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Rapid industrialization coupled with explosive development of chemical and mining industries has not only resulted in global deterioration of the environmental quality but also has drawn attention of scientists for an effective measure to control environmental pollution. Sukinda in the district of Jajpur, Orissa has drawn worldwide attention as one...
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... the results of the hourly hexavalent chromium reduction by the selected bacterial isolates in PBS (Fig. 2) indicates that rate of reduction is directly proportional to time. Acinetobacter calcoaceticus reduced 20-28.5% of Cr (VI) within 3 hr, after that the rate was almost constant i.e., ranged 34.03 to 38%. This difference in trend of reduction in a non- nutritive medium (PBS) may be due to decrease in physiological and metabolic ...
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Reduction of toxic hexavalent chromium was studied by using four chromium resistant lyophilized strains of bacterial isolates of Sukinda mining area viz., Micrococcus luteus, Pseudomonas putida, Serratia marcescens and Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. The isolates tolerated hexavalent chromium beyond 500ppm and were selected for reduction. Amongst the...
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... Furthermore, digestion with acidic KMnO 4 confirms the presence of Cr(III) as the concentration of Cr (VI) in this sample was observed 3 ppm higher than the direct testing of the sample with DPC which was similar to findings of Desai et al. (2008). Several scientific studies demonstrated the potential of Cr(VI) tolerant bacteria isolated from contaminated soil for bioremediation with the ability to reduce it to Cr(III) (Camargo et al. 2003;Mishra et al. 2010;Focardi et al. 2012;Kalola and Desai, 2020). With its capacity to lower Cr(VI), PGPB may be used for both Cr(VI) bioremediation and the enhancement of plant development. ...
... During the collection of samples the environmental of soil sample temperatures range between 35 o C-39 o C. The physico-chemical parameter analysis (Table 1) revels that the pH of Sukinda region varies from 7.1 to 7.9 indicating alkalinity nature of soil. The alkalinity may be due to the elevated concentration of chromium (Mishra et al., 2010). As per Alam et al., 2011 the chromium dominated sites usually shows alkalinity varying a pH from 6.5 to 9.0. ...
... Sukinda environmental situation creates a major health hazard to the residents and workers of the Sukinda valley (Pattnaik et al., 2012) as well as to the floral population. Increased number of open cast mining is the prime reason for promoting the contamination of the nature (Mishra et al., 2010). The solid waste (Around 7.6 tons) deposited in the boundaries of mining areas facilitates the contact of hexavalent chromium with the soil and air (Das et al., 2011). ...
The expeditious industrialization is helping the world to give a new modern era with all sorts of amenities. But the consequences are following great risks that might result in a terrifying future. Heavy metal pollution and its hazardous effects are one of them. Though India is the 3rd largest chromium producing country and the Sukinda valley of Odisha, is the chief source for chromium, hence here the threat of chromium pollution is at a high point. Countermeasures to this problem have become of prime importance. Among several remedial measures, bioremediation is an approaching process to control the accelerated growth of heavy metal contamination including chromium. In the world of microorganisms, the congenital characteristics of fungi have great importance as they can grow easily in polluted habitats. Again, there is evidence of native fungi having the potential to bind with heavy metals and remove toxic agents from natural environments. The pathway of chromium toxicity and its possible remediation potential by fungi have been studied extensively in the Sukinda area. This study signifies some positive aspects that can be practised in the future as a convenient option for bioremediation. Fungal bioremediation improved with biotechnology tools will be suitable output for rapid remediation which is vital for this moment.
