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Status and Impact of Invasive Alien Plant Species in Parsa National Park
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... Some of the drawbacks of distinguishing these two species may arise because of common hybridization and the existence of introgressive populations (Jahodová et al. 2007b). Although some authors have highlighted issues related with the identification of tall Heracleum species in certain populations (Jakubska-Busse et al. 2013;Vladimirov et al. 2017Vladimirov et al. , 2019, in most cases species can be recognized with a high level of confidence even in the field. The most reliable and easily noticeable feature is the shape of well-developed basal and lower cauline leaves of mature individuals. ...
New occurrences in Lithuania of Heracleum mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier, a species on the list of invasive alien species of European Union concern, are reported for the first time. Heracleum mantegazzianum was intentionally introduced in the 1990s and grown in a garden as an ornamental plant. After the abandonment of the homestead in ca. 1998, this plant gradually occupied open spaces and formed a dense stand around the place of cultivation and by mid-2000 it had begun to spread into the surrounding areas. The species was found at three sites in the vicinity of Bertaučiai village (Joniškis district, North Lithuania) in 2020. In 2020, the species occupied a total area of 0.35 ha, with different densities within the three sites. Considering the recent records of H. mantegazzianum in the vicinity of Bertaučiai village and the newly invaded areas, this species should be treated as already naturalized in Lithuania with a high potential for further spread and invasion into new areas. Therefore, immediate control and eradication measures should be implemented.
... With a dramatic decline in agriculture, hogweeds stopped being mowed [9]. The Sosnowsky's hogweed invasion became problematic, especially in countries near the Baltic Sea: Latvia, Lithuania [10,11], Poland [12][13][14][15], the European part of Russia [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25], as well as in Ukraine [26][27][28] and other parts of Eastern Europe, such as Turkey [29] and Bulgaria [30]. In central and Eastern Europe, two Caucasian hogweeds species, H. mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi, became problematic, e.g., in Poland [14], Ukraine [26,27], Russia [22]. ...
Caucasian hogweeds are plants introduced to Europe from the Caucasus area. This review concerns the two most common ones—the giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum and the Sosnowsky’s hogweed Heracleum sosnowskyi. The first of them was imported as garden decorations from the 19th century, mainly to Western Europe, while the second one was introduced from the mid–20th century to agricultural areas in Eastern Europe. Nowadays, these two species create one of the most problematic invasions in the world. This review aimed to synthesize research on those invaders based on 277 articles selected from the “Scopus” database. Most of the articles concerned their extensive distribution, at least on a continental scale and the rapid dispersal. The reviewed research showed that the complex physicochemical properties of hogweeds tissues and secretions significantly affected insects, aphids, ants, nematodes, fungi, soil microorganisms, plant communities, birds, and many other components of the ecosystems. This knowledge turned out to be disproportionately small to the scale of the problem. The review also showed what ecological traits of hogweeds were responsible for their wide and various role in the environment. Thus far, no effective method to eradicate Caucasian hogweeds has been found. This could be a growing mistake, given that they are probably during the rapid evolutionary changes within the range of their invasion.
... and H. verticillatum Pančić (Peev 1982). In 2017, an alien species, H. sosnowskyi Manden., was reported for the first time for Bulgaria (Vladimirov & al. 2017). However, further studies have revealed that the species was misidentified and the reported plants in fact belong to H. mantegazzianum Sommier & Levier. ...
... Both Heracleum species have enormous reproductive potential. The number of fruits in the terminal compound umbels in the recorded population of H. mantegazzianum in Sofia ranged from 2100 to 4500 (Vladimirov & al. 2017). Taking into account that each stem usually bears 3-5 lateral compound umbels, although smaller than the terminal one, the number of seeds per plant may be over 20 000. ...
... (2017) was first noticed by Dr. Z. Gudžinskas who was invited to co-author this publication. Special thanks are due to Dr. Alexander Sennikov (University of Helsinki, Finland) and Prof. Filip Verloove (Meise Botanic Garden, Belgium) who also noticed the erroneous identification of the species in Vladimirov & al. (2017) and shared their experience with the recognition of H. mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi. ...
The genus Heracleum (Apiaceae) is represented by four native species in the Bulgarian flora. In 2017, an alien species, H. sosnowskyi, was reported for the first time for Bulgaria in Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Suppl. 9: 47-51, 2017. However, further studies have revealed that the species was misidentified and the reported plants from Sofia City in fact belong to H. mantegazzianum. In summer 2018, both H. sosnowskyi and H. mantegazzianum were found in the Rhodope Mts. The population of the former species comprised a few thousand specimens spread in grasslands, arable land and along three confluent local rivers, whereas the latter species was represented by only a few specimens. The specimens of both alien species outgrew any of the native herbaceous plants and reached a height of over three meters. The article presents the currently known distribution of the two species in the Bulgarian flora and the main distinguishing characters between H. mantegazzianum, H. sosnowskyi and the native Heracleum species. Some data about the populations, local spread and impact of the alien Heracleum species in Bulgaria are provided. The text is illustrated with photographs from the Bulgarian localities. Diploid chromosome number, 2n = 2x = 22, is reported for H. sosnowskyi for the first time from a naturalised Bulgarian accession.
... Some of the newly recorded or established alien plants reported here were introduced for ornamental purposes in Bulgaria and subsequently spread in the wild: L. decidua (Petrova & Gerasimova 2017), Solidago canadensis L. and S. gigantea Aiton (Yankova-Tsvetkova et al. 2017), others escaped from plantations: P. pinaster , or were introduced unintentionally: A. coccinea , O. laciniata (Petrova (Vladimirov et al. 2017b). It was supposed that the alien fungus Mycena seynii was introduced in Bulgaria with the cultivation of the non-native conifers P. pinaster and P. halepensis in afforested areas (Assyov 2017). ...
Regulation (EU) No 1143/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2014 on the prevention and management of the introduction and spread of invasive alien species, Article 24(1), obliges the EU Member States to report by 1st June 2019, and every six years thereafter, the distribution of the invasive alien species of Union or regional concern. Currently, the List of invasive alien species of EU concern comprises eight species which are present in the Bulgarian flora. Of these, five species were included in the first national report: Asclepias syriaca, Elodea nuttallii, Heracleum mantegazzianum, Impatiens glandulifera, Pennisetum setaceum. The article presents the presently known distribution of these species in the Bulgarian flora and provides some guidance for gathering and publishing of new chorological records and data about the population size of these species in Bulgaria.
