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Weed control is a crucial aspect in many conservation agriculture systems given that costs and time savings from avoiding tillage are closely linked to the use of effective and environmental friendly herbicides. This has led to the widespread use of glyphosate in farms, as it is a broad-spectrum, easily degradable, low- cost herbicide. The recent d...
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... this chemical control scenario three alternative herbicide programs (T1, T2 and T3) are proposed with three annual applications. Table 3 of the Annex describes the programs designed for the chemical scenarios, including the current baseline treatment. However, additional applications may be necessary to compensate for an active ingredient as powerful as glyphosate, so the data calculated here would increase. ...Citations
... Likely, conservation farming is depending much more on cultural (e.g., crop rotation, competitive cultivars, cover crops) and chemical control options (Soane et al., 2012). Indeed, conservation farmers design their cropping systems around the use of the non-selective active ingredient glyphosate (Andert et al., 2018;Pardo and Martıńez, 2019;Beckie et al., 2020). Across European countries, one third of the acreage of annual cropping systems and half of the acreage of perennial tree crops are annually sprayed with glyphosate (data from 2013-2017, Antier et al., 2020). ...
European farmers are required to follow the transition towards sustainable agriculture and food systems. Perennial weed management without chemical herbicides and inversion tillage is challenging farmers. Questions arise to cope with these spreading weeds. Our study focuses on farmers’ perceptions and experiences of perennial weeds and their control in Northern France and Eastern Germany. A survey was developed to explore the situation regarding present concerns and future problems for perennial weed control. The survey conducted from winter 2020/21 to spring 2021 targeted conventional, conservation and organic farms. We found a high level of awareness for perennial weeds. On average, 80.0% of Northern French farmers and 65.9% of Eastern German farmers revealed present concerns about perennial weeds. Both, Northern French and Eastern German farmers perceived perennial weeds are more damaging to crop production than other pests. In both regions, the farmers considered Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. as the most important perennial weed. While the majority of the Eastern German farmers observed field infestations of Elymus repens (L.) Gould, Northern French farmers more often reported Sonchus arvensis L. infestations. More than 50% of the farmers stated Rumex spp. infestations in Northern France and Eastern Germany. Interestingly, Eastern German farmers are more concerned about future perennial weed problems than Northern French farmers. The reasons for farmer’s future concerns are probably connected to the farming system. In both regions, conservation and conventional farmers heavily rely on herbicides for perennial weed control, however, more farms used the active ingredient glyphosate in Eastern Germany. Nonetheless, perennial weed control is a major concern for organic farmers in both regions. We conclude that optimizing and integrating nonchemical alternatives is promising in all farming systems. Research activities are required to provide farmers and extension services with novel and profitable perennial weed management practices.
... Only few studies (i.e. 27,28 ) quantified explicitly the economic implications a ban of glyphosate may have on conservation agricultural practices, concluding that no-or reduced-till practices may be difficult to apply. ...
Glyphosate is the most widely used pesticide in Europe. However, due to its potential effects on human health, its renewal is currently under discussion in European policy. Here, we synthesize the existing evidence on potential farm-level economic impacts of a potential glyphosate ban in European agriculture using a literature review. We identified 19 studies published until 2022. We find that where glyphosate is currently used (30% and 50% of the acreage with annual and perennial tree crops respectively), such a ban can have large economic impacts. However, the range of impacts reported in the literature is substantial. Economic losses arising from a glyphosate ban estimated in peer reviewed studies range from 3 Euro/hectare in silage maize to up to 553 Euro/hectare in grapevine production. While potential losses are largest, in absolute terms (in Euro/hectare), for high-value perennial crops such as fruits and grapevines losses are similar in perennial and arable crops if expressed in relative terms (i.e. in % of per hectare profits). We currently lack assessments of economic implications of a glyphosate ban for most countries and farming systems. Thus, the overall economic implications at the European level are largely unknown.
