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Histology of the liver specimen obtained from normal control animal (PAS-stain). No fatty infiltrates were observed in the liver specimen above. Glycogen granules were well distributed thoroughout the slide area.
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Morinda citrifolia is a medicinal plant used to treat diabetes and liver diseases. The fermented fruit juice of the M. Citrifolia (optical density = 1.25) was used to study the hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective properties in diabetes-induced rats. The rats were randomly distributed into 4 groups (control, diabetic experimental, diabetic standard, a...
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Elephantopus scaber has been traditionally used as liver tonic. However, the protective effect of E. scaber on ethanol-induced liver damage is still unclear. In this study, we have compared the in vivo hepatoprotective effect of E. scaber with Phyllanthus niruri on the ethanol-induced liver damage in mice. The total phenolic and total flavanoid con...
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... Based on the statistical analysis results, there was also a significant difference between the control and intervention group 16 . The hypoglycemic effect is thought to be due to noni fruit containing saponins and flavo-noids 17 . ...
Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is still a major health problem in the world today because the prevalence remains increasing. Type 2 diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, accounting for over 90% of all diabetes cases. This disease is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body cannot fully respond to insulin. As a result, glucose levels in the blood continue to increase (hyperglycemia). The main of Type 2 DM management is a healthy lifestyle. In addition, pharmacological therapy is also needed to keep blood glucose levels in diabetics under control. However, antidiabetic medicines can cause some side effects. Therefore, the development of alternative diabetes therapy has been done to minimize side effects. One of the herbal ingredients that are being studied for its potential as an anti-diabetic is noni (Morinda citrifolia L.).Objective: The aim of the study is to review and find out more about the potential of noni (Morinda citrifolia L.) as an anti-diabetic.Methods: This research is included in the type of literature review. The kinds of literature are English and Indonesian language research articles related to the topic searched by using database sources from ProQuest, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar. The research articles were published in the last 10 years (2012 to 2022). Results: There are 14 kinds of literature that match the topic of study. A total of 12 kinds of literature are in vivo studies on animals and 2 literature studies on humans. The result shows that noni has an antidiabetic effect by lowering blood glucose levels and improving other parameters. Parts of Noni that have the potential to control Type 2 DM are fruit and leaves, which can be in the form of extracts, juices, or fermented products. Further research is needed to evaluate the toxicity, the content of active compounds, and the expression of genes related to Type 2 DM for ensuring the mechanism of noni in controlling hyperglycemia. Human studies with more respondents are also needed to confirm the findings of existing studies. Conclusion: Noni has an antidiabetic effect by lowering blood glucose levels and improving other parameters. Based on human studies, noni fruit juice can serve as a suitable addition to the diet of Type 2 DM patients.
... This has been linked with potent antioxidative activity reported for some of its constituents including flavonol and iridoid glycosides, anthraquinones, and β-carotene (Heinonen et al., 1998;Su et al., 2005;Wang & Su, 2001). Noni has also demonstrated antidiabetic (Nayak et al., 2011), antiseptic (Jainkittivong et al., 2009;Sashidharan & Palaniswamy, 2010), antiobesity (Shoeb et al., 2016), neuroprotective, analgesic, anxiolytic (Narasingam et al., 2017;Sridharan et al., 2014), immunostimulatory (Palu et al., 2007), antiproliferative (Li et al., 2008), as well as the effects on osteogenic stimulation (Min et al., 2020;Sharifi et al., 2020;Song et al., 2022). ...
Morinda citrifolia L., commonly known as Noni, has a longstanding history in traditional medicine for treating various diseases. Recently, there has been an increased focus on exploring Noni extracts and phytoconstituents, particularly for their effectiveness against cancers such as lung, esophageal, liver, and breast cancer, and their potential in cancer chemoprevention. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of in vitro and in vivo studies assessing Noni's impact on cancer, alongside an exploration of its bioactive compounds. A systematic review was conducted, encompassing a wide range of scientific databases to gather pertinent literature. This review focused on in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as clinical trials that explore the effects of Noni fruit and its phytoconstituents—including anthraquinones, flavonoids, sugar derivatives, and neolignans—on cancer. The search was meticulously structured around specific keywords and criteria to ensure a thorough analysis. The compiled studies highlight Noni's multifaceted role in cancer therapy, showcasing its various bioactive components and their modes of action. This includes mechanisms such as apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, antiangiogenesis, and immune system modulation, demonstrating significant anticancer and chemopreventive potential. The findings reinforce Noni's potential as a safe and effective option in cancer prevention and treatment. This review underscores the need for further research into Noni's anticancer properties, with the hope of stimulating additional studies and clinical trials to validate and expand upon these promising findings.
