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Histology of control gill. A: primary lamella or gill filament. SL: secondary lamellae. C: central venous of primary lamellae (erythrocytes). D: epithelial cells (respiratory epithelium). E: pillar cells (spool shaped). F: lacuna (capillary lumen). B: erythrocytes within capillary lumen of secondary lamellae. G: undifferentiated cells. H: chloride cells (with round nucleus showing the prominent nucleolus). I: interfilamental lamellae space. J: mucous cell. K: blood capillary. × 100
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Paraquat dichloride is a broad-spectrum herbicide used worldwide. It is very fast acting and used to kill a wide range of grasses and broad-leaved weeds. Paraquat dichloride gets run off to aquatic water bodies, and its presence has been reported by various researchers, where its effect is certain on aquatic organisms. Fish are vulnerable to aquati...
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Despite wide studies of biomonitoring aquatic environment through dynamics of host–parasite interaction, bio-indicators to track the influence and accumulation of heavy metals on fish are still few. The present study sheds light on the relation between fish parasites and heavy metals as it threatens fish’s health and, as a consequence, that of huma...
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... Experimental Fish were transported from the hatchery of district Badin and kept at the hatchery of the department of Freshwater Biology and acclimatized for 24 to 48 hours. Subsequently acclimatized fishes were transferred to the parasitology laboratory department of Zoology for further processing [18]. ...
... Previous studies conducted by researchers examined the impact of herbicide on the renal system of freshwater fish species through both in vitro experimentation and field observations. Their findings revealed that under in vitro conditions, herbicide induced necrosis in epithelial cells, fragmentation of the endoplasmic network, impairment of glomerular, distal, and proximal tubules, vacuolation of epithelial cells within kidney tubules, and depletion of the kidney's hematopoietic tissue (Badroo et al., 2020;Ghaffar et al., 2021;Samanta et al., 2016). The findings of this study closely align with the results obtained in the current investigation. ...
... Paraquat (PQ) is a herbicide, which is extremely toxic to humans and animals. 1 It is very fast acting agent that is used to control various grasses as well as broad leave weeds. 2 China is one of the leading PQ producing country, with daily production of 100,000 tons. 3 Due to the unavailability of effective antidotes, PQ intoxication can be fatal to humans. ...
Background: Paraquat (PQ) is an extremely lethal, water-soluble and non-selective herbicide that is used globally due to its low cost and high efficacy. It exerts strong toxic effects on humans as its exposure leads to free radicals’ production. Sinensetin (SNS) is a natural flavonoid with strong anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant potentials.
Objective: The present study was planned to ascertain the attenuative effect of SNS against PQ induced renal damage in rats.
Methods: Forty eight rats were distributed into four groups: control group, PQ-administered group (5 mg/kg), PQ + SNS co-administered group (5 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg) and SNS administered group (20 mg/kg).
Results: PQ administration considerably decreased the activities of anti-oxidant enzymes i.e., catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GSR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxide (GPx), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities and glutathione (GSH) contents, while reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were upsurged. PQ treatment markedly augmented the levels of creatinine, urobilinogen, urea, KIM-1 and NGAL, while significantly decreased albumin protein as well as creatinine clearance. Moreover, the findings of our experiment revealed that PQ notably escalated inflammatory indices i.e., interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity. Furthermore, PQ intoxication significantly increased Bax, Caspase-3, Caspase-9 level and lowered Bcl-2 level as well as induced histopathological anomalies in kidneys. However, SNS + PQ co-treatment efficiently averted all the PQ-induced renal damages in the rats.
Conclusion: The current study indicates that SNS can be used to treat PQ-instigated renal toxicity due to its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic properties.
... It can be observed that under the same heat stress treatment, the damage to the kidney is relatively mild compared with other tissues, which may be related to tissue specificity. In addition, studies on the kidneys of other fish have found that sesamin can protect against fluoride-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in the kidney of carp (Cyprinus carpio) via the JNK signaling pathway [36], and herbicide paraquat dichloride causes necrosis of glomeruli and damage to the collecting duct in acute exposure [37]. ...
