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... this approach, the introduced gene produces an enzyme which degrade the herbicide sprayed on the plants. Introduction of bar gene cloned from bacteria Stroptomyces hygroscopicus into plants, make them resistant to herbicides based on phosphinothricin (Table 2). Bar gene produces an enzyme, phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) which degrades phosphinothricin into a non-toxic acetylated form. ...
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... rhizogenes, particle bombardment-mediated, and electroporation methods (Lal et al., 2007;Umate et al., 2010) have been developed. Salinity tolerance genes include the AlaBlb gene and the barley HVA1 and group-3 LEA proteins (Shabir et al., 2013;Wang et al., 2018). However, bch1 (b-carotene hydroxylase-1), NHX, and tobacco osmotin genes (Das et al., 2011) showed both salt and drought tolerance in mulberry. ...
Soil salinization and alkalization are major threats to sericulture in arid and semi-arid regions, where water scarcity and inadequate drainage of irrigated lands severely reduce mulberry leaf yield and quality. The salt-affected soil leads to cascades of responses in mulberries at morpho-anatomical, physio-biochemical, and molecular levels due to salt-induced osmotic and ionic stress. Mulberry is a salt-sensitive crop, and understanding salt-stress responses and tolerance mechanisms is important for the development of salt-resilient mulberry for sustained leaf productivity in the future. This review focuses on the response of the mulberry plant to salt stress, particularly its morpho-anatomical and physio-biochemical changes and its adaptation to salt-affected soils through osmoregulation, ion homeostasis, synthesis of antioxidants, and hormonal regulation. Future research is needed on management strategies, such as breeding for salt-tolerant cultivars, application of molecular markers to select salt-tolerant germplasm, and exploration of the potential of genetic transformation for salt resistance.
... Particle gun bombardment is further extended to tissues like hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf and leaf callus explants (Bhatnagar et al. 2002). However, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer received more attention in mulberry transgenic development Wani et al. 2013). Machii (1990) made the first attempt to introduce a foreign gene (GUS) through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. ...
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is commercially important for its foliage, as the sole feed for silkworm (Bombyx mori). The foliage quality and quantity govern the success in sericulture. Crop improvement in this tree crop through conventional and breeding approaches is slow due to the complex nature of economic traits, long juvenile period and limited understanding of existing germplasm resources. Despite the limitations in the availability of robust in vitro regeneration and transformation protocols, transgenic approach has been attempted for targeted manipulation of desired traits. To improve stress-adaptive traits and reduce post-harvest water losses from leaves, transgenic approaches have been attempted in mulberry too. This chapter highlights the need for transgenics in mulberry, and the current status of targeted trait improvement through transgenic approach is summarized.
... Particle gun bombardment is further extended to tissues like hypocotyl, cotyledon, leaf and leaf callus explants (Bhatnagar et al. 2002). However, Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer received more attention in mulberry transgenic development Wani et al. 2013). Machii (1990) made the first attempt to introduce a foreign gene (GUS) through Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. ...
Mulberry (Morus spp.) is commercially important for its foliage, as the sole feed
for silkworm (Bombyx mori). The foliage quality and quantity govern the success
in sericulture. Crop improvement in this tree crop through conventional and
breeding approaches is slow due to the complex nature of economic traits, long
juvenile period and limited understanding of existing germplasm resources.
Despite the limitations in the availability of robust in vitro regeneration and
transformation protocols, transgenic approach has been attempted for targeted
manipulation of desired traits. To improve stress-adaptive traits and reduce postharvest
water losses from leaves, transgenic approaches have been attempted in
mulberry too. This chapter highlights the need for transgenics in mulberry, and
the current status of targeted trait improvement through transgenic approach is
summarized.
