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Hirschia baltica IFAM 1415, showing a mother cell (m), a hypha (h), and a bud (b). Note the polar insertion of the flagellum (0. Platinum shadowing. Bar = 1 pm. genus Pedomicrobiurn (14), which have red to dark brown colonies (Table 2). The colonies of strain IFAM 1408 were mucous, while the colonies of the other strains had a dry, granular appearance. PHB storage granules, which are present in members of the genera Hyphornicrobiurn (20), Hyphornonas (58), Dichotornicrobiurn (22), and Pedornicrobium (14), were not observed. All Hirschia strains were strictly aerobic and grew well in the presence of artificial seawater (32) at concentrations between 12.5 and 250% (100% artificial seawater corresponds to a salinity of 34.5%0). No growth occurred in the presence of 275% artificial seawater, and only strain IFAM 1538 was able to grow in the presence of 6% artificial seawater. Nitrate was not reduced under anaerobic conditions ; glucose was not fermented. The isolates grew on complex media containing peptone, yeast extract, and glucose (M13 medium) and utilized a variety of substrates as carbon sources (Table 3). In contrast to many hyphomicrobia (20, 21), C, compounds were not metabolized. The patterns of substrate utilization for strains IFAM 1408, IFAM 1415, and IFAM 141gT were very similar (Table 3). Strain IFAM 1538 exhibited a more varied carbon source utilization spectrum in that it utilized glycerol and lactose, and this strain produced a-D-galactosidase, P-D-galactosidase , and P-D-lactosidase (Tables 3 and 4). The Hirschia strains hydrolyzed cellobiose by using P-D-glucosidase (Table 4), an enzyme that has not been detected in various strains of Hyphornicrobiurn or Hyphornonas spp. Utilization of maltose by strains IFAM 141gT and IFAM 1538 correlated with the presence of a-D-glucosidase, which was not observed in the other isolates. Hydrolytic ability was limited in that only alginate and gelatin were utilized by all of the strains, while casein, cellulose, and lecithin were not hydrolyzed . DNA, starch, and Tween 80 were hydrolyzed by single strains only (Table 3). Chemotaxonomic properties. Our new isolates contained nonhydrogenated ubiquinones with 10 isoprene units (ubiquinone Qlo). This ubiquinone type nicely separates these strains from hyphomicrobia which contain ubiquinone Q9 (27, 56; Sittig, unpublished data), and from the majority of hyphomonads, which contain ubiquinone Qll. An exception is Hyphomonas jannaschiana, which, like our isolates, contains ubiquinone Qlo (56). The phospholipid pattern was rather sparse;
Source publication
Four strains of budding, hyphal bacteria, which had very similar chemotaxonomic properties, were isolated from the Baltic Sea. The results of DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, indicated that three of the new isolates were closely related, while the fourth was only moderately related to the other three. Sequence signature and higher-order structura...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... and physiological properties. Four strains of yellow-pigmented, hyphal, budding bacteria, which are members of the new genus Hirschia described below, were isolated from different samples of surface water taken from Kiel Fjord (Table 1). In morphology ( Fig. 1) and life cycle, these four isolates resembled members of the genera Hy- phornicrobiurn and Hyphornonas. Phenotypic differences between the new isolates and other budding members of the Proteobacteria included yellow pigmentation of the colo- nies, which distinguished the new strains from the white or brownish hyphomicrobia and ...
Similar publications
A budding prosthecate bacterial strain, designated NL23(T), was isolated from a methanol-fed denitrification system treating seawater at the Montreal Biodome, Canada. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences showed that the strain was affiliated with the Hyphomicrobium genus of the Alphaproteobacteria and was most clos...
Citations
... After incubation at 25 °C for 3-5 days, morphologically distinct colonies emerged on the plates, which were then separated by repeatedly streaking on the 2216E marine agar plates to obtain the purified isolates. The obtained isolates were re-streaked on the screening plates, incubated at 25 °C for 5 days and stained by Lugol's solution [40]. The HD/CD ratio was used as the standard for a preliminary evaluation of the extracellular alginolytic activity of the isolates. ...