Simple Summary
Heat is a common stressor in aquatic environments and can cause damage to organs such as the kidneys, which in turn affects normal physiological functions in aquatic animals. The effects of heat stress on the kidney of Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) were investigated using histologic observation, flow cytometry assay, and RT-qPCR technique. Heat stress caused damage to the kidneys, leading to inflammatory cell infiltration, a significant increase in apoptosis as well as a significant increase in plasma creatinine, and induced significant expression of the heat shock protein GRP75 mRNA. However, the mRNA expression levels of inflammatory factors (IL-1β and TNF-α) and heat shock protein (HSP70 and HSP90) did not change significantly.
Abstract
Chronic heat stress caused by global warming can have serious implications for fish survival. The kidney plays a central role in many homeostatic functions, including water and electrolyte regulation. However, there is limited knowledge about the effect of heat stress on fish kidneys. In this study, water temperatures were increased from 20 °C to 24 °C and 28 °C in 8 days at a warming rate of 1 °C/d, and then maintained for 12 days. We investigated the effects of mild heat stress (24 °C) and high heat stress (28 °C) on Siberian Sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) kidneys using histological observation, flow cytometry detection, and RT-qPCR. Our histological observations revealed that heat stress caused significant infiltration of inflammatory cells in the kidney, especially at 28 °C. The flow cytometry assay demonstrated a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells after heat stress at 28 °C compared to a control group at 20 °C (p = 0.033). The level of plasma creatinine was significantly increased in the 28 °C group compared to the control group (p = 0.001). In addition, the mRNA expression levels of heat shock protein GRP75 increased (p = 0.009). The results indicate that heat stress at 28 °C caused damage to the kidneys of A. baerii and triggered the protective response of heat shock proteins. In conclusion, this study contributes to the understanding of the coping strategies of the kidney of A. baerii for chronic heat stress.
... Among vertebrates, fish are quite sensitive to PQ, with LD 50 values typically far below amphibian, bird, or mammal species (Table 2). There have been extensive studies of the impact of PQ on freshwater fish, with many studies reporting liver toxicity due to nitric oxide synthase and enhanced oxidative stress (Badroo et al. 2020;Ma et al. 2018). Histological changes include congestion in the liver, gill bridging, and necrosis of glomeruli in the kidney (Badroo et al. 2020). ...
... There have been extensive studies of the impact of PQ on freshwater fish, with many studies reporting liver toxicity due to nitric oxide synthase and enhanced oxidative stress (Badroo et al. 2020;Ma et al. 2018). Histological changes include congestion in the liver, gill bridging, and necrosis of glomeruli in the kidney (Badroo et al. 2020). The gill structure in fish and invertebrates is often an important indicator in biomonitoring (Doyotte et al. 1997;Soloneski and Larramendy 2012), and exposure to PQ can trigger a protective response in fish gills via lifting of lamellae in the gills accompanied by fusion, which reduces the total surface area of the gill and strengthens the water-blood barrier (Badroo et al. 2020;Ladipo et al. 2011;Oladokun et al. 2020). ...
... Histological changes include congestion in the liver, gill bridging, and necrosis of glomeruli in the kidney (Badroo et al. 2020). The gill structure in fish and invertebrates is often an important indicator in biomonitoring (Doyotte et al. 1997;Soloneski and Larramendy 2012), and exposure to PQ can trigger a protective response in fish gills via lifting of lamellae in the gills accompanied by fusion, which reduces the total surface area of the gill and strengthens the water-blood barrier (Badroo et al. 2020;Ladipo et al. 2011;Oladokun et al. 2020). In the liver, necrosis of hepatocytes as well as cellular swelling was observed in fish exposed to PQ, suggesting that the ROS Ecotoxicology of the herbicide paraquat: effects on wildlife and knowledge gaps formed by the action of PQ caused lipid peroxidation and structural damage to cellular membranes (Badroo et al. 2020;Ma et al. 2018). ...
