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Hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) for populations of Dinocheirus arizonensis grouped by clade I and clade II
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Sequence data from a segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were used to examine phylogenetic relationships, estimate gene flow and infer demographic history of the cactophilic chernetid pseudoscorpion, Dinocheirus arizonensis (Banks), from the Sonoran Desert. Phylogenetic trees resolved two clades of D. arizonensis,...
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... hierarchical AMOVA conducted on combined clade I and II populations of D. arizonensis (Table 3) revealed significant structure (overall Φ ST = 0.860; P < 0.0001), with 80.23% of the genetic variation distributed between clades I and II (Φ CT = 0.802; P = 0.026). Most (13 of 16) of the pairwise comparisons of Φ ST between populations of clades I and II were also significant using a sequential Bonferroni correction (Table 4). ...
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High-throughput DNA sequencing has the potential to accelerate species discovery if it is able to recognize evolutionary entities from sequence data that are comparable to species. The general mixed Yule-coalescent (GMYC) model estimates the species boundary from DNA surveys by identifying independently evolving lineages as a transition from coales...
Citations
... For example, the genetic distances between Aphonopelma Pocock, 1901 tarantula species from Texas were >6% divergent (Hamilton et al. 2011), the mean distance between Buthacus Birula, 1908 scorpion species was reported to be 2%-11.2% (Cain et al. 2021), and Hexurella Gertsch & Platnick, 1979 spiders ranged from 10.5% to 12.7% between species in a (Pfeiler et al. 2009), beetles (Ma et al. 2022), and cryptic spider mites (Matsuda et al. 2013). When considering shared geographical distributions, the intraspecific mitochondrial genetic distance for co-occurring Homalonychus Marx, 1891 was 0%-4% for Homalonychus theologus Chamberlin 1924 distributed in Baja California, California, and Nevada, and 0%-6% for Homalonychus selenopoides Marx, 1891 distributed primarily on the eastern side of the Colorado River (Crews and Hedin 2006), which is a pattern consistent with our data. ...
This study summarizes the taxonomic treatment of the camel spider genus Chanbria Muma, 1951. Taking an integrative taxonomic approach incorporating phylogenomic, morphological, and geographical information, the genus is herein revised. Of the four species currently placed in the genus, two are retained: Chanbria regalis Muma, 1951 and Chanbria serpentinus Muma, 1951. Eremochelis plicatus (Muma, 1962) is transferred to this genus because it is consistently recovered in a clade with Chanbria based on several phylogenetic analyses using hundreds of loci recovered from ultraconserved element data. In this study, we re-analyse previously acquired genomic data to assess former species hypotheses and identify new morphological synapomorphies that support the monophyly of Chanbria. The genetic data support the synonymization of Chanbria rectus Muma, 1962 syn. nov. with C. regalis. Furthermore, we synonymize Chanbria tehachapianus Muma, 1962 syn. nov. with C. regalis because C. tehachapianus was erected based on limited morphological information and lack of geographical separation between other populations of C. regalis. Two new species, Chanbria brookharti sp. nov. and Chanbria mapemes sp. nov., are described. This brings the total number of species of Chanbria described to five recognized species: C. regalis, C. serpentinus, C. plicatus com. nov., C. brookharti sp. nov., and C. mapemes sp. nov.
... Molecular methods revealed the presence of cryptic diversity in many genera [25,[39][40][41][42], including those from well-studied regions, such as Central and Western Europe [16,21]. Additionally, the implementation of genetic/genomic data [43,44] provided stability to phylogenetic relationships and created the necessary backbone for the targeted investigation of ecologic and evolutionary patterns in pseudoscorpions [13,16,21,[45][46][47][48]. ...
... Similar to H. meridianus, the R. maculatus morphotype (lineage D) spans most of the Mediterranean, with individuals sharing the same haplotype across 1575 km. Such a pattern also implies phoretic dispersal [13,16,45], which was historically documented in the literature [27]. Our samples of the R. maculatus morphotype were collected under tree bark, where pseudoscorpions typically encounter a wide variety of potential carriers. ...
... Interestingly, we detected varying degrees of haplotype sharing and population structuring among the target genera, which gave us insight into their ecology [16,21] and dispersal capabilities. For example, R. maculatus and C. cancroides, known phoretic species [27], show a similar lack of geographic structure compared to other species that are known to phoretically disperse, e.g., Dinocheirus arizonensis [45] and Lamprochernes spp. [16] (both Chernetidae). ...