... This was related to the fact that post-fermentation products (such as short-chain fatty acids, phenols, etc.) promoted the secretion of enter in hormones and inhibited carbohydrate hydrolase activity. (Nayak et al., 2010) found that fermented noni juice had hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effects in diabetic rats, and speculated that it might be a substitute for glibenuride, an excellent hypoglycemic drug. (Wu et al., 2023;Li et al., 2014) fermented carrot juice with Lactobacillus plantarum, and the results showed that the strain promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids in the fermented juice, resulting in a higher proportion of short-chain fatty acid content. ...
Fermentation of fruit and vegetable juices with probiotics is a novel nutritional approach with potential health
benefits. Lactic acid fermentation-based biotransformation results in changes in the profile and nature of
bioactive compounds and improves the organoleptic properties, shelf life and bioavailability of vitamins and
minerals in the fermented juices. This process has been shown to enrich the phenolic profile and bioactivity
components of the juices, resulting in a new type of functional food with improved health benefits. Fruits and
vegetables are the ideal substrate for microbial growth, and fruit and vegetable juice will produce rich nutrients
and a variety of functional activities after fermentation, so that the high-quality utilization of fruits and vegetables
is
realized,
and
the
future
fermented
fruit
and vegetable juice products have a wide application market.
This paper explores the typical fermentation methods for fruit and vegetable juices, investigates the bioactive
components, functional activities, and the influence of fermentation on enhancing the quality of fruit and
vegetable juices. The insights derived from this study carry significant implications for guiding the development
of fermented fruit and vegetable juice industry.
... The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) has prompted exploration of natural remedies and dietary interventions as safer alternatives for managing the disease, given the potential side effects associated with various antidiabetic medications [67]. Sorghum bicolor, a grain consumed by both animals and humans, is known for its rich phytochemical content with reported properties of lowering glucose and cholesterol levels. ...
Sorghum, an ancient grain crop with origins in Egypt, holds significant dietary benefits for diabetes. As the fifth most consumed grain globally, it serves as a staple in cereal production and is utilized in various forms, including food, animal feed, and bio-available fuel. Being gluten-free, sorghum is a common ingredient in gluten-free flour blends. The grain's dietary advantages stem from its rich composition of fibre, tannins, phenols, antioxidants, phytochemicals, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and its low-glycemic status. Regularly consuming whole grains like sorghum is linked to a 20-30% lower risk of heart disease and diabetes, improving blood glucose control. Sorghum-based foods have a lower glycemic index, indicating potential benefits in managing postprandial blood glucose levels for diabetes prevention. In vitro studies reveal that decorticated sorghum grains contain substantial flavonoids, making them promising candidates for preventing and treating diabetes and obesity. Anti-diabetic experiments involving oral administration of sorghum grain extract demonstrate a noticeable reduction in blood glucose concentration by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis. Additionally, sorghum extract improves insulin sensitivity through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ). Fermented sorghum diets show effectiveness against hyperglycemia and inhibit glucose utilization in the liver. Polyphenol-containing sorghum extract affects plasma lipid metabolism and chronic inflammation by upregulating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Studies report that sorghum's anti-diabetic effects are comparable to pharmaceuticals like glibenclamide and acarbose. Integrating sorghum into the regular diet emerges as a contemporary strategy for preventing obesity and diabetes, promoting overall human health. Ongoing research focuses on tannin-rich sorghum genotypes to identify their potential anti-diabetic effects.
... Some results have indicated that fermented noni juice promotes lower glycemic levels [5,7], however, several studies are mentioning the medicinal purposes of using the fruit diluted with water [8,9]. The way noni is prepared has produced controversial results [8,10]. In addition, the period of the noni juice supplementation could interfere with these responses and produce toxicity effects. ...
... The groups were denominated as control + placebo (CP); control + noni (CN); DM + placebo (DMP); DM + noni (DMN). The dose was based on in previous study by Nayak et al. (2011) that observed a significant reduction in glycemia with 2 ml/kg of the noni juice. ...
