this form of endoscopy is increasingly adopted for its non-invasiveness, safety, and capability of picturing the entire GI tract. It has received increased attention since PillCam (Given Imaging Ltd., Israel) was issued, followed by Norika series (RF System Lab, Japan) and EndoCapsule series (Olympus Corporation, Japan) (Ogata et al., 2008; Iddan et al., 2000; Uehara and Hoshina, 2003; LePane et al., 2007; Kopáčová et al., 2010). The capsule endoscopy OMOM (Jinshan Science & Technology Inc., Chongqing, China) has also had extensive application in clinical practice ( Liao et al., 2008). ...
In clinical practice, examination of the hemorrhagic spot (HS) remains difficult. In this paper, we describe a remote controlled capsule (RCC) micro-system with an automated, color-based sensor to identify and localize the HS of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. In vitro testing of the detecting sensor demonstrated that it was capable of discriminating mimetic intestinal fluid (MIF) with and without the hemoglobin (Hb) when the concentration of Hb in MIF was above 0.05 g/ml. Therefore, this RCC system is able to detect the relatively accurate location of the HS in the GI tract.
The state-of-the-art capsule endoscopy (CE) technology offers painless examination for the patients and the ability to examine the interior of the gastrointestinal tract by a noninvasive procedure for the gastroenterologists. In this work, a modular and flexible CE development system platform consisting of a miniature field programmable gate array (FPGA) based electronic capsule, a microcontroller based portable data recorder unit and computer software is designed and developed. Due to the flexible and reprogrammable nature of the system, various image processing and compression algorithms can be tested in the design without requiring any hardware change. The designed capsule prototype supports various imaging modes including white light imaging (WLI) and narrow band imaging (NBI), and communicates with the data recorder in full duplex fashion, which enables configuring the image size and imaging mode in real time during examination. A low complexity image compressor based on a novel color-space is implemented inside the capsule to reduce the amount of RF transmission data. The data recorder contains graphical LCD for real time image viewing and SD cards for storing image data. Data can be uploaded to a computer or Smartphone by SD card, USB interface or by wireless Bluetooth link. Computer software is developed that decompresses and reconstructs images. The fabricated capsule PCBs have a diameter of 16 mm. An ex-vivo animal testing has also been conducted to validate the results.
Due to the advancement of low power miniature electronic devices, there is growing interest of physiological data sensing and recording using wireless body sensor networks. The paper presents the design of a portable physiological data logger that includes rechargeable battery, wireless radio frequency and Bluetooth connectivity, and graphical display with touch screen capability. The target application is video capsule endoscopy. Image data are logged in micro SD cards which can be easily transferred to PC or Smartphone using SD card reader, USB interface or Bluetooth wireless link. The hardware design is general and can be used in various medical or industrial applications by changing only the firmware of the microcontroller. The design is prototyped in 109 × 107 × 20 mm printed circuit board (PCB). Tests with animal tissues have been conducted to demonstrate the performance advantages of the data logger. A demonstration of wireless heart pulse monitoring and data logging is also presented.
Recent work suggests that mixing in the small intestine takes place in central luminal and peripheral compartments. However, while movements of villi have been described, the mechanisms by which peripheral mixing are engendered remain unclear.
We examined the disposition and movement of mucosa and associated villi during contractions of the everted terminal ileum of the brushtail possum. We then simulated the effect of these movements on peripheral mixing.
Compression of the intestinal mucosa by phasic longitudinal or radial contractions created short-lived microfolds, which were of similar scale to the attached villi. The packing density of the villous tips increased in the concavities and decreased on the crests of these microfolds. Simulations showed that these caused liquid digesta to be expelled from, or drawn into, intervillous spaces, significantly augmenting peripheral, but not bulk, luminal mixing.
We describe a mechanism by which peripheral mixing may be engendered by mucosal microfolds without requiring the coordinated contraction of individual villi or groups of villi.
Background
Surface electrogastrography (EGG) is a non-invasive method for clinical assessment of gastric myoelectrical activity. Different forms of general anaesthesia might have various effects on porcine EGG. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of different anaesthetic agents on EGG in experimental pigs.
