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Histological sample (H&E, )/100) of the terminal ileum of a mouse challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium (group 2). Necrotic typhoid nodule, surrounded by mononuclear cell infiltrate in mucosa (inset; )/400). Columnar epithelium is mostly necrotic and detached.
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The purpose of the present study was to test the ability of selected probiotic Lactobacillus spp. (with high antimicrobial and antioxidative potential in in vitro tests) to compete with invasive Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection and protect the gut mucosa against excessive oxidative stress during inflammatory tissue damage in a mous...
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... the intestinal mucosa of S. Typhimurium-challenged mice (group 2) moderate hyperaemia and hyperplasia of solitary follicles were found (Fig. 1) as compared with group 1 control animals (Table II). Of 14 mice in group 2, multiple typhoid nodules and necrosis were seen in the liver (Fig. 2) and spleen (11 and 9 typhoid nodules and 10 and 9 necroses, respectively). In group 3 mice the hyperplasia of intestinal lymph patches was less expressed than in group 2 animals and no ...
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... Apart from their contribution to diversity and functionality of the gut microbiota, it has also been reported that they are associated with improved physiological function and cognitive ability [12,77,78]. In addition, the ameliorative impact of Lactobacillus spp. on oxidative stress has also been commonly investigated and discussed [79,80]. Although there are many well-defined mechanisms regarding ROS production and its relation to the gut microbiota, the redox role and relevant mechanisms of Lactobacillus spp. ...
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is crucial for food digestion and nutrient absorption in humans. However, the GI tract is usually challenged with oxidative stress that can be induced by various factors, such as exogenous pathogenic microorganisms and dietary alterations. As a part of gut microbiota, Lactobacillus spp. play an important role in modulating oxidative stress in cells and tissues, especially in the GI tract. Oxidative stress is linked with excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be formed by a few enzymes, such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidases (NOXs). The redox mechanisms of Lactobacillus spp. may contribute to the downregulation of these ROS-forming enzymes. In addition, nuclear factor erythroid 2 (NFE2)-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) are two common transcription factors, through which Lactobacillus spp. modulate oxidative stress as well. As oxidative stress is closely associated with inflammation and certain diseases, Lactobacillus spp. could potentially be applied for early treatment and amelioration of these diseases, either individually or together with prebiotics. However, further research is required for revealing their mechanisms of action as well as their extensive application in the future.
... There are two types of Salmonella infection in the intestines; (1) non-typhoid, and (2) typhoid fever (Trussalu et al., 2004). The infection is due to the various serotypes of S. enterica that causes mild diarrhea, digestive tracts inflammation, and typhoid fever that may cause death. ...
Probiotic is live non-pathogenic microorganisms that give beneficial effects on health when they are administered in adequate amounts. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolates (L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) as well as cheese containing the probiotics on microflora profiles, morphological profile of ileum and caecum, and immunomodulator potency by measuring lymphocyte proliferation and IgA levels in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with the probiotics or cheese containing the probiotics for 10 days, infected with S. typhimurium for 3 days, and continued to be fed with or without the probiotics or the cheese. A total of 6 treatments were applied, which were: (pro-typ-pro, pro-typ-std, che-typ-che, che-typ-std, pro-PBS-pro, and std-typ-std). The measured variables were the number of LAB and S. typhimurium colonies, lymphocyte cells, and the level of SIgA. The results showed that the highest number of LAB in the ileum and caecum in probiotic fed rats (pro-typ-std followed by pro-typ-pro) as compared to the control, whereas number of S. typhimurium was lower. The study showed that the treatment of probiotic isolate was able to improve the number of lymphocyte during the first 10 days, during the infection of S. typhimurium, and post infection stage. The treatment of probiotic isolate was able to improve SIgA at the time of S. typhimurium intervention. In conclusion, mixed isolates of L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum and cheese containing the probiotics were able to show preventive and remedial functions during S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 infection, thus demonstrate the potential to be used as probiotic cultures.
... There are two types of Salmonella infection in the intestines; (1) non-typhoid, and (2) typhoid fever (Trussalu et al., 2004). The infection is due to the various serotypes of S. enterica that causes mild diarrhea, digestive tracts inflammation, and typhoid fever that may cause death. ...
