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Helvella spadicea. a, b. Typical mature specimens (HKAS 83153). c. Receptacle surface of pileus. d. Stipitipellis . e–g. Asci and paraphyses. h, i. Asci. Bars: a–b 5 1 cm, c–i 5 50 mm.
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The Bachu mushroom, previously identified as Helvella leucopus, is characterized by a saddle-shaped, to irregularly lobed pileus, with a gray, brown to blackish hymenium and a whitish to pale receptacle surface and white, terete stipe with enlarged basal grooves. It has high economic value, mostly as a dietary supplement in western China, and its m...
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Citations
... Bachu mushrooms are commonly enjoyed as delicious edible fungi in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region, China [1], as well as in Pakistan [2] and Iraq [3]. These mushrooms have received considerable attention in recent years due to their high economic, nutritional, and medicinal values [4]. ...
... Bachu mushrooms were confirmed to comprise two distinct new species, Helvella bachu and H. subspadicea [1]. H. bachu is a common and widespread species in the southern Xinjiang Autonomous Region, with "bachu" proposed as the trade name for Bachu mushroom. ...
... Meanwhile, H. elastica and H. atra were highly likely to be saprophytic fungi. H. bachu was reported to be scattered or gregarious on the sandy ground under P. euphratica or P. bolleana [1]. Whether it can form ECM with Populus is important for achieving the pure culture and artificial cultivation of this fungus and for the protection of P. euphratica forests. ...
Helvella bachu, a prized edible and medicinal fungus, is primarily found in the forests of Populus euphratica, an ancient and endangered species crucial to desert riparian ecosystems. Despite extensive efforts, the isolation of pure cultures and cultivation of fruiting bodies of H. bachu have remained elusive. While some species within the Helvella genus have been confirmed as ectomycorrhizal fungi, others have been considered either saprotrophic or mycorrhizal. By integrating field observations of H. bachu habitat, macro- and micro-anatomical examination of plant root tips, and molecular data from fruiting bodies, mycorrhizae, and host plants, it has been confirmed that H. bachu forms ectomycorrhizal associations with Populus trees. The mycorrhiza of H. bachu displays a light earth color with a curved smooth cylindrical shape. It features a thick mantle and the presence of a Hartig net, accompanied by a small amount of epitaxy mycelia. Morphological observation of the root tips requires meticulous handling, and the paraffin section technique has yielded noteworthy results. Host plants encompass four Populus species, including P. euphratica, P. pruinosa, P. nigra, and P. alba var. pyramidalis (synonym Populus bolleana). A conservation area was established within the young P. euphratica forest at Tarim University, resulting in a 14.75% increase in the quantity of fruiting bodies during the second year. Establishing a conservation area and in situ propagation of H. bachu holds economic and ecological implications. This study will contribute to the conservation of resources related to H. bachu and P. euphratica.
... Helvella species are extraordinarily common and widely distributed in terrestrial biomes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres (Skrede et al. 2017(Skrede et al. , 2020. Some of them have great dietary and health value, such as, H. bachu, H. lacunosa and H. taiyuanensis (Liu et al. 1985, Shameem et al. 2016, Zhao et al. 2016a. Ecologically, some species in this genus form ectomycorrhizal associations with host plants (Pinaceae and Fagaceae) (Maia et al. 1996, Tedersoo et al. 2006, Hwang et al. 2015. ...
... Sequences of all DNA regions generated in this study were deposited in GenBank. Other sequences of Helvella and related species obtained from GenBank are based on published literature (Nguyen et al. 2013, Landeros et al. 2012, Hyde et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2016, 2023a, Zhao et al. 2016a, b, Skrede et al. 2017, 2020, Hansen et al. 2019, Løken et al. 2019, or selected by using the BLASTn search function of the NCBI database to find similar matches with taxa in Helvella. For ITS sequence data, the genus search tool in GenBank database was used for retrieving Helvella-related ITS sequences. ...