... Microbes with higher resistance or tolerance to Cr(VI) are the potential candidate for bioremediation of Cr(VI) from chromium-contaminated sites. A wide array of bacteria belonging to genera Alcaligenes, Waustersia, Acinetobacter, Serratia, Bacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Cellulomonas, Achromobacter, Micrococcus, Escherichia, Ochrobactrum, Enterobacter, and Desulfovibrio isolated from chromium-contaminated soil have shown biotransformation, especially reduction of Cr(VI) to relatively nontoxic Cr(III) (Kathiravan, Karthick, Muthu, Muthukumar, & Velan, 2010;Mishra, Samantary, Dash, Mishra, & Swain, 2010) (Fig. 19.2). However, biomonitoring of Cr(VI) is also possible using a blue-color pigment-producing bacterium Vogesella indigofera, on exposure to Cr(VI) (Cheung & Gu, 2006). ...
... Indirect reduction of Cr(VI) by bacterial isolates in the medium resulted in the production of off-white residues, which were the sign of Cr(VI) reduction. Bacterial conversion of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) is due to the production of metabolite (Mishra et al., 2010;Rahman et al., 2007) like H 2 S in the medium. The H 2 S produced by the bacteria reduces Cr(VI) to Cr(III), and the Cr(III) reacts with H 2 S to form chromium sulfide, which is not stable at aqueous solution; it is deposited in the form of chromium hydroxide precipitate (off-white) in the medium (Ahemad, 2015;Samuel et al., 2013). ...
... These activities of soil micro-floras are largely affected by pollutants released to the soil, as plant growth is regulated by soil fertility, including the physical, chemical, and biological texture of soil (Hansda, Kumar, Anshumali, & Usmani, 2014). The Cr(VI) content of soil/sediment and water of Sukinda mining zone are 119 and 1.003 ppm, respectively (Das et al., 2013;Mishra et al., 2010), which far exceeds the EPA standard such as 100 and 0.05 ppm (Ahemad, 2015;Das et al., 2013). The toxic Cr(VI) compounds are mutagenic, carcinogenic, recalcitrant, water soluble in nature, transported through the cell membrane and subsequently affect proteins and nucleic acids of the biological systems (Wuana & Okieimen, 2011). ...
Rapid industrialization and anthropogenic activities have produced a huge amount of noxious Cr(VI), which accumulates in the soil for a longer period. As a consequence, that decreases rice plant productivity in chromium-contaminated agricultural fields of Sukinda mining area, Odisha. In this context, efforts are being made for microbial bioremediation of Cr(VI) in chromium-contaminated sites to maintain the soil healthy. Microbes with a high degree of Cr(VI) resistance have immense potential to acclimatize in adverse conditions with genetic modifications or alterations and are the potential candidate for Cr(VI) detoxification. Several species of Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Micrococcus Acinetobacter, Cellulomonas, Escherichia, Serratia, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, and Ochrobactrum have been reported to reduce toxic Cr(VI) to less toxic Cr(III). As per our case study, the native bacterial strain Enterobacter cloacae CTWI-06 depicted high Cr(VI) resistance up to 3500 ppm and a wide array of other metals. In addition, the bacterial strain also showed various plant growth-promoting traits such as N2 fixation; phosphate (146.87 ppm), potassium (12.55 ppm), and zinc solubilization; and ammonification and indole-3-acetic acid production (114 μg mL⁻¹). Under optimized conditions, the multimetal-resistant bacteria reduced 94% Cr(VI) within 92 h, as confirmed by FTIR and XRD analysis, and hence being validated as a potential bio-agent for bioremediation in multiple metal-contaminated sites. In conclusion, E. cloacae CTWI-06 strains have significant Cr(VI) bioremediation ability as well as plant growth-promoting characteristics in pot culture with reference to rice (Oryza sativa) cultivation. As the bacterial strains have the capability to survive under unfavorable conditions, efficiently reducing Cr(VI), and significantly promoting plant growth, that may be utilized for long-term bioremediation of Cr(VI) in chromium-contaminated soil as well as to maintain soil health for sustainable agriculture.
... The soil sample collected from mining areas showed slightly alkaline pH which may be due to the manifestation of Cr 6+ and mostly it is stable at alkaline pH (Pattnaik et al. 2017;Das et al. 2013a;Mishra et al. 2010). The control soil sample is slightly acidic in nature (Jena et al. 2008;Dey et al. 2010;Sahoo et al. 2016). ...