The ability to disperse has continually shaped both the distribution and diversification of biota, and it affects the survival of the species with respect to wide-ranging habitat loss. As a response, organisms unable to spread by their own means often developed surrogate dispersal strategies. Pseudoscorpions possess small body sizes and cannot actively disperse over large distances and geographic barriers; therefore, they have adopted other ecological strategies. They are either sedentary and remain confined to stable environments or passively disperse via phoresy and are capable of inhabiting a wide variety of habitats, including temporary ones. In this paper, we use barcoding data to investigate the genetic diversity of four widely distributed and relatively morphologically uniform Cheliferidae genera Chelifer, Dactylochelifer, Rhacochelifer and Hysterochelifer. We aim to (i) test whether the genera harbor cryptic diversity and (ii) evaluate whether the genetic structure of the species parallels their dispersal capabilities and habitat preferences (i.e., ecological strategies). In general, we uncovered independent lineages within all analyzed genera, which indicates their need for a thorough and integrative taxonomic revision. More specifically, we detected a varying degree of genetic structuring among the lineages. Known phoretic species, as well as some species and delimited lineages that are not known to use this manner of dispersal, showed a complete lack of geographical structure and shared haplotypes over large distances, while other taxa had restricted distributions. We argue that genetic structure can be used as a proxy to evaluate species’ dispersal manner and efficacy. Our results also suggest that taxa inhabiting stable environments might use phoresy for their dispersal.
... They occur in most terrestrial habitats [35], but due to their generally small body size (~2-4 mm) [36], pseudoscorpions are often overlooked. Although their deep-level phylogenetic relationships are now better understood [37], our knowledge of pseudoscorpion intra-familial relationships and phylogeography is still fairly limited [38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45]. Pseudoscorpions often show a relatively uniform external morphology among closely related species [46,47], but they can exhibit a great plasticity in terms of their karyotypes [48][49][50][51][52][53]. ...
... Genetic distances separating two lineages, potentially representing cryptic species, detected within Chernes hahnii, were less than 5% [43]. In Dinocheirus arizonensis (Banks, 1901), the main clades referred to as "independent lineages" differed only by 2.6% [40]. ...
... The only species showing geographic structuring among its populations is L. nodosus. Such a difference could be explained by the species' affinities to a host that is a weaker flyer, or it is associated with very particular and patchy habitats [40]. More data, including field observations, is needed to confirm this hypothesis. ...
Pseudoscorpions represent an ancient, but homogeneous group of arachnids. The genus Lamprochernes comprises several morphologically similar species with wide and overlapping distributions. We implemented an integrative approach combining molecular barcoding (cox1), with cytogenetic and morphological analyses in order to assess species boundaries in European Lamprochernes populations. The results suggest ancient origins of Lamprochernes species accompanied by morphological stasis within the genus. Our integrative approach delimited three nominal Lamprochernes species and one cryptic lineage Lamprochernes abditus sp. nov. Despite its Oligocene origin, L. abditus sp. nov. can be distinguished from its closest relative only by molecular and cytogenetic differences, or alternatively, by a complex multivariate morphometric analysis involving other Lamprochernes species. The population structure and common haplotype sharing across geographically distant populations in most Lamprochernes species suggest that a phoretic manner of dispersal is efficient in this group.
... For instance, the clown beetle Carcinops troglodytes observed in our giant cactus has been found to be an effective predator of flies and is considered a potential biological control against beetle pests in Brazil (Aballay et al. 2013). In our study, pseudoscorpions also represented dominant predators (Parachernes spp.), and the same family (Chernetidae) is frequently reported in the necrosis of Saguaro and other cacti of Sonora, where Dinocheirus arizonensis exhibit a dual predatory/phoretic behavior by feeding on small species (mostly drosophilid flies) while using large-sized insects (flies or coleopterans) as vectors to disperse across rotten pockets (Zeh and Zeh, 1992;Pfeiler et al. 2009). Notwithstanding, determining whether our observed putative species are detritivores, decomposers, predators, or exhibit alternative feeding modes during different developmental stages requires further investigation. ...