Paraquat (PQ) is an organic herbicide introduced to the commercial market in 1962 and since linked to a variety of human health effects, including lung fibrosis, liver tumors, and Parkinson’s disease. Although PQ is banned in the European Union, it is still frequently used in agricultural areas of the United States and Asia. The general mechanism of PQ’s toxicity is the disruption of the redox cycle in cells. This mini-review summarizes our current understanding of PQ toxicity in non-target plants and animals. Among vertebrates, PQ sensitivity tends follow the pattern of fish > amphibians > mammals > birds. Aquatic plants are particularly vulnerable to PQ, with EC50 values ranging from ~28–280 μg/L. A number of convenient but non-specific biomarkers have been identified for non-target species, including the activities of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase and catalase, histological changes in the gill structures of fish, and the upregulation of genes associated with the cytochrome p450 monooxygenase system. Significant literature gaps include a lack of data for environmentally realistic conditions (i.e., chronic, low concentration, multi-stressor), toxicity in reptiles, and population- and ecosystem-level effects. Although PQ is a useful herbicide, considering the many human and ecological health impacts, it may be time for regulators and the agricultural industry to reconsider its use.
... MMCs can be used as environmental biomarkers in wild-living fish, as various factors (such as pollutants, pathogens, or age) affect the size and counts of MMCs, most notably in the spleen [68][69][70][71][72][73][74], but also in the liver [75][76][77][78]. On the other hand, in aquaculture studies, increased splenic MMC size may indicate stress and/or inflammation, as demonstrated for gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) fed HUFA-deficient diets [52], fluke-infected ranched Southern Bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) [79][80][81] and densely-reared European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) [82]. ...
The brown trout (Salmo trutta) is a salmonid residing in riverine and coastal waters throughout the Northern Hemisphere, whose various populations evolved into distinct ecological morphs, differing in their migratory tendencies and preferred habitats. Unfortunately, due to progressing degradation of natural environment, the conservation of these populations is of growing importance and is undoubtedly a challenging task. Therefore, various means to refine the preparatory protocols for restocking using hatchery-reared fish are being pursued, some of which involve the administration of immunity-boosting substances. The current study assessed the effects of two dietary immunostimulants: Bioimmuno (4% inosine pranobex and 96% β-glucan) and Focus Plus (commercial preparation by Biomar, Denmark) on two morphs of the brown trout - the river trout (S. trutta morpha fario) and the sea trout (S. trutta morpha trutta). Tissue samples were obtained from ∼75-100g fish after 0, 2 and 4 weeks of experimental feeding. Multi-factorial analysis of conducted histological measurements of melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) revealed no changes of their parameters within spleens, but showed a decrease of the occupied tissue area and MMC counts in the livers, progressing with time regardless of the applied diet. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD3+ T cells showed their increased recruitment into mucosal folds of pyloric caeca in the 2-week sampling of trouts fed with the diet with 2% Bioimmuno addition, but this effect was not present in the 4-week sampling. When studying all groups jointly within each morph, there was a significant difference in terms of maintained CD3+ T cells levels, as sea trouts showed significantly higher tissue areas occupied by these cells than river trouts, both in the pyloric caeca and hepatic parenchyma. The study revealed that feeding with a diet enriched with Bioimmuno for 2 weeks may be a favorable enhancement of rearing protocols of brown trout stocks prior to their release, but more studies need to be conducted to test the possibility of an even shorter feeding period.
... Leuwol et al. (2018) revealed a behavior disorder, including increased operculum movements in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to carbamate insecticides at acute concentrations. Badroo et al. (2020) also discovered that acute exposure to paraquat dichloride resulted in behavioral changes in spotted snakehead (Channa punctatus), including hyperactivity, loss of balance, increasing operculum movements, cannibalism, mucus secretion, and depigmentation. ...
... Histopathological alteration of fish tissue after exposure to acute concentrations of various pollutants has also been reported, including in Channa punctatus exposed to hexavalent chromium (Mishra and Mohanty, 2008); Corydoras melanistius exposed to formalin (Santos et al., 2012); and Onchorhynchus mykiss exposed to maneb and carbaryl pesticides (Boran et al., 2010). Previous research revealed that exposure to paraquat dichloride at acute concentration (32.93 mg/L) has led to histological lesions in the gills and liver tissues of Channa punctatus (Badroo et al., 2020). The observed alterations in the gill tissue were vacuoles, necrosis, hypertrophy, edema, and lymphocytic infiltration. ...