... Our phylogenetic analyses revealed 92 phylogenetic species from the Chinese collections, which were further clustered in four Helvella clades (Fig. 2). Of these, 57 clusters correspond to 57 species known from China (Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Hyde et al. 2016, Wang et al. 2016, 2022, 2023a, Zhao et al. 2016a, b, Tibpromma et al. 2017, Zhuang et al. 2018, Xu et al. 2022, Lu et al. 2023, including five species new to China, i.e., H. carnosa (Fig. 2 ...
Helvella is a widespread, frequently encountered fungal group appearing in forests, but the species diversity and molecular phylogeny of Helvella in China remains incompletely understood. In this work, we performed comprehensive phylogenetic analyses using multilocus sequence data. Six datasets were employed, including a five-locus concatenated dataset (ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α, rpb2, hsp), a two-locus concatenated dataset (ITS, nrLSU), and four single-locus datasets (ITS) that were divided based on the four different phylogenetic clades of Helvella recognized in this study. A total of 1 946 sequences were used, of which 713 were newly generated, including 170 sequences of ITS, 174 sequences of nrLSU, 131 sequences of tef1-α, 107 sequences of rpb2 and 131 sequences of hsp. The phylogeny based on the five-locus concatenated dataset revealed that Helvella s. str. is monophyletic and four phylogenetic clades are clearly recognized, i.e., Acetabulum clade, Crispa clade, Elastica clade, and Lacunosa clade. A total of 24 lineages or subclades were recognized, 11 of which were new, the remaining 13 corresponding with previous studies. Chinese Helvella species are distributed in 22 lineages across four clades. Phylogenetic analyses based on the two-locus concatenated dataset and four single-locus datasets confirmed the presence of at least 93 phylogenetic species in China. Among them, 58 are identified as known species, including a species with a newly designated lectotype and epitype, 18 are newly described in this paper, and the remaining 17 taxa are putatively new to science but remain unnamed due to the paucity or absence of ascomatal materials. In addition, the Helvella species previously recorded in China are discussed. A list of 76 confirmed species, including newly proposed species, is provided. The occurrence of H. crispa and H. elastica are not confirmed although
both are commonly recorded in China.
... Black agaric (Auricularia auricula), as the third most important cultivated edible fungus in the world, is widely cultivated in Asian countries such as China and Japan due to its unique cooking style [1][2][3]. In recent years, scientific evidence has demonstrated its potential value in functional foods and medicines [4], and as a result, it is widely used in medicinal materials, fermented food, antibiotics, and oxidants, etc. [5]. ...
As the third most edible fungus in the world, Auricularia auricular needs a lot of sawdust for cultivation; thus, it is a win–win method to develop waste wood sawdust suitable for black agaric cultivation. This study evaluated the growth, agronomic characters and nutritional quality of A. auricula cultured on different ratios of miscellaneous sawdust and walnut waste wood sawdust, and comprehensively analyzed the feasibility of cultivating black agaric with walnut sawdust using principal component method (PCA). The results showed that the macro mineral elements and phenolic substances in walnut sawdust were significantly higher than those of miscellaneous sawdust by 18.32–89.00%. The overall activity of extracellular enzymes reached the highest when the ratio of the substrate was 0:4 (miscellaneous sawdust: walnut sawdust). The mycelia of 1:3 substrates grew well and fast. In addition, the growth cycle for A. auricula was significantly lower for 0:4 (116 d) than for 4:0 (126 d). Then, the single bag yield and biological efficiency (BE) were highest at 1:3. Moreover, the nutrients and mineral elements of A. auricula cultivated in walnut sawdust were significantly higher than that of miscellaneous sawdust, expect for total sugar and protein, and the highest overall value was found at 1:3. Finally, the results of comprehensive evaluation by PCA showed that the D value was the highest when the substrate was 1:3 and the lowest when the substrate was 4:0. Therefore, the substrate ratio of 1:3 was the most suitable for the growth of A. auricula. In this study, the high yield and quality of A. auricula were cultivated by waste walnut sawdust, which provided a new way to utilize walnut sawdust.
... Helvella leucopus, also named Bachu mushroom, is a common edible fungus in Xinjiang province, China (Hyde et al., 2016). It has attracted a lot of interest in recent years because some species offer high economic, nutritional, and health values (Hyde et al., 2016). ...