Noni is a fruit with potential medicinal use preventing elevated blood glucose levels in diabetes mellitus. Its effects have been attributed to an antioxidant property in several other diseases. However, the effects of noni-chronic supplementation on exercise performance in the presence of diabetes conditions are not known. Thirty-two male Wistar rats were used to verify the effects of chronic noni (Morinda citrifolia L) juice administration on glycemia, triglyceride levels, and its relation to physical performance. In addition, it was verified if chronic noni supplementation is safe for clinical use through kidney morphology analysis. In half of the rats, diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced with STZ. All rats were submitted to an incremental workload running test (IWT) until fatigued so that oxygen consumption and performance indexes (exercise time to fatigue and workload) could be analyzed before noni administration. Then, the control and DM groups received a placebo (saline solution) or noni juice (dilution 2:1) at a dose of 2 mL/kg once a day for 60 days. The result was four groups: control + placebo (CP), control + noni (CN), DM + placebo (DMP), and DM + noni (DMN). Our dose was based on in previous study by Nayak et al. (2011) that observed a significant reduction in glycemia with 2 ml/kg of the noni juice without any toxicity effect cited. Groups were then given a third IWT to verify the effect of the noni juice on exercise performance (exercise time to fatigue, workload, maximal oxygen consumption) and glycemia. Twenty-four hours after the third test, all animals were euthanized and blood and kidneys were removed for posterior analysis. The DM induction with STZ impaired the performance by 39%. Noni administration improved the time to fatigue and workload in DM rats beyond reducing hyperglycemia. These results could be associated with an improved energy efficiency promoted by noni ingestion, since the oxygen consumption was not different between the groups, although the exercise was longer in animals with noni ingestion. Our results provided evidence that chronic noni administration causes kidney damage since increased Bowman’s space area in the control rats, suggesting glomerular hyperfiltration at the same magnitude as the non-treated DM group.
In conclusion, chronic noni ingestion promoted glycemic control and improved the performance in DM rats but caused kidney toxicity.
... The inhibition of digestion and absorption of dietary carbohydrates is one of the main therapeutic approaches to control postprandial hyperglycemia. Recently, studies have demonstrated that some phytochemicals, such as polyphenols, terpenes, flavonoids, and saponins, can inhibit the activity of digestive enzymes(Nayak et al., 2010). For instance,Zhang et al. (2021) indicated that fermented blueberry juice had a higher enzyme inhibition rate than nonfermented juice. ...
In the present research, the impact of fermentation with two strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum (PTCC 1896 and PTCC 1745) on physicochemical properties, antioxidant bioactive compounds, and some health‐promoting features of guava juice was investigated. Results showed a significant ( p < .05) decrease in pH, total soluble solids, glucose and fructose residues, vitamin C, and total carotenoids after 32 h of fermentation. Total phenolic content, free radical scavenging abilities, and ferrous reducing power were markedly enhanced during the fermentation process. Moreover, fermented juice represented good enzyme inhibition abilities (α‐amylase and α‐glucosidase) and anti‐inflammatory activities. The initial amount of angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity (26.5%) increased to 72.1% and 66.4% in L. plantarum subsp. plantarum 1896 and L. plantarum subsp. plantarum 1745 treatments, respectively. These findings reveal that guava juice fermentation with the studied Lactobacillus strains can be a promising strategy to augment the functional properties of the fruit‐based beverage.
... Some results have indicated that fermented noni juice promotes lower glycemic levels (5,7), however there are several studies mentioning the medicinal purposes using the fruit diluted with water (8, 9). The way as noni is prepared has produced controversial results (8, 10). In addition, the period of the noni juice supplementation could interfere on these responses and produces toxity effects. ...
Thirty-two male Wistar rats were used to verify the effects of chronic noni ( Morinda citrifolia L ) juice administration on glycemia, triglycerides levels and its relation to physical performance. In addition, it was verified if chronic noni supplementation is safe to clinical use through the kidney morphology analysis. In half of the rats, diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced with STZ. All rats were submitted to an incremental workload running test (IWT) until fatigued so that oxygen consumption and performance indexes (exercise time to fatigue and workload) could be analyzed before noni administration. Then, the control and DM groups received placebo (saline solution) or noni juice (dilution 2:1) at a dose of 2 mL/kg once a day for 60 days. The result was four groups: control + placebo (CP), control + noni (CN), DM + placebo (DMP), and DM + noni (DMN). Groups were then given a third IWT to verify the effect of the noni juice on exercise performance and glycemia. Twenty-four hours after the third test, all animals were euthanized and blood and kidneys were removed for posterior analysis. Noni administration improved the time to fatigue and workload in DM rats by reducing hyperglycemia. These results could be associated with an improved energy efficiency promoted by noni ingestion. However, our results provided evidence that chronic noni administration causes kidney damage since elevated glomerular filtration was observed at the same magnitude as the non-treated DM group. In conclusion, chronic noni ingestion promoted glycemic control and improved the performance in DM rats but caused kidney toxicity.