... To determine the optimal hydrolysis time, L. japonica root powder was hydrolyzed by the FBS from 5 min to 9 h with an E/S ratio of 25 U/g. To determine the optimal hydrolysis temperature, L. japonica root powder was hydrolyzed by the FBS at different temperatures (10,20,30,40,45,50,60 or 70 o C) for 3 h with an E/S ratio of 25 U/g. After hydrolysis, the reaction mixture was centrifuged at 12,000 × g for 10 min. ...
Background
Alginate oligosaccharides (AOs) are the degradation products of alginate, a natural polysaccharide abundant in brown algae. AOs generated by enzymatic hydrolysis have diverse bioactivities and show broad application potentials. AOs production via enzymolysis is now generally with sodium alginate as the raw material, which is chemically extracted from brown algae. In contrast, AOs production by direct degradation of brown algae is more advantageous on account of its cost reduction and is more eco-friendly. However, there have been only a few attempts reported in AOs production from direct degradation of brown algae.
Results
In this study, an efficient Laminaria japonica -decomposing strain Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans A3 was screened. Based on the secretome and mass spectrum analyses, strain A3 showed the potential as a cell factory for AOs production by secreting alginate lyases to directly degrade L. japonica . By using the L. japonica roots, which are normally discarded in the food industry, as the raw material for both fermentation and enzymatic hydrolysis, AOs were produced by the fermentation broth supernatant of strain A3 after optimization of the alginate lyase production and hydrolysis parameters. The generated AOs mainly ranged from dimers to tetramers, among which trimers and tetramers were predominant. The degradation efficiency of the roots reached 54.58%, the AOs production was 33.11%, and the AOs purity was 85.03%.
Conclusion
An efficient, cost-effective and green process for AOs production directly from the underutilized L. japonica roots by using strain A3 was set up, which differed from the reported processes in terms of the substrate and strain used for fermentation and the AOs composition. This study provides a promising platform for scalable production of AOs, which may have application potentials in industry and agriculture.
... Armatimonas [153] Fimbriiglobus [154] Flavisolibacter [155] Hirschia [156] Lewinella [157] Phaeodactylibacter [158] Aerobic chemoorganotrophy Ahniella [159] Albidovulum [160] Bryobacter [161] Chryseobacterium [162] Haloferula [163] Hyphomonas [164] Ideonella [165] Larkinella [166] Lysobacter [167] Novosphingobium [168] Polaromonas [169] Runella [170] Stenotrophobacter [171] Truepera [172] Zavarzinella [173] Anaerobic chemoorganotrophy Anaeromusa and Anaeroarcus [174] Phascolarctobacterium [175] Saccharofermentans [176] Sporomusa [177] Carbohydrate fermentation Alistipes [178] Plants 2021, 10 Ferruginibacter [179] Prevotella 9 [180] Treponema [181] Vallitalea [182] Animo acid fermentation Anaerovorax [183] Acidaminobacter [184] Fermentative hydrogen production Acetobacteroides [185] Clostridium sensu stricto 1 [186] Clostridium sensu stricto 12 [187] Cytophaga xylanolytica [188] Other Antifungal effect Duganella [189] Predator Bdellovibrio [190] Herpetosiphon [191] Methane oxidation ...
Cladophora is an algal genus known to be ecologically important. It provides habitats for microorganisms known to provide ecological services such as biosynthesis of cobalamin (vitamin B12) and nutrient cycling. Most knowledge of microbiomes was obtained from studies of lacustrine Cladophora species. However, whether lotic freshwater Cladophora microbiomes are as complex as the lentic ones or provide similar ecological services is not known. To illuminate these issues, we used amplicons of 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, and ITS to investigate the taxonomy and diversity of the microorganisms associated with replicate Cladophora samples from three sites along the Nan River, Thailand. Results showed that the diversity of prokaryotic and eukaryotic members of Cladophora microbiomes collected from different sampling sites was statistically different. Fifty percent of the identifiable taxa were shared across sampling sites: these included organisms belonging to different trophic levels, decomposers, and heterotrophic bacteria. These heterogeneous assemblages of bacteria, by functional inference, have the potential to perform various ecological functions, i.e., cellulose degradation, cobalamin biosynthesis, fermentative hydrogen production, ammonium oxidation, amino acid fermentation, dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium, nitrite reduction, nitrate reduction, sulfur reduction, polyphosphate accumulation, denitrifying phosphorus-accumulation, and degradation of aromatic compounds. Results suggested that river populations of Cladophora provide ecologically important habitat for microorganisms that are key to nutrient cycling in lotic ecosystems.