... As well as the ban on Glyphosate directly causing increased variable costs of green leaf production at the farm level resulting from the higher dependency on labour and/or expensive alternative weedicides for weed management, other unanticipated outcomes occurred as well (Alcántara-de la Cruz et al., 2021;Böcker et al., 2018;Garvert et al., 2013;Kudsk & Mathiassen, 2020;Pardo & Martínez, 2019;Schneider et al., 2018;Schulte, 2017;Walsh & Kingwell, 2021;Ye et al., 2021). Given that there was an informal market for illegal formulations accessible to tea growers from the smallholder and the estate sector for weed control. ...
Tea manufacturing is an important industry for the Sri Lankan economy because it generates foreign income, which adds to gross domestic product of the country and creates employment opportunities. Tea has been exported to several countries from Sri Lanka for over a century, and Sri Lanka remains a leading tea exporter to date. Recently, the Sri Lankan government issues a policy which disadvantages the tea industry in the country. The government banned the use of glyphosate in the agricultural sector from 2015 to 2018 which directly or indirectly affects the tea industry. The policy brought a consequence where the farmers used illegal substances and other weedicides to control the weed. These consequences placed the Sri Lankan tea industry at risk since their final product is contains high amount of residual weedicide which exceeds the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). In this paper, we use The Equilibrium Displacement Model to study the economic impact of rejections of tea consignments by Japan due to the excess use of 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in 2018. The demand of Sri Lankan bulk black tea by Japan has declined by 6.5% between 2017 and 2018. The estimated of the Sri Lankan tea industry from reduced demand for bulk black tea was Rs339 million. Keywords: tea industry, glyphosate ban, Sri Lanka Abstrak Teh adalah industri penting bagi perekonomian Sri Lanka karena menghasilkan devisa yang menambah produksi domestik bruto dan menciptakan lapangan kerja. Teh telah diekspor dari Sri Lanka selama lebih dari satu abad ke berbagai negara dan Sri Lanka tetap menjadi eksportir utama. Kebijakan pemerintah baru-baru ini yang memengaruhi sektor pertanian tidak menguntungkan bagi industri teh. Pelarangan penggunaan glifosat dari tahun 2015 hingga 2018 merupakan salah satu kebijakan yang berdampak signifikan terhadap industri teh, baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Konsekuensi penggunaan formulasi pengendali gulma ilegal dan herbisida alternatif menempatkan industri teh pada keadaan yang beresiko melalui konsekuensi tidak disengaja dari kehilangan akses ke pasar ekspor teh karena insiden mengenai kelebihan Batas Maksimum Residu. Dalam tulisan ini, dampak ekonomi dari penolakan pengiriman teh dari Jepang karena penggunaan 2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) yang berlebihan pada tahun 2018 diselidiki dengan menggunakan Equilibrium Displacement Model pada industri teh. Permintaan ekspor Jepang untuk teh hitam curah turun 6,5% antara 2017 dan 2018. Perkiraan kerugian surplus ekonomi industri teh Sri Lanka dari penurunan permintaan teh hitam curah adalah Rs339 juta. Kata kunci: industri teh, larangan penggunaan glifosat, Sri Lanka
... Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most frequently used pesticides in recent decades worldwide Benbrook, 2016;Duke, 2018) not only in genetically-modified crops (GMOs) but also in European non-genetically modified organism (non-GMO) arable cropping systems (Lapierre et al., 2019;Wiese and Steinmann, 2020). Non-inversion tillage practices (i.e., chisel ploughing or zero-till), especially in regions prone to erosion, and management of cover crops are the major drivers for using glyphosate-based products in European arable farming systems (Antier et al., 2020;Beckie, 2020;Böcker et al., 2019;Nail et al., 2007;Pardo and Martínez, 2019;Soane et al., 2012). In Germany, 77% of farmers use glyphosate in these systems (Wiese et al., 2017). ...
... Mainly applied between crops, glyphosate is rather a basic component of the cropping system than a tactical answer to a short-term weed problem (Andert et al., 2018;Beckie et al., 2020;Pardo and Martínez, 2019;Steinmann et al., 2012). Hence, the use of glyphosate in the intercrop periods may shape the weed vegetation in a similar or even stronger way as the aforementioned crop management practices occurring immediately prior or during the cropping period. ...