... Specific length rate was calculated as follows: SLR (%/day) = (ln(final length) − ln(initial length) × 100)/exposure duration (in days). Behavior indicators observed during the tests were hyperactivity, loss of balance, depigmentation, and mucus secretion (Badroo et al., 2020). The opercular rate of each fish was counted for 1 min using the Hand Tally Counter (Chippari-Gomes et al., 2005;Melendres and Dy, 2013). ...
Evaluating the toxicity of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) is critical as part of the effort to develop waste management regulations for the palm oil industry. In this study, we investigated the acute toxicity of POME on growth performance, behavioral response, and histopathology of gill and liver tissues of zebrafish (Danio rerio). In total, 550 adult male zebrafish were used for the toxicity experiment including range finding test, acute toxicity test, growth performance and behaviour test. Static non-renewal acute toxicity bioassays were conducted by exposing fish to POME (1.584-9.968 mL/L) for 96 h. Growth performance, behavior response, and histopathological lesions in untreated and POME treated (96-h LC50: 5.156 mL/L) fish were measured at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Time-dependent significant decline in body length and body weight of POME-exposed zebrafish was observed. Furthermore, several behavioral changes were recorded, including hyperactivity, loss of balance, excessive mucus secretion, and depigmentation. Decreasing operculum movement and oxygen consumption rate as well as alterations in gill tissues (i.e. hyperplasia, hypertrophy, hemorrhage, and necrosis) of POME-exposed zebrafish were observed, suggesting a dysfunction in respiratory performance. On the other hand, liver tissue alterations (congestion, hemorrhage, hyperplasia, shrinkage of hepatocytes, hydrophilic degeneration, and necrosis) indicated a disruption in detoxification performance. We conclude that exposure to POME at acute concentration caused histopathological lesions both in gill and liver tissue along with changes in fish behaviors which disrupted respiratory and detoxification performance, resulting in mortality and reduced growth of zebrafish. These findings might provide valuable information for guiding POME management and regulation.
... where HIrp org is the reaction pattern index; a is the score value and w is the importance factor for each histopathological abnormality (Table S1). The factors importance for histopathological abnormalities were selected based on the works of other authors [27,35,36,39,[123][124][125][126][127]. ...
In the present article, the possible mitigation of the toxic effect of imidacloprid low-concentration chronic exposure on Danio rerio by the probiotic strain Lactobacillus brevis 47f (1 × 108 CFU/g) was examined. It was found that even sublethal concentration (2500 µg/L) could lead to the death of some fish during the 60-day chronic experiment. However, the use of Lactobacillus brevis 47f partially reduced the toxic effects, resulting in an increased survival rate and a significant reduction of morphohistological lesions in the intestines and kidneys of Danio rerio. The kidneys were found to be the most susceptible organ to toxic exposure, showing significant disturbances. Calculation of the histopathological index, measurement of morphometric parameters, and analysis of principal components revealed the most significant parameters affected by the combined action of imidacloprid and Lactobacillus brevis 47f. This effect of imidacloprid and the probiotic strain had a multidirectional influence on various pro/anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8). Therefore, the results suggest the possibility of further studying the probiotic strain Lactobacillus brevis 47f as a strain that reduces the toxic effects of xenobiotics. Additionally, the study established the possibility of using imidacloprid as a model toxicant to assess the detoxification ability of probiotics on the kidney and gastrointestinal tract of fish.
... Lindane is an organochlorine insecticide that can cause skin irritation, seizures, and cancer [21,22]. ...