Probiotic is live non-pathogenic microorganisms that give beneficial effects on health when they are administered in adequate amounts. The objective of the study was to evaluate the influence of Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) isolates (L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum) as well as cheese containing the probiotics on microflora profiles, morphological profile of ileum and caecum, and immunomodulator potency by measuring lymphocyte proliferation and IgA levels in rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed with the probiotics or cheese containing the probiotics for 10 days, infected with S. typhimurium for 3 days, and continued to be fed with or without the probiotics or the cheese. A total of 6 treatments were applied, which were: (protyp- pro, pro-typ-std, che-typ-che, che-typ-std, pro-PBS-pro, and std-typ-std). The measured variables were the number of LAB and S. typhimurium colonies, lymphocyte cells, and the level of SIgA. The results showed that the highest number of LAB in the ileum and caecum in probiotic fed rats (pro-typ-std followed by pro-typ-pro) as compared to the control, whereas number of S. typhimurium was lower. The study showed that the treatment of probiotic isolate was able to improve the number of lymphocyte during the first 10 days, during the infection of S. typhimurium, and post infection stage. The treatment of probiotic isolate was able to improve SIgA at the time of S. typhimurium intervention. In conclusion, mixed isolates of L. rhamnosus and L. plantarum and cheese containing the probiotics were able to show preventive and remedial functions during S. typhimurium ATCC 14028 infection, thus demonstrate the potential to be used as probiotic cultures.
... The question arises of whether the choice should be a strain of human origin or some environmental good antagonist. In various experimental settings (oral dose 0.5 Â 10 8 CFU for 15 days), Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 (DSM14241) of human origin did not increase counts of total lactobacilli in the distal ileum or large intestine of mice (Truusalu et al. 2004). In contrast, the use of the same strain for 3 weeks with a daily dose 10 Â 10 10 CFU with fermented goat milk or a daily dose 2 Â 10 9 CFU with a capsule caused a significant increase in intestinal lactobacilli in healthy volunteers (Songisepp et al. 2005). ...
... The most notable initiators in living cells are ROS such as OH·and HO 2 , which combine with a hydrogen atom to make water and a fatty acid radical (Jones 2006). Thus, consumption of the multivalent probiotic L. fermentum ME-3, which produces Mn-SOD and GSH, contributes to the reduction of LPO in the epithelia of the GI tract (Truusalu et al. 2004;Kullisaar et al. 2010b) and in hepatocytes and prevents them from entering the circulation. This effect may lead to an improvement of the systemic picture of oxS in the host. ...
... In experimental animal models of infections, some probiotic strains of lactobacilli (L. fermentum ME-3, L. plantarum Inducia) cause the enlargement of Peyer's patches and increase the number of lymphocytes and mono-and polymorphonuclears with induction of inflammatory (IFN-γ, TNF-α) and antiinflammatory cytokine (IL-10) in the gut mucosa and organs Truusalu 2013). This capacity serves as an important functional property of the special strain that is targeted to control of infection and correction of dysbiosis after antibiotic treatment. ...
The complex ecosystem of the gastrointestinal tract involves tight interrelations among host cells, diet, and billions of microbes, both beneficial and opportunistic pathogens. In spite of advanced genomic, metagenomic, and metabonomic approaches, knowledge is still quite limited regarding the biodiversity of beneficial microbiota, including Lactobacillus spp., and its impact on the main biomarkers of general health. In this paper, Lactobacillus biodiversity is demonstrated through its taxonomy, function, and host-microbial interactions. Its prevalence, composition, abundance, intertwined metabolic properties, and relation to host age, genotype, and socioeconomic factors are reviewed based on the literature and original research experience. The species richness, e.g., the biodiversity of gut microbiota, provides the host with a variety of metabolically active species and strains that predict their response for different health conditions and extrinsic interventions. Metabolically active and safe Lactobacillus species and specific strains with particular functional properties increase the biodiversity of the whole intestinal microbiota. The elaborated principles for effective application of probiotics are discussed, aimed at regulating the composition of microbiota simultaneously with blood and urine biomarkers at the borderline of normality. This approach targets the impact of probiotic strains to maintenance of health with anti-infectious, cardiovascular, and metabolic support.
... Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 (DSM 14241) is a bacterial strain of human origin that was isolated from a healthy one-year-old child. L. fermentum ME-3 had both antimicrobial and antioxidant properties13141516 . Various clinical studies have demonstrated several health benefits associated with consuming this strain1718192021. ...
... The L. fermentum ME-3 strain used in this study was confirmed by molecular identification with polymerase chain reaction that employed an internallytranscribed spacer and 16S rRNA sequencing [23]. The strain's safety was confirmed previously in an animal model [16] and in healthy Estonian adults (registered trials ISCRNT43435738 and ISCRNT53154826). ...