Desert ecosystems are currently threatened by human activities resulting in the rapid decline of xerophytic plants and specialized fauna. In South America, the demise of cactus species already resulted in the population decline of > 30% of the iconic giant columnar cactus Trichocereus terscheckii. The increasing vulnerability of these keystone species could trigger a cascade of secondary extinctions in highly dependent organisms. Thus, necrotic cacti constitute an important habitat for desert arthropods, yet little is known about the hidden diversity of this neglected niche. We used DNA barcode techniques to survey the diversity of arthropods in a threatened cactus forest dominated by T. terscheckii in northwestern Argentina. We obtained a total of 542 mitochondrial barcode sequences, resulting in 323 Molecular Taxonomic Units (MOTUs) associated to the xerophytic forest and 21 MOTUs exclusive to the giant cactus necrosis. Our results indicated that the area is a biodiversity hotspot within the harsh Andean desert and suggests that nearly 30 species could occur in the decaying cactus, representing the highest richness of cactophilic arthropods recorded in any cactus on the continent to date (6 orders and 16 families). The community structure of cactophilic arthropods showed a phylogenetic clustering pattern, suggesting the coexistence of closely related species. Overall, our study indicates that the giant cactus necrosis sustains a particular phylogenetic diversity of desert arthropods, while demonstrating the efficacy of DNA barcodes for biodiversity assessments in complex and poorly understood ecological systems.
... One important factor in the delimitation of the population structure and geographical expansion could be the intrapopulational ability to adapt to food resources. The cacti adaptation may be an evolutionary drive for the divergence process in cactophilic Drosophila species (Ruiz and Heed 1988;Matzkin et al. 2006;Pfeiler et al. 2007Pfeiler et al. , 2009aSoto et al. 2007;Etges et al. 2009;Jennings and Etges 2010;Borgonove et al. 2014;Hasson et al. 2018). We can hypothesize that the diversification process of D. antonietae is associated with C. hildmaniannus, which is considered chemically more complex and toxic when compared to Opuntia genus, a less complex cacti and considered a plesiomorphic host associating of Drosophila species (Oliveira et al. 2012). ...
Evolutionary processes related to climatic changes and ecological factors, such as microhabitat affinities and food specialization, can be important contributors to phylogeographic discordance between codistributed and related species. Here, we evaluate the evolutionary histories of two cactophilic and codistributed Drosophila species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from South America, Drosophila antonietae and Drosophila meridionalis, where they use mainly Cereus hildmaniannus (Cactoideae: Cereeae) as host, using mitochondrial DNA sequences and species distribution modeling. The diversification of both species was estimated during the Pleistocene. For both species, the distribution of suitable areas through the Last Glacial period to the present showed a similar dynamic from Andes Valley through east and through the Paraná-Paraguay river basin to the Atlantic coastline. The current distribution of D. antonietae was influenced by demographic expansion and putative migration route from northwest to south and then to coast, with two genetic incipient groups with bidirectional genetic flow between them. For D. meridionalis, we suggested a migration route from south to north as well as to coast, with three genetic groups deeply structured with no evidence of demographic expansion. Our comparative results showed that the Quaternary paleoclimatic dynamic has had a similar role in both species (displacement of the high suitability areas) with similar routes but in different directions. Additionally, the Araucaria forest represents a putative biogeographic barrier for Drosophila species and also for host C. hildmaniannus. The phylogeographical differences between these species related to geographical distribution, genetic structure, and demographic history could be explained for differences to adaptation and plasticity to explore a new host.
... One important factor in the delimitation of the population structure and geographical expansion could be the intrapopulational ability to adapt to food resources. The cacti adaptation may be an evolutionary drive for the divergence process in cactophilic Drosophila species (Ruiz and Heed 1988;Matzkin et al. 2006;Pfeiler et al. 2007Pfeiler et al. , 2009aSoto et al. 2007;Etges et al. 2009;Jennings and Etges 2010;Borgonove et al. 2014;Hasson et al. 2018). We can hypothesize that the diversification process of D. antonietae is associated with C. hildmaniannus, which is considered chemically more complex and toxic when compared to Opuntia genus, a less complex cacti and considered a plesiomorphic host associating of Drosophila species (Oliveira et al. 2012). ...
Evolutionary processes related to climatic changes and ecological factors, such as microhabitat affinities and food specialization, can be important contributors to phylogeographic discordance between codistributed and related species. Here, we evaluate the evolutionary histories of two cactophilic and codistributed Drosophila species (Diptera: Drosophilidae) from South America, Drosophila antonietae and Drosophila meridionalis, where they use mainly Cereus hildmaniannus (Cactoideae: Cereeae) as host, using mitochondrial DNA sequences and species distribution modeling. The diversification of both species was estimated during the Pleistocene. For both species, the distribution of suitable areas through the Last Glacial period to the present showed a similar dynamic from Andes Valley through east and through the Paraná-Paraguay river basin to the Atlantic coastline. The current distribution of D. antonietae was influenced by demographic expansion and putative migration route from northwest to south and then to coast, with two genetic incipient groups with bidirectional genetic flow between them. For D. meridionalis, we suggested a migration route from south to north as well as to coast, with three genetic groups deeply structured with no evidence of demographic expansion. Our comparative results showed that the Quaternary paleoclimatic dynamic has had a similar role in both species (displacement of the high suitability areas) with similar routes but in different directions. Additionally, the Araucaria forest represents a putative biogeographic barrier for Drosophila species and also for host C. hildmaniannus. The phylogeographical differences between these species related to geographical distribution, genetic structure, and demographic history could be explained for differences to adaptation and plasticity to explore a new host.