Sukinda chromium mine is well known for its chromium (Cr) reserve in India. It accounts for 97% of Cr production in the country. The open cast mining results in the seepage and accumulation of chromium in the nearby paddy fields through soil runoff. Deposition of high concentrations of toxic Cr ⁶⁺ adversely affected the growth and productivity of rice plants. It was studied that Cr ⁶⁺ toxicity can be counteracted by the microbes especially algae. Hence, an attempt has been made for the exploration of an indigenous micro-algal strain for the detoxification of Cr ⁶⁺ in the rice fields. Three different micro-algal strains were isolated from the waterlogged regions of the mine waste area and tested against Cr ⁶⁺ . The average concentration of Cr ⁶⁺ in the soils of rice fields and its surrounding regions was estimated around 40ppm. In vitro study was conducted to determine the optimal growth parameters for the growth of the algal strains. The concentration of total chromium availability was determined by using ICP-OES (Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. It showed that all the algal-stains were able to detoxify Cr ⁶⁺ , but the best result (89.63%) was observed in one strain ‘SM3’. SEM-EDX study also showed that there was no Cr adsorbed on the surface of the algal strain. Raman Spectroscopy study confirmed the reduction of Cr ⁶⁺ to Cr ³⁺ in algal strain. The strain was identified as Fischerella sp. (Accession no. MK422171) through morphological and molecular characterization. This algal strain can be used for the bioremediation of chromium contaminated crop fields.
... Pattnaik, Dash, and Samantaray (2017) have reported the pH of the water sample of Sukinda mining area was 7.8 too. The pH of the samples was alkaline due to the deposition of high amount of chromiumand chromium remained stable at alkaline pH (Mishra et al. 1970). The electrical conductivity of the sample W1 was high (i.e., 81.35 ± 3.98 ms/cm/sec) while EC of W2 was 73.54 ± 7.17 ms/cm/sec. ...
Rapid mining activities in Sukinda mining area have generated a huge amount of toxic Cr(VI) which accumulated and persisted in the soil for decades and reduced rice plant productivity in adjoining agricultural fields. Hence, for the bioremediation of rice field soil, a Cr(VI) resistant, thermotolerant and fast-growing native green algal strain SM1 was selected, which rendered resistance to 60 ppm of Cr(VI). DPC assay, ICP-OES and Raman-Spectroscopic analysis confirmed 92.765% of Cr(VI) reduction within 48 h by SM1 under optimized condition. Moreover, Cr(VI) adsorption by the green alga was also established by FTIR and SEM-EDX analysis. The alga (SM1) was identified as Chlorella thermophila by 18S rDNA sequencing (MN855377). Its application significantly improved rice (Oryza sativa var. Lalata) seed germination, seedling growth, seed vigor index, pigment and protein content. CHNS(O) and ICP-OES analysis of the algal biomass depicted the presence of several organic and inorganic compounds, which can be utilized as bio-fertilizer for the rice seedlings. Field experiments on rice plant growth characteristics should be conducted to utilize this potent algal strain in chromium contaminated rice fields for the bio-reduction of Cr(VI) and improvement of rice crop productivity.
... All isolated cultures were able to reduce Cr(VI) concentration at 50 and 100 mg/L to 0 mg/L within 10 hours. Bacterial isolates from Sukinda mining area (Sukinda valley, the fourth most polluted place in the world) showed to tolerate Cr(VI) concentrations of 500, 600, 900 and 1,000 mg/L (Mishra et al., 2010). Zhang et al. (2014), previously reported how organic carbon sources are required either in the form of energy or as an electron donor in order for a microorganism to reduce Cr(VI). ...
Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) is highly soluble in water, but is widely used in industrial sectors for many purposes. The effluent from these industrial activities is often released to the environment posing a threat to aquatic life and to humans. Conventional methods of treating Cr(VI) often require the use of pump and treat methods followed by the use of harmful toxic chemicals that are hard to dispose of and usually are expensive. The study explores reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) using biological means (a popular issue of bioremediation of contaminated aquifer) in columns; control with aquifer media, system 1 inoculated with CRB (chromium reducing bacteria) dried sludge, system 2 further amended with saw dust and system 3 amended with vegetative material from target site as carbon source. CRB are essential and were inoculated in the columns (system 1-3) as dried sludge, previously isolated (Enterococcus casseliflavus, Pseudomonas putida, C.istrobacter sedlakii, Enterobacter cloacae and Enterobacter hormaechei) and tested in a batch system. The column reactors were run for 60 days at concentrations 40, 60 and 80 mg/L, respectively. Culture isolates in the effluent of the reactors were isolated and identified. Complete reduction was observed from all columns under different concentrations, with some failures at certain periods before quasi steady state (determined after 40 days). At 40 mg/L more than 95 % of Cr(VI) was reduced across the spectrum. System 3 best reduced Cr(VI) compared to other treatment column reactors at high concentrations of 80 mg/L. System 2 carbon source didn’t enhance Cr(VI) reduction compared to Syetem 1 with no carbon material. Algae growth was observed in the columns after operating for 40 days at 40 mg/L. Using 18s rRNA the dominant algae was identified as Chlamydomonas debaryana. As Cr(VI) concentration was increased, both CRB and the algae were assumed to be in synergy as Cr(VI) was reduced at influent concentration as high as 80 mg/L (double the concentration from the site). Further investigation was done in the study to identify Cr(VI) reducing potential by algae. The use of vegetative material from the target site in the presence of algae proved to enhance Cr(VI) reduction by CRB even though saw dust did not perform as expected. This method has potential to be used in Cr polluted sites in South Africa with careful application.
... As shown in Fig. 2 (phase b), the average removal efficiency of Cr (VI) under different pH was 58.96, 72.65 and 65.08%, respectively, which is generally consistent with the change of TIN removal efficiency. This result was corresponded to the early study that pH 7-7.8 was the optimum pH for growth of Cr (VI) resistant bacteria [17]. Since the reduction of Cr (VI) is enzyme-mediated, the relationship between pH and Cr (VI) removal effect was not surprising. ...
A novel bioelectrochemical system (BES) was established to investigate the feasibility of simultaneous autotrophic denitrification and chromium removal under different pH conditions in terms of the removal performance and dominant microbial community. Reliable nitrate and hexavalent chromium (Cr (VI)) removal was obtained, and the optimum pH was 7.0 with the highest removal efficiencies of 97.21 and 72.65%, respectively. The bacterial communities exhibited highly selective and concentrated as revealed by the alpha-diversity indices and the Pareto–Lorenz (PL) evenness curves. The highest community richness was achieved under neutral environment, while increasing pH strengthen the species diversity. The predominant phylum Proteobacteria and class Gammaproteobacteria might act as the main contributors, accounting for 95.21–98.47% and 64.49–88.84% of the classified sequences. Key functional groups in terms of the denitrifying bacteria (DNB) and Cr reduction bacteria (CRB) were identified at the genus level. The similar total number of DNB and CRB indicated a good adaptability to pH. The stable removal ability was ascribed to the presences of Pseudomonas, Halomonas and Thauera, which facilitated the combined autohydrogenotrophic denitrification and Cr (VI) reduction process. This study provides a more in-depth understanding of application of BES for simultaneous denitrification and Cr (VI) reduction process.
... The Sukinda mining zone, Odisha is one of the chromium contaminated area due to chromite mining since more than four decades. As a matter of fact, the flora, fauna along with human population of the mining area are adversely affected due to Cr (VI) pollution (Mishra et al., 2010). Moreover, mining activities are major causes of soil texture transformation and with its biomagnification agent that causes DNA damage (Chen and Hao, 1998) and reduces soil fertility and plant growth (Ahemad, 2015). ...