... Inhibiting the activity of hydrolyzing enzymes, such as α-glucosidase and α-amylase, is regarded as an effective strategy for managing and controlling postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetic patients by decreasing the hydrolysis rate of dietary polysaccharides [49,50]. Recently, researchers have indicated that some photochemical substances, such as polyphenols, terpenes, and flavonoids, possess inhibitory activity against digestive enzymes [51]. There is limited information on the impact of grain fermentation on the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase. ...
In this study, Limosilactobacillus fermentum PTCC 1638 and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus PTCC 1637 were used alone and in combination to ferment quinoa seeds, and the effect of fermentation (37 °C; 24 h) on the pH, total phenols, tocopherols, vitamin C, antioxidant activity, and enzymes inhibition (α-amylase and α-glucosidase; antidiabetic effect) was investigated. The results showed that with the increase in the fermentation time, the bacterial population, total phenols, antioxidant activity, and enzymes inhibition increased, which showed the greatest increase for the co-culture of L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum compared to the pure culture of each strain. Due to the increase in the fermentation time, the tocopherol isomers (α, β, γ, and δ), vitamin C, and pH decreased, and the largest decrease was related to the co-culture of the strains, followed by L. rhamnosus and L. fermentum. The results of this study showed that the co-culture and pure culture of bacteria can have different effects on the physicochemical properties and bioactive compounds of quinoa seeds.
... Hence, to prepare a true healthy fermented fruit beverage, manipulation of amount of ingredients, combination of substrates, and usage of suitable probiotic strains are prerequisites. Table 1 of bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, polysaccharides, and minerals in naturally fermented noni juice had a substantial effect on acute alcohol-induced liver injury paradigm (Guo et al., 2020;Nayak et al., 2011). Similar results were obtained by Han et al., wherein fermented cloud apple juice using Lactobacillus strain reduced fat accumulation and regulated lipid levels of high-fat diet. ...
Fermented foods are popular around the globe for their health‐promoting components and activity. In recent years, for promoting better health and nutrition, fortification and supplementation of fermented fruits are used as functional healthy beverage, especially for those who are intolerant to lactose‐based products. Moreover, industrial revolution has transformed traditional fermentation process to a controlled process suitable for industrial scale production of functional ingredients. The aim of this systematic review is to provide an in‐depth perspective of non‐alcoholic fermented fruit beverages with an emphasis on improving bioactive and nutritional compounds such as phenolic compounds, vitamins and minerals, and their effort as pro/prebiotics diets. For instance, consumption of fermented fruits and fruit based probiotic foods such as kombucha has increased and the evidence for effects on antioxidant, bioactive compounds are presented and discussed. Researchers use cutting‐edge technology and innovations to convert fermented fruits into functional beverages with bioactive metabolites and phytochemicals. Hence, for the production of any functional beverage it is essential to optimize the microbial strains that can utilize different fruit matrices as a single or in combination. These perspectives articulate fruit‐based probiotics as one of the possibilities of processing fruit for culinary and pro‐health purposes.
... Most cases of cancer may be effectively treated when identified at the initial stage, and some of them can be healed by means of a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, depending upon the kind, location and stage of the treatment. However, once cancer has proceeded to a particular point, success is exceedingly low if it does not react to any traditional treatment (Nayak et al., 2011). ...
Morinda citrifolia L. (Noni) fruits have been used for thousands of years for the treatment of many health problems including cancer, cold, diabetes, flu, hypertension, and pain. Plant extracts have reported for several therapeutic benefits, but extraction of individual compound from the extract often exhibits limited clinical utility as the synergistic effect of various natural ingredients gets lost. They generally constitute polyphenols and flavonoids. Studies have suggested that these phytochemicals, especially polyphenols, display high antioxidant properties, which help to reduce the risk of degenerative diseases, such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that Noni fruits have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-dementia, liver-protective, anticancer, analgesic, and immunomodulatory effects. In this study M. citrifolia fruit extracts were evaluated for its phytochemical profiling and anticancer activity. The extracts exhibited potential anticancer activity thus the methanolic extract of M. citrifolia can be used as novel anticancer agent in future.