... In the present investigation, the gut microbial ecosystem was the target of the probiotic Lactobacillus sp., and the kefir served as a probiotic carrier. The antioxidative and anti-atherogenic effects of L. fermentum ME-3 were previously described in numerous in vitro experiments, animal experiments, and in human trials, with different dairy products, including goat milk, cheese, and yog- hurt [14,16171819. The positive effects of lactobacilli on various markers of lipid metabolism in the human body are likely due to the sum of multiple different mechanisms [34]. ...
Previous studies showed that a probiotic-rich diet may improve the plasma lipid profile and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In a randomized controlled study we tested the possibility for regulation of plasma lipid profile using a kefir that contained the antioxidative probiotic strain, Lactobacillus fermentum ME-3 (DSM14241). The trial was performed in clinically healthy adults with borderline-high serum low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) and/or high serum triglyceride (TG) levels based on guidelines from the European Cardiology Society and European Atherosclerosis Society.
One hundred sixty four participants meeting the inclusion criteria were included. Participants were randomised to receive 200 ml/day kefir, either with probiotic (PG; n = 71, 58 females, mean age 49.6 ± 6.5 y) or without probiotic (CG; n = 66, 58 females, mean age 49.9 ± 6.1 y). The probiotic contained 4 × 10 7 cfu/ml L. fermentum ME-3 (total 8 × 10 9 cfu/day). At 4 weeks (n = 71 PG and n = 66 CG) and at 8 weeks (n = 43 PG and n = 33 CG), we evaluated anthropologic, blood biochemical indices, and the faecal temporal persistence of the probiotic strain was assessed by real-time PCR.
After 4 weeks, the lipid profiles were mostly similar between groups: only the values of oxidised LDL (ox-LDL) and TG were significantly reduced (P < 0.001 and P = 0.005, resp.). After 8 weeks, the PG group exhibited reductions in LDL-C (5 %, P = 0.001), ox-LDL (6 %, P < 0.0002), TG (17 %, P = 0.033). Next, the ratio of LDL-C to HDL-C was decreased only in the PG (P = 0.013) while in the CG it was significantly increased (P = 0.018). After completing the trial the changes in all above listed indices were significantly (P < 0.05) different between the PG and CG groups. In faeces, the prevalence of L. fermentum ME-3 increased after 4 and 8 weeks (both P < 0.001), but the counts, determined with real-time PCR, remained constant.
Eight weeks of consuming kefir with the antioxidative probiotic L. fermentum ME-3, reduced serum LDL-C, ox-LDL and TG values in clinically healthy volunteers with borderline-high lipid profile indices. Thus, L. fermentum ME-3 has potential to lower the risk of CVD that is tightly associated with maintenance of plasma lipid profile. This study was registered as current controlled trial http://www.controlled-trials.com/ISRCTN49744186 as ISRCTN49744186.
... During the past decade, some studies have supported the potential reduction of oxidative stress of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [15][16][17][18]. Nevertheless, Clostridium butyricum can produce endospores and short-chain fatty acids, which has the ability to survive at lower pH, relatively higher bile concentrations and temperature compared with Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium and has been used in a wide range of human and veterinary intestinal diseases as one important symbiotic bacteria [19][20][21][22]. ...
... Results from the present study showed that C. butyricum could inhibit both liver and blood lipid oxidation (MDA production) in broiler chicks, therefore protecting the peroxidation of oxidative-labile PUFA of meat. During the past decade, several studies have supported the potential reduction of oxidative stress of probiotics, such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium [15][16][17][18]. The current study found that dietary supplementation of C. butyricum increased hepatic SOD activity and serum GSH content whereas decreased MDA concentration in both liver and serum of broilers. ...
Consumers are becoming increasingly interested in food containing high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). PUFA are considered as functional ingredients to prevent cardiovascular disease. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of Clostridium butyricum on antioxidant properties, meat quality and fatty acid composition of broilers.
A total of 320 one-day-old Arbor Acres male chicks were randomly assigned to one of five treatments with eight replicates and fed a antibiotic-free basal corn-soybean meal diet (control) or the basal diet supplemented with either 2.5 × 10(8) (CB1), 5 × 10(8) (CB2) or 1 × 10(9) (CB3) cfu of C. butyricum/kg or150 mg of aureomycin/kg (antibiotic) for 42 days.