... Microbes with higher resistance or tolerance to Cr(VI) are the potential candidate for detoxification of Cr(VI). A wide array of bacteria belonging to several genera Aceinetobacter, Serratia, Bacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Cellulomonas, Achromobacter, Micrococcus, Escherichia, Ochrobactrum, isolated from chromium contaminated sites, have shown biotransformation especially reduction of Cr(VI) to relatively nontoxic Cr(III) (Mishra et al., 2010;Kathiravan et al., 2010). ...
... The colonies of distinct morphological characters were individually picked up, sub-cultured and preserved in glycerol stock at -80°C for further use. Then, the extent of Cr(VI) tolerance or resistance of bacterial isolates were conducted with increasing (100-3500 mg/l) concentrations of Cr(VI) on LB agar plates and the chromium tolerance or resistance pattern of bacterial strains were noted down (Mishra et al., 2010). ...
The goal of the study is to explore potential chromium resistant and nitrogen fixing, phosphate & potassium solubilizing bacteria from Sukinda mining area for bioremediation of Cr (VI) contaminated soil. In toto 25 bacteria were isolated, among them 14 isolates showed resistance to hexavalent chromium. Moreover, bacterial isolates such as Paenibacillus sp. CTSI-01, Micrococcus sp. CTWI-03 and Enterobacter sp. CTWI-06 were able to tolerate 3500ppm of Cr (VI) concentration. The bacterial isolates were affiliated to the genus such as Bacillus, Paenibacillus, Brevibacillus, Acinetobacter, Enterobacter, Micrococcus and Staphylococcus by morpho-physiological characterizations. Interestingly, amongst 14 chromium resistant bacteria, three isolates such as Micrococcus sp. CTSI-06, Enterobacter sp. CTWI-06 and Acinetobacter sp. CTWI-07 depicted nitrogen fixation, phosphate and potassium solubilization capability as revealed from solubility index. Thus, these potential chromium resistant and NPK activity showing locally isolated bacterial strains may be used for detoxification of Cr (VI) as well as to increase nutrient availability of chromium contaminated soils.
... In aqueous solution, Cr exists both in trivalent (Cr (III)) and hexavalent (Cr (VI)) forms [21]. Those two forms are commonly dispersed in the environs as a result of different anthropogenic events [22,23] as well as geochemical mobilization [17]. The industrial processes from which Cr is released include electroplating, petroleum refining, leather tanning, wood preservation, photography, metal finishing, pulp processing, and dye and textile industries [9,24,25]. ...
The role and significance of microorganisms in environmental recycling activities marks geomicrobiology one of the essential branches within the environmental biotechnology field. Naturally occurring microbes also play geo-active roles in rocks,leading to biomineralization or biomobilization of minerals and metals. Heavy metals,such as chromium (Cr),are essential micronutrients at very low concentrations,but are very toxic at higher concentrations. Generally,heavy metals are leached to the environment through natural processes or anthropogenic activities such as industrial processes,leading to pollution with serious consequences. The presence of potentially toxic heavy metals,including Cr,in soils does not necessarily result in toxicity because not all forms of metals are toxic. Microbial interaction with Cr by different mechanisms leads to its oxidation or reduction,where its toxicity could be increased or decreased. Chromite contains both Cr(III) and Fe(II) and microbial utilization of Fe(II)- Fe(III) conversion or Cr (III) - Cr (VI) could lead to the break-down of this mineral. Therefore,the extraction of chromium from its mineral as Cr (III) form increases the possibility of its oxidation and conversion to the more toxic form (Cr (VI)),either biologically or geochemically. Cr (VI) is quite toxic to plants,animals and microbes,thus its levels in the environment need to be studied and controlled properly. Several bacterial and fungal isolates showed high tolerance and resistance to toxic Cr species and they also demonstrated transformation to less toxic form Cr (III),and precipitation. The current review highlights toxicity issues associated with Cr species and environmental friendly bioremediation mediated by microorganisms.
