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Hippocampal regions showing greater BOLD activation during subsequently ordered relative to subsequently misordered trials. ( A ) Right anterior and mid-hippocampus and left hippocampus/subiculum displayed on mean anatomical brain. ( B ) Estimates of mean activation across the subset of participants included in the old/new analyses (see Materials and methods) in each hippocampal region for subsequently forgotten, recognized but misordered, and recognized and ordered trials. Lines indicate paired t -test results in the pairwise comparisons (* denotes 2-tailed P \ 0.05).
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Memory for the order of events within an episode requires mechanisms capable of bridging gaps between those events and laying
down memory traces that will support the subsequent retrieval of episodic sequence information. It has been proposed that
the hippocampus and surrounding medial temporal lobe (MTL) play a critical role in these processes. He...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... than differences in encoding task demands or other forms of memory. This contrast revealed significant clusters in bilateral MTL. Within the hippocampus, significant subsequent order memory effects were seen in right anterior and mid-hippocampus (peak MNI coordinates 32, -10, -13 and 33, -19, -10) and left hippocam- pus/subiculum (-18, -24, -9) ( Fig. 2A). In addition, regions in bilateral parahippocampal cortex were observed to exhibit greater activation during subsequently ordered compared with subsequently misordered trials (MNI coordinates: 35, -27, -15 and -31, -37, -8) (Fig. ...
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Citations
... For example, Jenkins and Ranganath (2010) demonstrated that brain activation in pFC and HC during encoding in the context of a WM task was related to successful recall of trials with high coarse temporal accuracy, that is, a small deviance between a participant's estimate of when a trial occurred and when it actually occurred. Similarly, Tubridy and Davachi (2011) found that within the medial temporal lobe, activations in bilateral HC predicted subsequent order memory. Also, in a recent WM study, Roberts, Libby, Inhoff, and Ranganath (2018) found that the posterior HC, along with the dorsolateral PFC was engaged during encoding and maintenance of visual temporal information. ...
Proactive interference (PI) appears when familiar information interferes with newly acquired information and is a major cause of forgetting in working memory. It has been proposed that encoding of item–context associations might help mitigate familiarity-based PI. Here, we investigate whether encoding-related brain activation could predict subsequent level of PI at retrieval using trial-specific parametric modulation. Participants were scanned with event-related fMRI while performing a 2-back working memory task with embedded 3-back lures designed to induce PI. We found that the ability to control interference in working memory was modulated by level of activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus, left hippocampus, and bilateral caudate nucleus during encoding. These results provide insight to the processes underlying control of PI in working memory and suggests that encoding of temporal context details support subsequent interference control.
... A number of properties have been closely associated with the hippocampus. It is involved in sequence learning (Buzsaki and Tingley 2018) and memory for temporal order (Lehn et al. 2009;Tubridy and Davachi 2011). Plus, it has been implicated in processing spatial sequences (Buzsaki and Moser 2013) and the sequential encoding of word lists by association with a spatial path (Fellner et al. 2016). ...
Both, the hippocampal formation and the neocortex are contributing to declarative memory, but their functional specialization remains unclear. We investigated the differential contribution of both memory systems during free recall of word lists. In total, 21 women and 17 men studied the same list but with the help of different encoding associations. Participants associated the words either sequentially with the previous word on the list, with spatial locations on a well-known path, or with unique autobiographical events. After intensive rehearsal, subjects recalled the words during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Common activity to all three types of encoding associations was identified in the posterior parietal cortex, in particular in the precuneus. Additionally, when associating spatial or autobiographical material, retrosplenial cortex activity was elicited during word list recall, while hippocampal activity emerged only for autobiographically associated words. These findings support a general, critical function of the precuneus in episodic memory storage and retrieval. The encoding-retrieval repetitions during learning seem to have accelerated hippocampus-independence and lead to direct neocortical integration in the sequentially associated and spatially associated word list tasks. During recall of words associated with autobiographical memories, the hippocampus might add spatiotemporal information supporting detailed scenic and contextual memories.
