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Beach forests are ecosystems that can be found adjacent to beaches. Some fruits and seeds are adapted to be dispersed by sea currents by evolving sea water resistance fruits. To a certain degree, beach forest trees are able to prevent coastal erosion. The species poor tree community shows adaptations to salt spray and salty groundwater, high temper...
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... A beach forest is defined as a narrow strip of woodland along the sandy and gravelly beaches of the seacoast and hosts a diverse range of flora and animals (Göltenboth et al., 2006). The beach vegetation identified in the site study is Hibiscus tiliaceus L., Terminalia catappa L., and Acacia mangium which was planted along the beach park. ...
Natural attractions and distinctive geographical settings make the coastal environment a promising opportunity for economic and social development. However, coastal areas are susceptible to environmental change, as the recent event shows that sea level rise has damaged Kelanang Beach. Controlling and minimizing the damage caused by sea level rise in the coastal zone is important for the area's benefit and long-term survival. Coastal protection strategies are essential to the survival of coastal ecosystems and the communities that rely on them. This study proposes coastal protection strategies in sustainable landscape design for Kelanang Beach, Selangor. The study entails the collection of primary data through site observation, in addition to the collection of secondary data which both compiled in the stage of site inventory, analysis, and map synthesis. The proposed design focuses on three main areas: the Kelanang Beach area, the glamping site area, and the mangrove trail area. The aesthetic value and practicality of these areas are highlighted through the design process including a zoning diagram, functional diagram, spatial diagram, design idea plan, and master plan proposal. Coastal protection strategies suggested in the master plan proposal include the integration of hard and soft strategies such as breakwater, planting buffer, and mangrove replanting. The design emphasized vegetation richness to stabilize the beach embankment and maintain the coastal line in the near future. This master plan idea is one of the landscape planning mechanisms to develop coastal areas while strengthening positive symbiotic relationships between local residents, tourists, and the natural environment.
... However, T. catappa can grow in dry to moist soils and saline soils. It can attain a maximum height of 35 m (Göltenboth et al. 2006). The habitat of C. equisetifolia is different from the other six species. ...
... The habitat of C. equisetifolia is different from the other six species. It prefers a hot sub-humid area to grow and can be 10-40 m in height (Göltenboth et al. 2006). The study on the chemical profiles of these can provide a better understanding of their utilizations. ...
Determination of the chemical composition of biomaterial is important for their valued utilization in biorefinery. In this study, the chemical composition of seven wood species, i.e. lambu (Khaya anthotheca), raj-koroi (Albizia richardiana), jhau (Casuarina equisetifolia), sil-koroi (Albizia procera), katbadam (Terminalia catappa), jolpai (Elaeocarpus robustus), and arjun (Terminalia arjuna) were examined. The chemical characterization of these wood species can expedite a further study on the extraction of cellulose, lignin, and extractive. α-cellulose content was in the range of 37.0% to 42.1% and lignin content was 20.4% to 34.1%. The solubility in 1% caustic soda was 16.1% to 24.3%. The α-cellulose and lignin content were similar to other wood species. Therefore, these species can be a potential source of raw material for biorefinery.
... Beach forests play important roles in sustaining coastal ecosystems and local communities. The ecosystem functions by protecting sandy beaches against coastal erosion and the effects of winds and storms, and protects against damage caused by salt spray to human settlements or cultivation 9,10 . Adjacent sandy beaches are important nesting sites for sea turtles 3,5 . ...
... A characteristic of C. equisetifolia is that it can establish and grow in barren land or sandy soil because of the root suckering habit and its rapid growth 10 . In addition, C. equisetifolia is more resilient than other tree species and out competes other trees that cannot grow well under a closed canopy 9,33 . Further, it is of note that these two sites where C. equisetifolia was dominant are the most anthropogenically impacted sites, suggesting that prior activities had altered the species diversity. ...
Beach forests are important ecological zones in many coastal regions. Many are under increasing anthropogenic and natural stress. Beach forest changes and their causes were examined in three tsunami-impacted sites with different land-use/cover (LULC): Ban Nam Khem (BNK, fishing village), Khao Lak (KL, tourist destination), and Thai Mueang (TM, part of a national park). Vegetation surveys, GIS, and interpretation of time series IKONOS and THEOS imagery using supervised classification (ENVI 4.7) from 2003-2013 were performed. Six beach forest tree and shrub species were found in BNK and KL, dominated by Casuarina equisetifolia, while 24 tree/shrub species, dominated by Syzygium grande, were observed at TM. After the tsunami, beach forests were severely damaged in BNK (45%), KL (40%), and TM (23%). Recovery of beach forests in 8 years varied from BNK (58%), KL (39%) with low rates in KL and high rates in TM (62%). Substantial portions of the three sites were still characterized as beach forest in 2013, though the forests now included areas that had recovered from the tsunami damage and/or altered LULC (e.g., barren land to beach forests and vice versa). Anthropogenic factors represented 40% (BNK), 56% (KL), and 5% (TM) of the changes with urbanization being a leading cause in tourist areas (KL; 24%). The study highlights the need for improved understanding of beach vegetation, tsunami impacts, and LULC to provide sustainable management of beach forests in Thailand in three sites with different anthropogenic characteristics.
Natural products have been receiving the spotlight from the people of developing and developed countries in recent years due to rising health care expenses and global financial crises. These natural products are the resources for bioactive compounds used in the drug development process. Tamanu seed oil is used for traditional remedies and cosmetic ingredients. The dried seed produces an oil with a yield of 50-75%. Previous works reported that the seed oil comprised coumarins, one of the eminent groups of phenolics. Coumarins have anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticoagulant, antiviral, wound healing properties, and anti-HIV effects. Extraction is often referred to as the sample preparation method as its essential to purify bioactive compounds. In this work, coumarin mixture from tamanu oil was extracted by batchwise multi stages extraction. The effects of solvent used (methanol and ethanol), solvent-water concentration, and the number of stages were studied. The optimal conditions for the extraction of the coumarin mixture were 90% ethanol and eight stages of extraction, which contributed to 50.73 ± 0.16% of purity and 92.95 ± 3.76% of recovery. Also, these conditions removed up to 66% free fatty acids (FFA) and 100% triglycerides (TG). It was found that the DPPH inhibition at 400 ppm shows that 90% ethanol has the highest inhibition (57.72±2.70%) with an IC50 value of 305 ppm. Moreover, various compounds like pyrrole-2 carboxylate, epicrinamidine, cholestane, and trimethyl ether were also detected in the polar fraction of tamanu oil.