... According to their life cycle, stalked bacteria are traditionally divided into two uneven groups [8]. The smaller one is characterized by reproduction by means of budding and includes the genera Asprobacter [14], Fretibacter [15], Hellea [16], Hyphomonas [3], Hirshia [17], and Litorimonas [18]. The other, bigger group reproduces by binary fission leading to flagellated offspring. ...
... As a result, based on phylogenomic analysis and calculation of genomic indices, the placement of two sister branches of the current family Hyphomonadaceae in two new orders would be the most suitable solution. Based on these data, we propose two novel orders, Hyphomonadales comprising the genera Asprobacter [14], Hirschia [17], Hyphomonas [57], Henriciella [58] and Ponticaulis [59] and Maricaulales comprising the genera Algimonas [60], 'Euryhalocaulis' [61], Fretibacter [15], Glycocaulis [32], Hellea [16], Hyphobacterium [62], Litorimonas [18], Maricaulis [63], Marinicauda [29], Oceanicaulis [38], Robiginitomaculum [30] and Woodsholea [64]. Also, the graphs confirm the separate position of the genera belonging to not validly published order 'Parvularculales' . ...
A prosthecate bacterial strain, designated G-192T, was isolated from decaying biomass of a haloalkaliphilic cyanobacterium Geitlerinema sp. Z-T0701. The cells were aerobic, Gram-negative, non-endospore-forming and dimorphic, occurring either as sessile bacteria with a characteristic stalk or as motile flagellated cells. The strain utilized a limited range of substrates, mostly peptonaceous, but was able to degrade whole proteins. Growth occurred at 5-46 °C (optimum, 35-40 °C), pH 7.3-10.3 (optimum, pH 8.0-9.0), 0-14 % NaCl (v/w; optimum, 2.0-6.0 %, v/w). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain G-192T was 66.8%. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain G-192T formed a distinct evolutionary lineage within the family Hyphomonadaceae. Strain G-192T showed the highest 16S rRNA sequence similarity to Glycocaulis profundi ZYF765T (95.2%), Oceanicaulis stylophorae GISW-4T (94.2%) and Marinicauda salina WD6-1T (95.5%). The major cellular fatty acids (>5% of the total) were C18:1ω9c, C18:0 and 11-methyl-C18:1 ω7c. The major polar lipids were glycolipids and phospholipids. The only respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-10 (Q-10). Based on polyphasic results including phylogenomic data, the novel strain could be distinguished from other genera, which suggests that strain G-192T represents a novel species of a new genus, for which the name Alkalicaulis satelles gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is G-192T (=VKM B-3306T=KCTC 72746T). The strain is the first representative of the stalked bacteria associated with a haloalkaliphilic cyanobacterium. Based on phylogenomic indices and phenotypic data, it is proposed to evolve two novel families Maricaulaceae fam. nov. and Robiginitomaculaceae fam. nov. out of the current family Hyphomonadaceae. In addition, it is proposed to place the first two families in the novel order Maricaulales ord. nov. and novel order Hyphomonadales ord. nov. is proposed to accommodate the family Hyphomonadaceae.
... These asymmetric, dimorphic life cycles appear to have arisen in the orders Rhizobiales and Caulobacterales after they had diverged from the Rhodobacterales (Muñoz-Gómez et al. 2019) ( Figure 2). Interestingly, concomitant with the establishment of cellular asymmetry, multiple different growth modes have evolved within this lineage, such as polar growth in the Rhizobiales , stalk-terminal budding in the Hyphomonadaceae (Moore et al. 1984;Schlesner et al. 1990) and Hyphomicrobiaceae (Moore 1981), and binary fission combined with polar stalk formation in the Caulobacteraceae (Pointdexter 1964). To enable their complex life cycles, these species have taken up the challenging task to establish an asymmetry between the two poles of predivisional cells that translates into different morphologies and fates in the two daughter cells. ...