... Reading in literature that farmers design their cropping systems around the use of glyphosate-based herbicides inspired our study (Andert et al., 2018;Beckie et al., 2020;Pardo and Martínez, 2019). With a reduction of glyphosate use, whole cultivation systems most likely have to be adjusted (Antier et al., 2020;Fogliatto et al., 2020;Kudsk and Mathiassen, 2020). ...
In the discussion about glyphosate-based herbicides, the question of how repeated applications affect biodiversity has become prominent. However, approaches are lacking to assess direct glyphosate effects under real, on-farm field conditions. This paper focuses the effect of post-harvest and / or pre-sowing glyphosate use on weed density, richness, diversity and composition in arable cropping systems. An on-farm monitoring was conducted in Northeast Germany over the period 2014–2016. The pre-harvest weed survey took place on a total of 97 winter wheat fields. Farmers´ records of field management were obtained for the surveyed fields for the year in which a field was visited and also the nine previous years. A total of 66 species over the three survey years were identified shortly before harvest. Overall, the highest number of specimens were found for the species Viola arvensis Murray, Fallopia convolvulus (L.) Á. Löve and Polygonum aviculare L. This study provided evidence that intensive glyphosate use in the recent past significantly sinks species richness by 31% and the true diversity by 40%. In contrast, weed density and weed community composition were not affected by past glyphosate use intensity. Indeed, we found that glyphosate-based or inversion tillage-based cropping systems induce different weed community patterns. The results of this study provide one more piece in the puzzle for the assessment of the impact of glyphosate use on the environment.
... One of the most relevant categories of pollutants is pesticides, such as the total herbicide glyphosate, which has been detected in some foods and humans (Krüger et al. 2014). Glyphosate is controversially being discussed as a possible carcinogen (Torretta et al. 2018), which has led to media attention and discussions on its prohibition (Pardo and Martínez 2019;Villnow et al. 2019). Another source of contaminants may be fertilizers which may lead to heightened concentrations of, e.g., nitrate, dealt with previously regarding preservatives. ...
Lipids are an essential component of our daily food intake; however, their overconsumption has been associated with high incidences of obesity and high risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and certain forms of cancer. Fats are also responsible for many high-quality attributes in the food we consume, mainly related to texture, aroma, taste, and stability. Therefore, the development of fat-reduced products is challenging because fats have a large impact on the physicochemical, sensory, and nutritional properties of foods. Another challenge is the use of natural products for fat replacing, which allows clean labeling avoiding E-numbers. In this chapter, clean label ingredients to replace fat in foods, including fat substitutes and fat mimetics, are studied. A description of different clean label reduced-fat foods as sauces and bakery, meat, or dairy products is provided as well.KeywordsFat substituteFat mimeticBakery productsDairy productsMeat productsDressings
... One of the most relevant categories of pollutants is pesticides, such as the total herbicide glyphosate, which has been detected in some foods and humans (Krüger et al. 2014). Glyphosate is controversially being discussed as a possible carcinogen (Torretta et al. 2018), which has led to media attention and discussions on its prohibition (Pardo and Martínez 2019;Villnow et al. 2019). Another source of contaminants may be fertilizers which may lead to heightened concentrations of, e.g., nitrate, dealt with previously regarding preservatives. ...