... In addition to this, there is evidence that other regions of the MTL such as the surrounding parahippocampal and perirhinal cortices are also involved. For instance, parahippocampal cortex activity has been observed to reflect the recall of sequence order pertaining to a variety of stimuli including words, spatial locations, and object and scene images (Jenkins and Ranganath, 2010;St Jacques et al., 2008;Hsieh & Ranganath, 2015;Thavabalasingam et al., 2018;Tubridy & Davachi, 2011;Turk-Browne et al., 2012) while the perirhinal cortex has been shown to signal temporal order information associated with objects (Naya et al., 2017). Lesions to the perirhinal cortex can also impair discriminations of the relative recency of objects (Hannesson et al., 2004) although, notably, it has been suggested this region may be preferentially involved in the processing of temporal information in relation to semantic, rather than episodic, memory (Hsieh & Ranganath, 2015;Wang & Diana, 2017). ...
... Beyond the MTL, it is important to note that lateral and medial regions of the prefrontal cortex have also been implicated in memory for temporal order and duration processing. Lesions to the prefrontal cortex have been demonstrated to impair temporal order memory (e.g., Kesner & Holbrook, 1987;Shimamura et al., 1990;McAndrews & Milner, 1991;Petrides, 1991), and prefrontal cortex activity has been shown to reflect the maintenance of temporal order information in working memory (e.g., Ninokura et al., 2004), as well as encoding and retrieval processes related to long-term order memory (e.g., Cabeza et al., 1997;Jenkins & Ranganath, 2010;Tubridy & Davachi, 2011). In addition to this, prefrontal cortex damage has been associated with deficits in duration processing and memory (e.g., Jackson et al., 1998;Nichelli et al., 1995), and functional neuroimaging studies have reported prefrontal cortex involvement during tasks that involve single as well as sequences of durations (e.g., Barnett et al., 2014;Harrington et al., 2004Harrington et al., , 2010Lewis & Miall, 2003). ...
Temporal information, including information about temporal order and duration, is a fundamental component of event sequence memory. While previous research has demonstrated that aging can have a detrimental effect on memory for temporal order, there has been limited insight into the effect of aging on memory for durations, particularly within the context of sequences. In the current study, neurologically healthy young and older participants were administered two temporal match-mismatch tasks: one in which they were instructed on each trial to compare the temporal order or duration information of stimulus sequences presented first in a study phase and then, after a short delay, in a test phase (event sequence task); and a second in which participants were required to compare single durations or sequences of durations across study and test phases of each trial (pinwheel task). Consistent with the literature, the older participants were significantly poorer compared to their younger counterparts at making temporal order match-mismatch judgments in the event sequence task. In addition to this, data from both tasks suggested that the older adults were also less accurate at match-mismatch judgments based on duration information, with tentative evidence from the pinwheel task to suggest that this age-related effect was most prominent when the duration information was presented within a sequence. We suggest that age-related changes to medial temporal and frontal lobe function may contribute to changes in memory for temporal information in older adults, given the importance of these regions to event sequence memory.
... It is known that the hippocampus is essential to remembering unique sequences of events as well as the ability to disambiguate sequences Kesner et al., 2005;Agster et al., 2002;Kumaran and Maguire, 2006;Ross et al., 2009;Lehn et al., 2009;Brown et al., 2010;Tubridy and Davachi, 2011). The theta rhythm is thought to play a role in coordinating the activities during memory encoding (Winson, 1978;Pavlides et al., 1988). ...