While many bacteria divide by symmetric binary fission, some alphaproteobacteria have strikingly asymmetric cell cycles, producing offspring that differs significantly in their morphology and reproductive state. To establish this asymmetry, these species employ a complex cell cycle regulatory pathway based on two-component signaling cascades. At the center of this network is the essential DNA-binding response regulator CtrA, which acts as a transcription factor controlling numerous genes with cell cycle-relevant functions as well as a regulator of chromosome replication. The DNA-binding activity of CtrA is controlled at the level of both protein phosphorylation and stability, dependent on an intricate network of regulatory proteins, whose function is tightly coordinated in time and space. CtrA is differentially activated in the two (developing) offspring, thereby establishing distinct transcriptional programs that ultimately determine their distinct cell fates. Phase-separated polar microdomains of changing composition sequester proteins involved in the (in-)activation and degradation of CtrA specifically at each pole. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the CtrA pathway and discuss how it has evolved to regulate the cell cycle of morphologically distinct alphaproteobacteria.
... Comparable high (≥ -10 ) differences in mean relative abundance between both temperature levels were detected among several iOTUs for ambient temperature, suggesting that these bacteria strongly suffer from warming, since they are dominant at ambient but (nearly) absent at the warming treatment. Among the iOTUs for ambient temperature on F. vesiculosus were the genus Luteolibacter known to include isolates from red algae (Yoon et al., 2008); the genus Rickettsia containing intracellular symbionts of eukaryotes reported for a wide range of eukaryotic hosts (Weinert et al., 2009); Psychroserpens mesophilus once isolated from a marine biofilm (Kwon et al., 2006); the budding bacterium Hirschia baltica originally isolated from brackish surface water of the Kiel Fjord (Schlesner et al., 1990) and R. crustatorum once isolated from a marine crustacean (Yoon et al., 2012). Additionally, A. cylindrica was markedly more abundant at ambient temperature on F. vesiculosus, in particular during summer when up to 29 and 34 • C were reached in the ambient and increased temperature treatments, respectively. ...
Due to ocean acidification and global warming, surface seawater of the western Baltic Sea is expected to reach an average of ∼1100 µatm pCO2 and an increase of ∼5°C by the year 2100. In four consecutive experiments (spanning 10-11 weeks each) in all seasons within 1 year, the abiotic factors temperature (+5°C above in situ) and pCO2 (adjusted to ∼1100 µatm) were tested for their single and combined effects on epibacterial communities of the brown macroalga Fucus vesiculosus and on bacteria present in the surrounding seawater. The experiments were set up in three biological replicates using the Kiel Outdoor Benthocosm facility (Kiel, Germany). Phylogenetic analyses of the respective microbiota were performed by bacterial 16S (V1-V2) rDNA Illumina MiSeq amplicon sequencing after 0, 4, 8, and 10/11 weeks per season. The results demonstrate (I) that the bacterial community composition varied in time and (II) that relationships between operational taxonomic units (OTUs) within an OTU association network were mainly governed by the habitat. (III) Neither single pCO2 nor pCO2:Temperature interaction effects were statistically significant. However, significant impact of ocean warming was detected varying among seasons. (IV) An indicator OTU (iOTU) analysis identified several iOTUs that were strongly influenced by temperature in spring, summer, and winter. In the warming treatments of these three seasons, we observed decreasing numbers of bacteria that are commonly associated with a healthy marine microbial community and - particularly during spring and summer - an increase in potentially pathogenic and bacteria related to intensified microfouling. This might lead to severe consequences for the F. vesiculosus holobiont finally affecting the marine ecosystem.
... Hirschia baltica is a marine member of the Caulobacterales isolated from surface water taken from a boat landing in the Kiel Fjord inlet of the Baltic Sea (Germany) (28). H. baltica has a dimorphic life cycle similar to that of C. crescentus (28) but reproduces by budding from the tip of the stalk (Fig. 1B). ...