The results showed that chicks fed diets supplemented with C. butyricum had higher (P < 0.05) superoxide dismutase activity and lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde concentration in liver compared with those in the control group. Broilers had lower (P < 0.05) cholesterol content of serum in either CB2 or CB3 treatment at day 21 and in the C. butyricum-supplemented groups at day 42 than those in the control group. Chicks fed CB3 diet had lower (P < 0.05) percentage of abdominal fat and higher (P < 0.05) breast muscle yield than those in the control and antibiotic groups. The supplementation of C. butyricum increased (P < 0.05) the concentrations of C20:1n-9, C20:2n-6, C20:3n-6, C20:3n-3, C20:4n-6, C20:5n-3, C22:6n-3 and total PUFA as well as ratio of PUFA to saturated fatty acids in breast muscle and the contents of C18:2 t-9, t-12, C20:3n-6, C20:3n-3 and C20:5n-3 in thigh muscle.
Supplementation of C. butyricum promotes hepatic antioxidant status, decreases cholesterol content of serum and percentage of abdominal fat, and improves meat quality and fatty acid composition of broiler birds. The results from the present study indicate that the increased PUFA concentrations in meat of broilers fed C. butyricum might be attributable to enhanced antioxidant activity.
... Therefore, the intestine is prone to oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). During the past decade, some studies have supported the potential of probiotics such as Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium to reduce oxidative stress (Truusalu et al., 2004; Martarelli et al., 2011; Amaretti et al., 2013; Chauhan et al., 2014 ). However , to our knowledge, no study has been performed to investigate the antioxidative effects of C. butyricium in broilers. ...
To investigate the effects of Clostridium butyricum on growth performance, antioxidation, and immune function of broilers, 320 one-day-old Arbor Acres commercial male chicks were assigned to one of 5 treatments with 8 replicates in a completely randomized design for 42 d. The 5 treatments were basal diet (control), basal diet supplemented with 2.5×10(8) cfu C. butyricum/kg (CB1), basal diet supplemented with 5×10(8) cfu C. butyricum/kg (CB2), basal diet supplemented with 1×10(9) cfu C. butyricum/kg (CB3), and basal diet supplemented with 150 mg aureomycin/kg (antibiotic). The results showed that all C. butyricum-supplemented groups during d 1 to 21 and the CB2 group during d 22 to 42 had higher ADG compared with the control (P<0.05). Chicks fed the CB3 diet had higher glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity (P<0.05), and chicks fed the CB2 diet had a higher glutathione (GSH) concentration in duodenal and ileal mucosa at 21 d of age than those in the control group (P<0.05). Chicks fed the CB3 diet had a lower malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration in duodenal mucosa than those in the control and CB1 groups (P<0.05). Chicks fed the CB2, CB3, and antibiotic diets had a lower MDA concentration in ileal mucosa than those in the control and CB1 groups (P<0.05). Broilers fed the CB3 diet had greater superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the ileal mucosa on d 21 and in jejunal mucosa on d 42 than those in the other groups (P<0.05). Chicks fed the CB2, CB3, and antibiotic diets had a higher GSH concentration in duodenal and jejunal mucosa on d 42 than those in the control group (P<0.05). Broilers fed the CB2 and CB3 diets had a lower MDA concentration in the jejunal mucosa on d 42 than those in the control and CB1 groups. Chicks fed diets supplemented with C. butyricum had a higher IgM concentration than those in the control group at 21 and 42 d of age (P<0.05). The results indicate that C. butyricum improves broilers' growth performance, antioxidation, and immune function.
... The presence of inulin and pectin increased in an impressive manner such activity compared to glucose, and ten times higher (24.5 % ± 1.04, and 31.5% ± 2.75, respectively) antioxidant activity values were observed. This aspect can be of particular relevance, taking into account that probiotic strains with high antioxidative activity might not only contribute to fighting all diseases related to ROS, but also they can exhibit, in vivo, a greater survival in a particular ecological niche and, probably also through the production of organic acids, a high rank of anti-infectious potential, as demonstrated by Hutt et al. [39] and Truusalu et al. [40] in different probiotics. ...