Cortical oscillations in different frequency bands have been shown to be intimately involved in exploration of environment and cognition. Here, the local field potentials in the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) were recorded simultaneously in rats during the execution of the episodic-like memory task. The power of theta (~4–10 Hz), slow gamma (~25–50 Hz), and fast gamma oscillations (~55–100 Hz) was analyzed in all structures examined. Particular attention was paid to the theta coherence between three mentioned structures. The modulation of the power of gamma rhythms by the phase of theta cycle during the execution of the episodic-like memory test by rats was also closely studied. Healthy rats and rats one month after kainate-induced status epilepticus (SE) were examined. Paroxysmal activity in the hippocampus (high amplitude interictal spikes), excessive excitability of animals, and the death of hippocampal and dentate granular cells in rats with kainate-evoked SE were observed, which indicated the development of seizure focus in the hippocampus (epileptogenesis). One month after SE, the rats exhibited a specific impairment of episodic memory for the what-where-when triad: unlike healthy rats, epileptogenic SE animals did not identify the objects during the test. This impairment was associated with the changes in the characteristics of theta and gamma rhythms and specific violation of theta coherence and theta/gamma coupling in these structures in comparison with the healthy animals. We believe that these disturbances in the cortical areas play a role in episodic memory dysfunction in kainate-treated animals. These findings can shed light on the mechanisms of cognitive deficit during epileptogenesis.
... The HC has been traditionally linked to long-term memory (LTM), and its involvement in retrieving and maintaining temporal and ordinal information has been observed also in LTM. Hippocampal activity has been detected when participants learned stimulus sequences (Ross, Brown, & Stern, 2009;Kumaran & Maguire, 2006) and it increased during encoding and retrieval of serial order information (i.e., Ekstrom, Copara, Isham, Wang, & Yonelinas, 2011;Tubridy & Davachi, 2011). Tubridy and Davachi (2011) had participants study triplets of sequentially presented words and then reorder those items during test. ...
... Hippocampal activity has been detected when participants learned stimulus sequences (Ross, Brown, & Stern, 2009;Kumaran & Maguire, 2006) and it increased during encoding and retrieval of serial order information (i.e., Ekstrom, Copara, Isham, Wang, & Yonelinas, 2011;Tubridy & Davachi, 2011). Tubridy and Davachi (2011) had participants study triplets of sequentially presented words and then reorder those items during test. The authors found that increased hippocampal activity during encoding predicted better performance on the subsequent ordering task. ...
Coding serial order of information is a fundamental ability of our cognitive system, and still, little is known about its neural substrate. This study examined the neural substrates involved in the retrieval of information that is serially stored in verbal working memory task using a sensitive multivariate analysis approach. We compared neural activity for memorized items stemming from the beginning versus the end of a memory list assessing the degree of neural pattern discordance between order positions (beginning vs. end). The present results confirmed and refined the role of the intraparietal sulcus in the processing of serial order information in working memory. An important finding is that the hippocampus showed sensitivity to serial order information. Our results indicate that the representation of serial order information relies on a broader set of neural areas and highlight the role of the intraparietal sulcus and the hippocampus, in addition to the supramarginal gyrus and the SMA. The contribution of different neural regions might reflect the involvement of distinct levels of serial order coding (i.e., spatial, attentional, temporal) that support the representation of serial order information.
... The HC has been traditionally linked to long-term memory (LTM), and its involvement in retrieving and maintaining temporal and ordinal information has been observed also in LTM. Hippocampal activity has been detected when participants learned stimulus sequences (Ross, Brown, & Stern, 2009;Kumaran & Maguire, 2006) and it increased during encoding and retrieval of serial order information (i.e., Ekstrom, Copara, Isham, Wang, & Yonelinas, 2011;Tubridy & Davachi, 2011). Tubridy and Davachi (2011) had participants study triplets of sequentially presented words and then reorder those items during test. ...
... Hippocampal activity has been detected when participants learned stimulus sequences (Ross, Brown, & Stern, 2009;Kumaran & Maguire, 2006) and it increased during encoding and retrieval of serial order information (i.e., Ekstrom, Copara, Isham, Wang, & Yonelinas, 2011;Tubridy & Davachi, 2011). Tubridy and Davachi (2011) had participants study triplets of sequentially presented words and then reorder those items during test. The authors found that increased hippocampal activity during encoding predicted better performance on the subsequent ordering task. ...