... Hirschia baltica is a marine member of the Caulobacterales isolated from surface water taken from a boat landing in the Kiel Fjord inlet of the Baltic Sea (Germany) (28). H. baltica has a dimorphic life cycle similar to that of C. crescentus (28) but reproduces by budding from the tip of the stalk (Fig. 1B). Newborn swarmer cells are motile by means of a polar flagellum and differentiate into sessile stalked cells after flagellum ejection. ...
... As bacteria have to develop different strategies to adhere to surfaces in a given environment, we hypothesized that H. baltica produces holdfasts with different physicochemical properties because H. baltica's natural habitat is high-ionic-strength seawater (28), while the freshwater C. crescentus holdfast is highly sensitive to salt (6). Here, we study H. baltica holdfast composition and properties. ...
Most bacteria spend a large part of their life spans attached to surfaces, forming complex multicellular communities called biofilms. Bacteria can colonize virtually any surface, and therefore, they have adapted to bind efficiently in very different environments. In this study, we compare the adhesive holdfasts produced by the freshwater bacterium C. crescentus and a relative, the marine bacterium H. baltica . We show that H. baltica holdfasts have a different morphology and chemical composition and tolerate high ionic strength. Our results show that the H. baltica holdfast is an excellent model to study the effect of ionic strength on adhesion and provides insights into the physicochemical properties required for adhesion in the marine environment.
... Fourteen genera have been described and validated in the family Hyphomonadaceae (www.bacterio.cict.fr), and most members in this family are well characterized by having one or two stalks and being isolated from marine environments including seawater [2][3][4][5][6][7], red alga [8], reef-building coral [9], brackish water [10], hydrothermal vents [11,12], beach sand [13], shellfish beds [14] and dinoflagellates [15]. In this study, a strain, designated DRW22-8 T , was isolated from the fresh water of the Daechung Reservoir. ...
A novel Gram-negative bacterium strain, DRW22-8(T), was isolated from fresh water taken at a depth of 22 m at Daechung Reservoir, Republic of Korea. The cells of strain DRW22-8(T) were aerobic and motile with a single polar flagellum or non-motile (stalked), and formed creamy-white colonies on R2A agar. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that the strain formed a separate lineage within the order Rhodobacterales, showing similarity values under 91.8 % with its closest phylogenetic neighbours, Hirschia litorea, Hirschia baltica and Hirschia maritima. The chemotaxonomic results showed Q-10 as the predominant respiratory ubiquinone, three unidentified glycolipids, an unidentified lipid and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids, and C16 : 0, 11-methyl C18 : 1, C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c as the major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content was 64.4 mol%. The combined genotypic and phenotypic data showed that strain DRW22-8(T) could be distinguished from all genera within the family Hyphomonadaceae and represented a novel genus, Asprobacter gen. nov., with the name Asprobacter aquaticus sp. nov., in the family Hyphomonadaceae. The type strain is DRW22-8(T) (=KCTC 42356(T)=JCM 30469(T)).
... §Data from Alain et al. [25] and Li et al. [26]. ||Data from Schlesner et al. [32]. ¶Data from Kang and Lee [33] and Park and Yoon [34]. ...
A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, coccoid to rod shaped bacteria with prosthecate and flagellum, designated as HSF6T, was isolated from deep seawater samples collected from the South China Sea at depth of 2.5 km and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic investigation. Colonies of strain HSF6T were 1-2 mm in diameter, smooth, circular, convex and yellow. Strain HSF6T was found to grow at 15-37 °C (optimum, 25-35 °C), pH 5.0-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0-8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2 %). Chemotaxonomic analysis showed the predominant respiratory quinone of strains HSF6T were ubiquinone-10, and the major fatty acids were C18 : 1ω7c, C16 : 0 and 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c. The polar lipids were monoglycosyldiglyceride (MGDG), sulfo-quinovosyl diacylglycerol (SQDG), three unknown glycolipids (GL1-3) and five unknown lipids (L1-5). The DNA G+C content of strain HSF6T was determined to be 51.0 mol% with HPLC. The comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities show that strain HSF6T was related most closely to genus Parvularcula with similarity ranging from 91.0 to 91.8 %. The phylogenetic trees, using the 16S rRNA gene sequence, reconstructed with neighbour-joining, maximum-parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods showed that strain HSF6T constituted a separated branch in the family 'Parvularculaceae'. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain HSF6T is clearly distinct from validly published genera. On the basis of these features, we propose strain HSF6T (=MCCC 1K03223T=KCTC 52486T) represents a novel species of a novel genus with the name Hyphococcus flavus gen. nov., sp. nov.
