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Highlights of Pakistan's Economy. Source Compiled by the Author. Data were taken from WDI and Pakistan Economic Survey (various issues)
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The ethnic diversity generally subsists in different countries which may have consequential effects on the various socioeconomic factors including international trade and environment. It is more arduous for nations when the high degree of ethnic diversity shatters trust amongst nations, obstructs trade contracts and may affect environment. Given th...
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Context 1
... The growth rate of Pakistan, over the last few decades, vindicates the trade expansion, energy consumption, and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions. In Pakistan, CO 2 emission is increasing almost at the rate of 6% per annum, and if this momentum continues per annum then it is expected to reach 400 million tons by 2030, while it was just 166 million tons in 2013 (Economic Survey of Pakistan 2014-15) (Table 1). ...Citations
... Sense of Place can create an authentic experience on Heritage tourism by combining tangible and intangible elements as local identities and cultures [37]. Social participation (Society Participation), gender equality (Gender Equality), community education (People Education), attention to vulnerable people (Attention to Vurnerable People), and openness to globalization [39][40][41][42] play an important role in the sustainability of cultural heritage areas. Other aspects include architecture, conservation of historic buildings (Heritage Conservation), authentic experiences such as festivals, food, and handicrafts [36,37,43,44] also able to create a strong Sense of Place on historical tourism to support its sustainability [10,28]. ...
Reserving heritage areas has become a topic that has been discussed very frequently in recent years. What is interesting about preserving heritage areas is the active interaction that connects tangible and intangible elements. This active interaction is usually called place attachment. In the revitalization of the Kayutangan area, the government's efforts to revive the area with the concept of a heritage area are closely related to the attachment that local communities have to their place of life. Therefore, this research was conducted to find out, evaluate, and understand how places are attached to the Kayutangan area as a cultural heritage area. The research was conducted using descriptive and qualitative evaluative methods by conducting field observations and literature studies. The data obtained was evaluated using an analysis unit to see the qualifications that the Kayutangan area must fulfill as a public cultural heritage area. The results obtained from this research are the lack of cultural heritage public space elements in areas such as local architecture, the dominance of the main business in adaptive reuse buildings, authentic experiences, the lack of facilities that show gender equality and attention to the disabled community, resulting in no sense of loss. of justice, and a sense of mission in showing the attachment of local residents to their living area. The results of the research contribute to knowing how the results of Kayutangan revitalization are progressing and serve as input for evaluation in the future development of the area
... GDP and population growth are found to be increasing CO2 emissions in SSA. This result is similar to some earlier investigations (Amin et al. 2021;Bakhsh et al. 2017;Chaabouni and Saidi 2017;Malik et al. 2021). Existing literature also indicates that an increase in GDP also causes the FDI to rise (Siddiqui and Iqbal 2018). ...
This study endeavors to investigate the environmental cost of FDI inflows in the Sub-Saharan African (SSA) region over the period of 2006 to 2020. There are two opposing theories about how FDI impacts the environment, namely, the pollution halo hypothesis (PHH) and the pollution haven hypothesis (PH). Given the SSA region’s poor environmental performance and potential spatial spillover effects on neighboring nations, the study underlines the necessity to look into the pollution hypotheses in the region. The examination is carried out through non-spatial and spatial panel data econometric approaches. The empirical findings provide evidence that an increase in FDI inflow by 1% in SSA is positively associated with increasing levels of CO2 emissions by 0.03% on average, thus validating the notion of a pollution haven in the region. Furthermore, the study reveals that the environmental spillovers of CO2 emissions are not confined to the host country alone, but also extend to neighboring nations. Other key determinants of CO2 emissions, including GDP, population, and urbanization, were also found to be positively linked to CO2 emissions, whereas the use of renewable energy resources was found to have a mitigating effect. The empirical findings offer valuable insights for policymakers and stakeholders in the SSA region. These insights highlight the importance of the adoption of renewable energy sources and enacting regulatory measures to monitor the environmental cost of FDI, with the aim of mitigating the deleterious consequences of CO2 emissions, not only in the host nation but also in the neighboring nations.