Coding serial order of information is a fundamental ability of our cognitive system and still little is known about its neural substrate. The present study examined the neural substrates involved in the retrieval of information that is serially stored in verbal working memory (WM) task using a sensitive multivariate analysis approach. We compared neural activity for memorized items stemming from the beginning vs the end of a memory list assessing the degree of neural pattern discordance between order positions (beginning vs end). The present results confirmed and refined the role of the intraparietal sulcus in the processing of serial order information in WM. An important finding is that the hippocampus showed sensitivity to serial order information. Our results indicate that the representation of serial order information relies on a broader set of neural areas and highlight the role of the intraparietal sulcus and the hippocampus, in addition to the supramarginal gyrus and the supplementary motor area. The contribution of different neural regions might reflect the involvement of distinct levels of serial order coding (i.e. spatial, attentional, temporal) that support the representation of serial order information.
... Functional neuroimaging studies have shown that MTL activity during encoding appears to be related to spatial and temporal binding of events, which is especially important for associative memory (Eichenbaum et al., 2012;Jackson & Schacter, 2004;Rugg et al., 2012). For instance, encoding-related activity in both the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex is important to establish connections between memory elements, supporting associative memory (Henke et al., 1997;Jackson & Schacter, 2004;Jenkins & Ranganath, 2010;Kirwan et al., 2008;Kirwan & Stark, 2004;Tubridy & Davachi, 2011). On the other hand, it has been suggested that the perirhinal cortex is mainly involved in item memory (Kirwan & Stark, 2004;Rugg et al., 2012), although there have been reports of a relationship with subsequent successful associative memory as well (Awipi & Davachi, 2008). ...
The primary aim of this review is to examine the brain activity patterns that are related to subjectively perceived memory confidence. We focus on the main brain regions involved in episodic memory: the medial temporal lobe (MTL), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and relate activity in their subregions to memory confidence. How this brain activity in both the encoding and retrieval phase is related to (subsequent) memory confidence ratings will be discussed. Specifically, encoding related activity in MTL regions and ventrolateral PFC mainly shows a positive linear increase with subsequent memory confidence, while dorsolateral and ventromedial PFC activity show mixed patterns. In addition, encoding‐related PPC activity seems to only have indirect effects on memory confidence ratings. Activity during retrieval in both the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex increases with memory confidence, especially during high‐confident recognition. Retrieval‐related activity in the PFC and PPC show mixed relationships with memory confidence, likely related to post‐retrieval monitoring and attentional processes, respectively. In this review, these MTL, PFC, and PPC activity patterns are examined in detail and related to their functional roles in memory processes. This insight into brain activity that underlies memory confidence is important for our understanding of brain‐behaviour relations and memory‐guided decision making.
... Another possibility is that limited working memory constrains information retention leading to frequent segmentation and utilization of other memory systems such as long-term memory. It is evident that event segmentation impacts episodic memory (DuBrow andDavachi, 2013, 2014;Davachi, 2011, 2014;Tubridy and Davachi, 2011), event boundaries are more memorable than other events, and remembering the temporal order of events across event boundaries is more difficult than within the event segments (Heusser et al., 2018;Horner et al., 2016). We predicted that frequent event segmentation would enhance longterm memory and diminish temporal order memory. ...
We encounter the world as a continuous flow and effortlessly segment sequences of events into episodes. This process of event segmentation engages working memory (WM) for tracking the flow of events and impacts subsequent memory accuracy. WM is limited in how much information (i.e., WM capacity) and for how long the information is retained (i.e., forgetting rate). In this study, across multiple tasks, we estimated participants’ WM capacity and forgetting rate in a dynamic context and evaluated their relationship to event segmentation. A U-shaped relationship across tasks shows that individuals who segmented the movie more finely or coarsely than the average have a faster WM forgetting rate. A separate task assessing long-term memory retrieval revealed that the coarse-segmenters have better recognition of temporal order of events compared to the fine-segmenters. These findings show that event segmentation employs dissociable memory strategies and correlates with how long information is retained in WM.