Methods
Four 15-minute EGG intervals were recorded and analysed. A baseline EGG recording was started 20 minutes after intramuscular injection of ketamine and azaperone (periods A and B). Four different regimens of general anaesthesia followed immediately after the baseline EGG (5 pigs in each experimental group): thiopental, isoflurane, nitrous oxide and isoflurane plus nitrous oxide. EGG recordings followed for the next 30 minutes under general anaesthesia (periods C and D). The dominant frequencies of slow waves were compared between the baseline intervals A and B and periods C and D under general anaesthesia.
Results
The mean dominant frequency was within the normal range (2.3 – 3.5 cycles per minute) in all animals in all regimens. Thiopental general anaesthesia did not influence any change of the dominant frequency of slow waves. Nitrous oxide general anaesthesia increased the dominant frequency of slow waves in a statistically significant manner (baseline: 2.93 ± 0.53 and 3.01 ± 0.53; under general anaesthesia: 3.25 ± 0.34 and 3.29 ± 0.38 cycles per minute; p < 0.001, p = 0.003, p < 0.001, p < 0.001). Nitrous oxide together with isoflurane induced a statistically significant decrease of dominant frequency in the last 15-minute interval (2.66 ± 0.55 cycles per minute) compared to the baseline recording (2.81 ± 0.49; p = 0.030).
Conclusions
All changes of porcine gastric myoelectric activity assessed by the dominant frequency of slow waves during EGG remained within the normal range although some of them achieved statistical significance. Thus all tested agents used for general anaesthesia can be recommended in preclinical studies with porcine models focused on gastric myoelectric activity without any risk of compromising the results. Thiopental seems to be the most suitable as it did not cause any changes at all.
To evaluate bacteriocinogeny in short-term high-dose indomethacin administration with or without probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) in experimental pigs.
Twenty-four pigs entered the study: Group A (controls), Group B (probiotics alone), Group C (indomethacin alone) and Group D (probiotics and indomethacin). EcN (3.5×10(10) bacteria/d for 14 d) and/or indomethacin (15 mg/kg per day for 10 d) were administrated orally. Anal smears before and smears from the small and large intestine were taken from all animals. Bacteriocin production was determined with 6 different indicator strains; all strains were polymerase chain reaction tested for the presence of 29 individual bacteriocin-encoding determinants.
The general microbiota profile was rather uniform in all animals but there was a broad diversity in coliform bacteria (parallel genotypes A, B1, B2 and D found). In total, 637 bacterial strains were tested, mostly Escherichia coli (E. coli). There was a higher incidence of non-E. coli strains among samples taken from the jejunum and ileum compared to that of the colon and rectum indicating predominance of E. coli strains in the large intestine. Bacteriocinogeny was found in 24/77 (31%) before and in 155/560 (28%) isolated bacteria at the end of the study. Altogether, 13 individual bacteriocin types (out of 29 tested) were identified among investigated strains. Incidence of four E. coli genotypes was equally distributed in all groups of E. coli strains, with majority of genotype A (ranging from 81% to 88%). The following types of bacteriocins were most commonly revealed: colicins Ia/Ib (44%), microcin V (18%), colicin E1 (16%) and microcin H47 (6%). There was a difference in bacteriocinogeny between control group A (52/149, 35%) and groups with treatment at the end of the study: B: 31/122 (25%, P=0.120); C: 43/155 (28%, P=0.222); D: 29/134 (22%, P=0.020). There was a significantly lower prevalence of colicin Ib, microcins H47 and V (probiotics group, P<0.001), colicin E1 and microcin H47 (indomethacin group, P<0.001) and microcins H47 and V (probiotics and indomethacin group, P=0.025) compared to controls. Escherichia fergusonii (E. fergusonii) was identified in 6 animals (6/11 isolates from the rectum). One strain was non-colicinogenic, while all other strains of E. fergusonii solely produced colicin E1. All animals started and remained methanogenic despite the fact that EcN is a substantial hydrogen producer. There was an increase in breath methane (after the treatment) in 5/6 pigs from the indomethacin group (C).
EcN did not exert long-term liveability in the porcine intestine. All experimental pigs remained methanogenic. Indomethacin and EcN administered together might produce the worst impact on bacteriocinogeny.