... Yet, it is not well defined whether globalization and openness, as a result of the UN platform of the SDGs for 2030, support global sustainability or are against it (Amin et al. 2021). 1 Many studies, such as (Blanco & Ram 2019;Nodehi et al. 2021;Shirazi et al. 2020;Štreimikienė and Kačerauskas 2020;Taghvaee et al. 2017a, b, c;Taghvaee et al. 2021a, b, c;Tremblay et al. 2020;Umar et al. 2020), argue that globalization has a constructive role in the global sustainable development at the mercy of advancement in transportation, communication, and international relations. Nonetheless, in its basis, such arguments pave the way to make full use of comparative advantageous (based on David Ricardo's law of comparative advantage) (Xu et al. 2020). ...
Initially introduced in 2015, the United Nations (UN) has launched 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) as a unique platform to facilitate global sustainability, end poverty, address environmental concerns, and act as a blueprint for peace and prosperity. Nevertheless, the question remains unanswered whether globalization and openness, as a result of the UN platform, support global sustainability or are against it. To answer this question, our study estimated and compared the effects of each sustainable development pillar of social, environment and economy in global regions and their potential spillover effects on each other. To estimate the sustainability spillover effects (or sustainability elasticities), a SEY (Social-Environment-Economy) model was developed as a package of simultaneous equations, Vector Autoregressive (VAR) and Granger causality approaches from 1971 to 2016. According to the results, the sustainability in each region showed a positive spillover effect on sustainability in other regions. This confirmed synergies between global and local sustainable development as sustainability elasticities range from 1.27% in Asia to 3.96% in MENA (Middle East and North Africa). However, there is some evidence in North America, that indicate trends in de-internationalization and de-globalization. Still, based on the positively dominant role of global spillover effects, this study considered the addition of a 4th pillar of sustainability (or sustainable development) as Peace and Partnership (or spillover effects) that is inter-related with SDG 16 and SDG 17. In this way, a new perspective as “Integrated Sustainability” is introduced in addition to the common weak and strong sustainability. This perspective, in turn, encourages global flow-based governance and improves sustainability in a peaceful and integrated environment through regional unions, intergovernmental and international agreements and partnerships.
... Das and DiRienzo (2010) also captured data on sulphur dioxide emission and water quality. Most of the previous studies used CO2 storage for air pollution, such as Newton et al. (2016) and Amin et al. (2021), which used carbon storage as the dependent variable and ethnic diversity as one of the socioeconomic independent variables in their model. Among other studies, Agarwal (2009) and Matos et al. (2017) also used ethnic diversity based on Simpson's index to see its effect on the environment. ...
This paper analyzes the effects of ethnic and religious diversity on air pollution for 187 countries around the world (categorized into high-income, middle-income and low-income countries) from 1990 to 2020. We determine the long-run relationship between the variables using panel-fixed effects and GMM models. Air pollution emission factors are spatially explicit into emissions of particulate matter (PM 2.5 ) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) and the Alesina’s fragmentation index has been used to calculate ethnic and religious diversity. The results show that ethnic and religious diversity both have significant negative impacts on air pollution (PM 2.5 and NO 2 ). Furthermore, the results are more significant for high-income and middle-income countries and vice versa for low-income countries. This study suggests that diversity is a natural phenomenon; however, its disastrous effects may be curtailed by providing equal opportunities and promoting a peaceful society, as done in high-income countries, to ensure the well-being of the people through cohesiveness. Policymakers need to promote collective action and communication among different groups while acknowledging that investment for public benefits often requires broad social consensus and solidarity.
The Internet of Things allows us to connect different devices and objects, generate a large volume of huge data, process it, and store it on cloud computing. Recently, cloud computing has become necessary in using pay-for-use spaces to save time and cost. Used data replication in traditional cloud computing leads to excessive use of resources and devices, performance burdens, increased loads, excessive energy consumption, advanced user waiting, and improved response time. This paper proposes the use of multi-objective optimization (MOO) in combination with harris hawks optimization (HHO) and IoT-based salp swarm algorithm (SSA) in cloud computing. The new method called Multi-objective optimization Harris Hawks Optimization with Salp Swarm Algorithm (MOHHOSSA) is based on a set of objectives and integrating two critical technologies, HHO and SSA, to identify and place data replication across nodes using the least path between nodes in cloud computing. The proposed algorithm improves energy consumption (EC), carbon dioxide emission rate (CDER), and means service time (MST). The laboratory results proved the superiority of the proposed algorithm MOHHOSSA over other algorithms in terms of energy, load balancing, Mean service time, and the least expensive path between nodes in the proposed system.