The viability of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum, after its passage through simulated gastric and pancreatic juices, was evaluated as function of its pre-growth in a medium containing the known prebiotics pectin or inulin, and was compared to glucose used as control. The presence of pectin or inulin did not markedly affect the growth (10.07 log10 colony forming units/mL and 10.28 log10 colony forming units/mL for pectin and inulin respectively versus 10.42 log10 colony forming units/mL obtained for glucose). Pectin and inulin, in contrast to glucose, induced cell stress resistance against gastrointestinal juices (D log101.5 and 2.4 colony forming units/mL respectively, versus D log10 4.0 for glucose). The data were corroborated by the analysis of the protein pattern following stress treatments which, in the case of microbial cells grown with glucose, revealed a more marked protein degradation after the double passage through simulated gastric and intestinal juices. Inulin stimulated the production of the relevant healthy bio-molecule butyrate, which amount was 30% higher respect of growth in the presence of glucose. Inulin and pectin improved cell DPPH scavenging activity, and an impressive hydrophobicity (35.28% and 34.81%, respectively) was observed with respect to the microbial growth in presence of glucose (3.39%).
... Evidently, the increase of the TAS and the GSH values are mainly due to the high antioxidative properties of Lact. fermentum ME-3, alleviating OxS-and inflammation-related damages in the intestinal cells (Truusalu et al. 2004). High antioxidative activity has also been detected in probiotic cheese with ME-3 (Songisepp et al. 2004). ...
The probiotic L. plantarum strain TENSIA (DSM 21380) is a novel microorganism having antimicrobial and antihypertensive properties. The aim of the study was to test the efficacy of the consumption of the cheese, comprising the novel strain TENSIA on multiple health markers of humans. Human intervention trial showed that the blood pressure lowering effect of cheese, comprising L. plantarum TENSIA was evident in healthy volunteers with high normal blood pressure up to normal values. The 3-week consumption of the prohiotic cheese did not increase the CVD risk factors like BMI, the level of plasma lipids and glucose as well as inflammatory and immunological markers of human body.
... This could be due to the human origin of the strain but also to strain specificity. It has been shown that feeding a human strain of Lactobacillus to mice does not always result in an increase in total counts of lactobacilli (Truusalu et al., 2004). In our human study, the content of total lactobacilli increased in feces, and the presence of the ingested probiotic strain was confirmed after the consumption of cheese. ...
Safety of the probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum strain Tensia (DSM 21380) was tested in vitro, in semihard Edam-type cheese, in an animal model and after consumption of the probiotic cheese in double-blind randomized placebo-controlled human intervention studies with different age groups. The susceptibility of L. plantarum Tensia to 8 antibiotics, and the presence of tetracycline (tet M, S, O, K, L) genes and class 1 integron was assessed by applying epsilometer-test and PCR-based methods. Production of biogenic amines by the probiotic strain in decarboxylation medium containing 1% of l-histidine, l-glutamine, l-ornithine, l-arginine, or l-lysine and in cheese was tested by gas chromatography. The biosafety of L. plantarum Tensia was evaluated on National Institutes of Health-line mice fed cheese containing Tensia at a concentration of 9.6 log cfu/g for 30 consecutive days. In human intervention trials in adults and the elderly, the effects of different doses of Edam-type cheese and the probiotic bacterium on BW, gut functionality indices, and host metabolism were evaluated. The strain L. plantarum Tensia was susceptible to all tested antibiotics and did not possess the tetracycline resistance-determining genes tet(L), tet(S) and tet(O), nor did it contain the integron (Int1) gene. However, the strain was tet(K) and tet(M) positive. Lactobacillus plantarum Tensia did not produce potentially harmful biogenic amines, such as histamine or cadaverine. The amount of tyramine produced in the cheese environment during ripening and after 15 wk of storage was below the clinically significant content. In the animal model, no translocation of the administered strain or other microbes into the blood or organs of mice was detected. No harmful effect was observed on body mass index, inflammatory markers, or serum lipidograms during human intervention trials with different age groups at a daily dose of 10.3 or 8.17 log cfu/serving for 3 wk. No negative effect on gastrointestinal welfare was observed, but the consumption of 100g/d for 3 wk caused hard stools from the second week of the trial. The content of total lactobacilli increased in feces, and the presence of the ingested probiotic strain was confirmed after the consumption of cheese. Thus, L. plantarum strain Tensia is suitable for generally recognized as safe (GRAS) and qualified presumption of safety (QPS) criteria because it did not have any undesirable characteristics. The regular semihard Edam-type cheese (fat content of 26%) with the probiotic additive at a daily dose of 50g or in excess (100g) and with a probiotic daily dose of 10 log cfu for 3 wk was safe.