... This pseudoscorpion disperses by phoresy, using as principal disperser another cactus fly, Odontoloxozus longicornis. Both are commonly found in the Sonoran Desert in a phoretic interaction (Pfeiler, Bitler, Castrezana, Matzkin, & Markow, 2009;Pfeiler & Markow, 2011). ...
... In the necrotic cactus, for example, the pseudoscorpion Dinocheirus arizonensis (Pseudoscorpiones) preys upon several cactophilic insects but still has limited dispersal. To colonize new fresh rots, D. arizonensis attaches the legs of the neriid cactus fly Odontoloxozus longicornis and occasionally to other insects (Pfeiler et al., 2009;Pfeiler & Markow, 2011). ...
... Koch, 1873) with old trees, particularly oaks, in Europe (e.g. Esser 2011;Jones 1980), Anthrenochernes stellae Lohmander, 1939 from decaying wood in old hollow trees in northern Europe (Gärdenfors and Wilander 1995;Holmen and Scharff 2008), Dinocheirus arizonensis (Banks, 1901) with cacti and succulents in arid North America (Banks 1901;Pfeiler et al. 2009), Chelodamus spp. with bromeliads in Central America (Mahnert 1994;Muchmore 1984) and Attaleachernes thaleri Mahnert, 2009 with palm trees in Brazil (Mahnert 2009). ...
... This mode of transport, known as phoresy (Muchmore 1971), is common among some pseudoscorpion taxa, especially in chernetids and other members of the Cheliferoidea (e.g. Aguiar and Bührnheim 1998;Gärdenfors and Wilander 1995;Muchmore 1971;Pfeiler et al. 2009;Poinar et al. 1998;Zeh and Zeh 1992a, b). ...
... • The divergence events of the intrafamiliar clades occurred between late Paleozoic and Mesozoic after Arachnida divergence (Pfeiler et al., 2009). ...
... Despite the absence of molecular techniques in formal species delimitation in this group, independent lineages that may correspond to cryptic species have been detected in number of cases (e.g. Wilcox et al. 1997, Moulds et al. 2007, Pfeiler et al. 2009, van Heerden et al. 2013, Harrison et al. 2014. Another useful method for detecting unaccounted diversity is karyotype analysis. ...
Pseudoscorpions are found in almost all terrestrial habitats. However, their uniform appearance presents a challenge for morphology-based taxonomy, which may underestimate the diversity of this order. We performed cytogenetic analyses on 11 pseudoscorpion species of the genus Chthonius C. L. Koch, 1843 from the Alps, including three subgenera: Chthonius (Chthonius) C. L. Koch, 1843, C. (Ephippiochthonius) Beier, 1930 and C. (Globochthonius) Beier, 1931 inhabiting this region. The results show that the male diploid number of chromosomes ranges from 21-35. The sex chromosome system X0 has been detected in all male specimens. The X sex chromosome is always metacentric and represents the largest chromosome in the nucleus. Achiasmatic meiosis, already known from the family Chthoniidae, was further confirmed in males of Chthonius. C-banding corroborated the localization of constitutive heterochromatin in the centromere region, which corresponds to heteropycnotic knobs on the standard chromosome preparations. Morphological types and size differentiation of chromosomes in the karyotype suggest that the main chromosomal rearrangements in the evolution of Chthonius are centric or tandem fusions resulting in a decrease in the number of chromosomes. Pericentric inversions, inducing the change of acrocentric chromosomes into biarmed chromosomes, could also be expected. Variability in chromosome morphology and number was detected in several species: C. (C.) ischnocheles (Hermann, 1804), C. (C.) raridentatus, C. (C.) rhodochelatus Hadži, 1930, and C. (C.) tenuis L. Koch, 1873. We discuss the intraspecific variability within these species and the potential existence of cryptic species.