... Human imaging experiments have also provided support for a sequence-generator function of the hippocampus. Using fMRI, early work has shown that activation in the hippocampus during the encoding of a sequence of three items is related to subsequent memory for the order of the items but not the individual items (Tubridy & Davachi 2011). Further, a recent study showed that after learning a sequence of objects, when participants were viewing the same items embedded in distinct context sequences, hippocampal activation patterns diverged to reflect the distinct sequences and not the items (Hsieh et al. 2014). ...
By linking the past with the future, our memories define our sense of identity. Because human memory engages the conscious realm, its examination has historically been approached from language and introspection and proceeded largely along separate parallel paths in humans and other animals. Here, we first highlight the achievements and limitations of this mind-based approach and make the case for a new brain-based understanding of declarative memory with a focus on hippocampal physiology. Next, we discuss the interleaved nature and common physiological mechanisms of navigation in real and mental spacetime. We suggest that a distinguishing feature of memory types is whether they subserve actions for single or multiple uses. Finally, in contrast to the persisting view of the mind as a highly plastic blank slate ready for the world to make its imprint, we hypothesize that neuronal networks are endowed with a reservoir of neural trajectories, and the challenge faced by the brain is how to select and match preexisting neuronal trajectories with events in the world.
Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Psychology, Volume 73 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
... Theta coherence between the hippocampus and mEC increased in the control but not epileptogenic animals during the episodic-like memory task Theta oscillations are known to be the dominant activity in the hippocampus, a structure that is critical for episodic memory (Aggleton et al., 1999;Steinvorth et al., 2005;Fortin et al., 2004;Ergorul and Eichenbaum, 2004;Day et al., 2003). Relative to the temporal organization of episodic memory, the hippocampus is essential to remembering unique sequences of events as well as the ability to disambiguate sequences Kesner et al., 2002;Agster et al., 2002;Kumaran and Maguire, 2006;Ross et al., 2009;Lehn et al., 2009;Brown et al., 2010;Tubridy and Davachi, 2011). The theta rhythm is thought to play a role in coordinating the activities during memory encoding (Winson et al., 1978;Pavlides et al., 1988). ...
Cortical oscillations in different frequency bands have been shown to be intimately involved in exploration of environment and cognition. Here, the local field potentials in the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and the medial entorhinal cortex (mEC) were recorded simultaneously in rats during the execution of the episodic-like memory task. The power of hippocampal theta (~4-10 Hz), slow gamma (~25-50 Hz), and fast gamma oscillations (~55-100 Hz) was analyzed in all structures examined. Particular attention was paid to the theta coherence between three mentioned structures. The modulation of the power of gamma rhythms by the phase of theta cycle during the execution of the episodic-like memory test by rats was also closely studied. Healthy rats and rats one month after kainate-induced status epilepticus (SE) were examined. Paroxysmal activity in the hippocampus (high amplitude interictal spikes), excessive excitability of animals, and the death of hippocampal and dentate granular cells in rats with kainate-evoked SE were observed, which indicated the development of seizure focus in the hippocampus (epileptogenesis). One month after SE, the rats exhibited a specific impairment of episodic memory for the what-where-when triad: unlike healthy rats, epileptogenic SE animals did not identify the objects during the test. This impairment was associated with the changes in the characteristics of theta and gamma rhythms and specific violation of theta coherence and theta/gamma coupling in these structures in comparison with the healthy animals. We believe that these disturbances in the cortical areas play a role in episodic memory dysfunction in kainate-treated animals. These findings can shed light on the mechanisms of cognitive deficit during epileptogenesis.