Application of pesticides during crop production often results in pesticide residue, a significant source of heavy metals in the harvested crops. This raises concern for consumers' health due to the potentially deleterious effects of pesticides on animals, particularly humans. This study examined the levels of pesticide residues using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system and heavy metal elements concentration using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) in four food crops (Sesame, Millet, Rice, and Guinea corn) cultivated in (Gwio-Kura) Gashua and Hadejia towns in Nigeria. The results disclosed that Sesame was the only crop with Dichlorvos from both Gashua and Hadejia, surpassing the WHO's limit for pesticide residue concentrations, and that the Hadejia samples had higher levels than the Gashua samples. The study also detected traces of Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), Nickel (Ni), and Manganese (Mn) in the crops, but they were below the permissible intake levels established by FAO/WHO. However, Arsenic (As) and Chromium (Cr) exceeded the FAO/WHO limits and may entail serious health problems such as kidney damage and cancer. Mercury (Hg) was not detected in any of the crops. Our findings suggest health authorities monitor and regulate heavy elements intake in food crops, especially those with high toxic contamination, to prevent adverse health effects such as the kidney disease on humans and animals, currently prevalent in the area.
... Fish gills are one of the primary organs that absorb large quantities of water pollutants due to their function, large surface area, location, and direct physical contact with the external environment (Kumari et al., 2017;Tanneberger et al., 2013). Such properties have made fish gills an ideal candidate organ for conducting water pollution and toxicology research (Badroo et al., 2020;Lacy et al., 2022;Randi et al., 1996;Shiogiri et al., 2012;Taysi et al., 2021). In this study, we focused on the gills of goldfish exposed to the herbicide Roundup. ...
... The fish gill is arguably the most anatomically and physiologically diversified organ because it is in direct contact with water, therefore, any toxicants (i.e., pesticides, pollutants) must go through it to reach the blood circulation (Badroo et al., 2020;Banaee, 2012). Morphological analysis of histological sections revealed visible lesions in the gills of fish exposed to environmental pollutants (Bernet et al., 1999;Couillard et al., 1988). ...
... Additionally, a similar study by Mishra and Mohanty (2008) found that chromium exposure (20-40 mg/L for 96 h) causes modifications in the gills (e.g., lamellar fusion, curling, modification of gill epithelium: necrosis, hyperplasia, lifting, and desquamation) of snakehead (Channa punctatus). Badroo et al. (2020) also demonstrated almost identical damage to snakehead gills when fish were exposed to paraquat dichloride (PQ, one of the most widely used herbicides in the United States; 32.93 mg/L for 24-96 h). Information gathered from these studies along with our results suggest that fish exposed to environmental pollutants (i.e., pesticides) acquire alterations to the gill morphology and that this phenotype is likely a sign of a stress response in teleost fishes. ...
Extensive agricultural activities to feed the growing population are one major driving force behind aquatic pollution. Different types of pesticides are used in farmlands to increase crop production and wash up into water bodies. Glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup® is one of the most used pesticides in the United States; however, its effects on teleost species are still poorly understood. This study focused on the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of Roundup exposure (low- and high-dose: 0.5 and 5 μg/L for 2-week) on Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA, a biomarker for sodium‑potassium ion pump efficacy), cytochrome P450-1A (CYP1A, a monooxygenase enzyme), 2,4-dinitrophenyl protein (DNP, a biomarker for protein oxidation), 3-nitrotyrosine protein (NTP, a biomarker for protein nitration), superoxidase dismutase (SOD, an antioxidant enzyme), catalase (CAT, an antioxidant enzyme) expressions, and cellular apoptosis in the gills of goldfish. Histopathological and in situ TUNEL analyses showed widespread tissue damage, including lamellar fusion, loss of gill architecture, club shape of primary lamellae, mucous formation, and distortion in the epithelium layer, as well as apoptotic nuclei in gills. Immunohistochemical and qRT-PCR analyses provided insights into the expressions of molecular indicators in gills. Fish exposed to Roundup exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) downregulation of NKA expression in gills. Additionally, we observed upregulation of CYP1A, DNP, NTP, SOD, and CAT expressions in the gills of goldfish. Overall, our results suggest that exposure to Roundup causes disruption of gill architecture, induces protein oxidation/nitration and cellular apoptosis, and alters prooxidant-antioxidant homeostasis in tissues, which may lead to reduced fitness and survivability of teleost species.