This paper aims to explore whether the female share on the boards of directors of companies influences CO2 emissions in both developed and emerging markets. Furthermore, the influence of cultural diversity on the board of directors on CO2 emissions is analysed. A sample of companies belonging to the MSCI and MSCI Emerging Market indices in Europe over ten years (2010–2019) was analysed using regression models with panel data. The results demonstrate that in both developed and developing markets, the ratio of women to men on the board of directors is inversely related to the company's CO2 emissions, which support legitimacy theory in two aspects: it fulfils the right to equality and non-discrimination for women, and it also reduces CO2 emissions. In general, cultural diversity had a negative influence on CO2 emissions. This research is relevant for policymakers and managers seeking to improve sustainability and equality policies in companies. If gender equality in corporate monitoring roles is environmentally beneficial for the planet, legislators will support quota policies. In addition, shareholders will have an incentive to implement gender equality policies, as they will legitimise the company in the eyes of society, which has economic benefits. On a practical level, this work will contribute to achieving gender equality in corporate governance and improve the understanding of factors influencing CO2 emissions to the environment. This study contributes to previous research since it is the first time that developed and emerging countries have been analysed with the same methodology in relation to gender and CO2 emissions. Moreover, this research differentiates between emission-sensitive and insensitive sectors, and it is the only study to carry out a sector-by-sector and a country-by-country analysis. Furthermore, cultural diversity on corporate boards has been scarcely studied so far in relation to CO2 emissions.
Diversity and financial inclusion are at the top of boardroom agendas across the financial services industry. An inclusive financial environment ensures equitable access to resources and opportunities for all. Diversity & financial inclusion is crucial for future financial management industry and its success is determined by the ability to create an inclusive culture and diverse societies. Previous studies discussed the diversity-inclusion nexus without assessing the role of ethnic and religious diversity in financial inclusion. This study empirically examines the association between ethnic and religious diversity and financial inclusion by using the dataset of 187-countries across the world. Finding shows that there is a strong positive relationship exist between financial inclusion and ethnic or religious diversity, or both. Furthermore, results are consistent for the high-, middle- and low-income countries. This study suggests that fruitful outcomes of diverse population can only be obtained by ensuring the equitable and peaceful society via cohesion. Future research can be explored these findings and confirm this by country specific implication of ethnic and religious diversity in financial inclusion.
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the food price inflation convergence across countries and regions. This study aims to identify the key drivers for food price inflation across countries and regions.
Design/methodology/approach
We test whether the international food price inflations are converging over time using the log t convergence test and clustering analysis. These inflation data are collected from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Findings
The test results suggest that there is little evidence of overall convergence. Then we utilize a clustering algorithm and the results support that there is strong evidence of multiple convergence clubs. In addition, we examine the transition path of the various convergence and find that social stability regulation together with economic conditions are important determinants of convergence club membership.
Research limitations/implications
First off, local conflict and economic environment result in food supply and prices, but this study is limited to the dynamics of prices.
Practical implications
Food prices inflations are not converging to single common price inflation, but there exist subgroups of countries or regions within which food price inflation tends to converge. These groupings tend to be related to the economic development and social stability of countries and regions.
Social implications
The authors believe that any analysis of food price inflations that does not consider the political environment and economic conditions dynamics will likely be omitting important components of food price dynamics.
Originality/value
This study uses a unique data set covering 198 countries and regions and provides a comprehensive analysis of international food price inflation convergence identifying the key drivers of convergence club membership.
The notion of globalization and modernization encourages bilateral cooperation and strategic connections between states. In 2013, China launched the Belt and Road Initiative under the “Going global strategy.” The present study's primary goal is to investigate the relationship between political risk, globalization, and ecological footprints for 75 Belt and Road Initiative countries from 1984 to 2019. It also investigates the moderating effect of the Belt and Road Initiative on ecological footprint. Moreover, the outcomes from the Generalized Method of Moments revealed that globalization increases environmental deterioration while a better political environment enhances environmental quality by minimizing their ecological footprint.