The need for transparency in health and food safety always confronts customers with questions such as product content, the origin of production, production processes, additives used, and the status of ethical factors in the production process. These factors seem to be answered transparently in clean-label foods. This is why the clean label is increasingly advancing and developing among food industry trends. Today, clean labels and clean food are recognized as an international standard in nutrition. They can influence the decisions of customers and consumers in different regions all over the world. So, increasing demands to purchase and use food with a clean label and free of chemicals in other countries. In general, “clean label” as one of the biggest trends in the food market (Cheung et al. 2016), is a new and widely used term in the food industry, which refers to challenges including the health and safety of food products from the perspective of maintaining environmental sustainability. Park and Kim (2021) reviewed the clean label trend in starch (as an abundant natural ingredient) using blending, physical and enzymatic modification methods. The importance of using clean food has been considered for many years. Recently, due to the power of the media and social media platforms across the world, environmentally friendly organizations and NGOs, as well as critics of the use of chemicals and pesticides in agricultural ecosystems it has become a fundamental issue and a global trend (Cheboi et al. 2021). Replacing salt, sugar, saturated and trans fats, and artificial colors with natural additives with minimum adverse effects on human health is one of the most important aspects of clean food. Milner et al. (2020) evaluated the effects of safe alternatives for sugar in cake products. They reported the effectiveness of apple pomace, whey permeate, oligofructose, polydextrose as sucrose-replacing additives. Yi et al. (2018) reported the significant effect of kiwifruit puree application as a natural additive for preserving apple juice. McDonnell et al. (2013) suggested applying natural-based antimicrobial additives for enhancing the healthiness of meat and poultry products. Table 7.1 represents the policy of clean labels for various food products in different countries worldwide.
... Since its introduction in the 1970s, glyphosate has become one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Glyphosate use has increased since it was introduced for glyphosate-resistant crops in 1996, which lead to the expansion of no-tillage and conservation cropping systems [22,23]. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide that is also used extensively for weed control in perennial fruit tree crops, and in industrial areas and other amenity and domestic situations [22,24]. ...
Hedge bindweed (Calystegia sepium L.) is a widespread troublesome perennial weed species that has strong rhizome regenerative capacity. Four pot trials with randomised, complete block designs were conducted in 2015 to evaluate long-term control of hedge bindweed using individual, tank mixture, and sequential applications of selected herbicides. Two different formulations of N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate; isopropylamine, trimesium salts) were applied at 2000 g active ingredient (a.i.) ha−1. Additionally, two synthetic auxins were applied as 3,6-dichloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid (dicamba) at 500 g a.i. ha−1 and the dimethylamine salt of (2,4 dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) at 1000 g a.i. ha−1. Tank mixtures and sequential applications (12/24 h separation) of these different herbicides were also included. Long-term control of hedge bindweed, Calystegia sepium L., growth was evaluated 8 months after treatments, as comparisons of shoot and rhizome growth (biomass) between untreated and treated plants. There were no differences between the two formulations of glyphosate alone, with shoot and rhizome biomass reductions of 83% and 42%, respectively. Dicamba alone inhibited shoot and rhizome biomass by 86% and 67%, respectively. By itself, 2,4-D provided the greatest reductions in shoot and rhizome biomasses, 93% and 79%, respectively. Antagonism was seen in the tank mixtures of glyphosate and dicamba or 2,4-D. Tank mixtures were generally comparable to treatments of glyphosate alone, and were less effective compared to dicamba or 2,4-D alone. The greatest reduction of bindweed rhizome biomass was for sequential glyphosate trimesium salt followed by 2,4-D 12 h later, thus showing significantly greater efficacy over glyphosate isopropylamine salt (94% vs. 84%; p ≤ 0.05). These data for reductions of the growth of the rhizome biomass show that the sequential application of glyphosate followed by 2,4-D significantly improves long-term control of hedge bindweed.
The soybean crop is the main commodity of Brazilian agribusiness, being the country considered the largest producer and exporter of the crop in the world in 2019, and it is cultivated largely in the Midwest and South regions of the country. In the last decades, crop management has been intensified under the no-tillage system, taking advantage of mulch crops as a form of nutrients for the soil and benefited by the successor crop, soybean, under which such planting system is already adopted in almost 90% of soy plantations in Brazil. In this sense, it is common to use nitrogen fertilizers, aiming at greater production of matter, invigorating the soil nutrients, available for soybean cultivation, with an increase in molybdenum via leaf, to assist in the absorption of nitrogen by the fixing cultures of nitrogen. In this way, a multivariate analysis of productivity, biometric and nutritional variables of soybean cultivated under no-tillage in vegetable coverings of millet and sorghum was carried out, with the purpose of identifying the relationship of such nutrients with the productive performance of soybean culture. To this end, it was found that certain nutrients, such as potassium and nitrogen, correlate with variables that indicate productivity.