... Oxygen requirement, activities of catalase, urease and oxidase, hydrolysis of casein, starch and aesculin, nitrate reduction, the Voges-Proskauer test, indole and H 2 S production were determined by the conventional methods described by Cowan and Steel (1965) and Smibert and Krieg (1994). Alginate lyase activity was detected by the formation of clear zones around colonies on MA plates containing 1 % (w/v) sodium alginate after flooding with diluted Lugol solution (Akagawa and Yamasato 1989;Schlesner et al. 1990). The utilisation of sole carbon and nitrogen sources was determined according to the method described by Gao et al. (1994). ...
A novel Gram-stain positive, endospore-forming bacterium, designated SA4T, was isolated from a soil sample collected from an abandoned marine solar saltern at Wendeng, Shandong Province, PR China. Cells were observed to be rod shaped, alginase positive, catalase positive and motile. The strain was found to grow at temperatures ranging from 15 to 40 °C (optimum 35 °C), and pH 5.0–11.0 (optimum pH 8.0) with 0–7.0 % (w/v) NaCl concentration (optimum NaCl 3.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain SA4T belongs to the genus Bacillus and exhibits 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 96.6, 96.5, 96.3 and 96.2 % with Bacillus horikoshii DSM 8719T, Bacillus acidicola 105-2T, Bacillus shackletonii LMG 18435T and Bacillus
pocheonensis Gsoil 420T, respectively. The menaquinone was identified as MK-7 and the major polar lipids were identified as diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The major fatty acids detected were anteiso-C15:0 (22.3 %), iso-C15:0 (22.6 %), iso-C16:0 (14.8 %) and iso-C14:0 (14.7 %). The DNA G+C content was determined to be 42.4 mol %. Phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic properties clearly indicated that isolate SA4T represents a novel species within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus mesophius sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SA4T (=DSM 101000T=CCTCC AB 2015209T).
... In the bacterium Hirschia baltica, a marine Hyphomonadaceae within the class of Alphaproteobacteria, we identified two genes that code for novel unusually large cyclophilins. Hirschia baltica is suggested to have an important role in marine biofilm formation [30] and has a dimorphic life-cycle; newborn swarmer cells are motile and differentiate into stalked sessile cells, which reproduce by budding motile daughter cells [31]. Hirschia baltica contains two cytosolic and five periplasmic canonical single-domain PPIases, but also two large, homologous cyclophilins with 293 and 300 residues, which we term AquaCyp293 and AquaCyp300, respectively. ...
Cyclophilins are ubiquitous cis-trans-prolyl isomerases (PPIases) found in all kingdoms of life. Here, we identify a novel family of cyclophilins, termed AquaCyps, which specifically occurs in marine Alphaproteobacteria, but not in related terrestric species. In addition to a canonical PPIase domain, AquaCyps contain large extensions and insertions. The crystal structures of two representatives from Hirschia baltica, AquaCyp293 and AquaCyp300, reveal the formation of a compact domain, the NIC domain, by the N- and C-terminal extensions together with a central insertion. The NIC domain adopts a novel mixed alpha-helical, beta-sheet fold that is linked to the cyclophilin domain via a conserved disulfide bond. In its overall fold, AquaCyp293 resembles AquaCyp300, but the two proteins utilize distinct sets of active site residues, consistent with differences in their PPIase catalytic properties. While AquaCyp293 is a highly active general PPIase, AquaCyp300 is specific for hydrophobic substrate peptides and exhibits lower overall activity.