... Helvella leucopus, also named Bachu mushroom, is a common edible fungus in Xinjiang province, China (Hyde et al., 2016). It has attracted a lot of interest in recent years because some species offer high economic, nutritional, and health values (Hyde et al., 2016). H. leucopus's therapeutic benefits included antitumor, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, and immunomodulating capabilities (Hou & Chen, 2008). ...
To investigate the effects of Helvella leucopus (H. leucopus) on hyperlipidemic mice, polysaccharide (HLP) was prepared from H. leucopus by hot water extraction and alcohol precipitation. HLP was primarily contained glucose, rhamnose, galactose and mannose, with an average molecular weight of 7.34 × 10⁴ Da. It was a complex and irregular network with a few pores by scanning electron microscopy. Meanwhile, oral administration of HLP at 60 mg/kg decreased levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum while increased that of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in high fat diet (HFD) mice. Furthermore, HLP significantly reversed the serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and free fatty acid levels in HFD mice. Moreover, HLP treatment markedly regulated the mRNA levels of PPAR-α, ACS, and CPT-1α compared to the model group. Thus, these findings support that the supplement of Helvella leucopus polysaccharide is a novel complementary alternative strategy for management of hyperlipidemia.
... But recently when the molecular identification was established, Helvella has been extensively studied by mycologists from North America , Europe, Australia and Asia ( Løken et al. 2020). Most studies which have included sequences of Helvella have focused on order or family phylogenetic relationships so have inserted only a few species of this genus (Zhao, et al. 2016). ...
... The aim of this study is a first record of Helvella bachu in Iraq / Mosul , it is also the first time in (Zhao, et al.,2016). In this paper we collected Bachu mushroom and classified it according to morphological and phylogenetic characteristics. ...
... The literature in this context indicated that two new isolates of ascomycetes Helvella were recorded in western China, Helvella bachu and Helvella subspadice, based on the polymerase chain reaction technique for gene amplification ITS4 and ITS5 ( Zhao, et al. 2016 ...
... The Bachu mushroom is a characteristic edible fungus in Xinjiang, China. It belongs to the Saddle fungus genus and is produced in the natural Populus euphratica forest region of the Yeerqiang River Basin in Xinjiang [1]. The Bachu mushroom not only has high nutritional value, rich in various amino acids and proteins but also has high medicinal value [2]. ...
As a characteristic edible fungus with a high nutritional value and medicinal effect, the Bachu mushroom has a broad market. To distinguish among Bachu mushrooms with high value and other fungi effectively and accurately, as well as to explore a universal identification method, this study proposed a method to identify Bachu mushrooms by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) combined with machine learning. In this experiment, two kinds of common edible mushrooms, Lentinus edodes and club fungi, were selected and classified with Bachu mushrooms. Due to the different distribution of nutrients in the caps and stalks, the caps and stalks were studied in this experiment. By comparing the average normalized infrared spectra of the caps and stalks of the three types of fungi, we found differences in their infrared spectra, indicating that the latter can be used to classify and identify the three types of fungi. We also used machine learning to process the spectral data. The overall steps of data processing are as follows: use partial least squares (PLS) to extract spectral features, select the appropriate characteristic number, use different classification algorithms for classification, and finally determine the best algorithm according to the classification results. Among them, the basis of selecting the characteristic number was the cumulative variance interpretation rate. To improve the reliability of the experimental results, this study also used the classification results to verify the feasibility. The classification algorithms used in this study were the support vector machine (SVM), backpropagation neural network (BPNN) and k-nearest neighbors (KNN) algorithm. The results showed that the three algorithms achieved good results in the multivariate classification of the caps and stalks data. Moreover, the cumulative variance explanation rate could be used to select the characteristic number. Finally, by comparing the classification results of the three algorithms, the classification effect of KNN was found to be the best. Additionally, the classification results were as follows: according to the caps data classification, the accuracy was 99.06%; according to the stalks data classification, the accuracy was 99.82%. This study showed that infrared spectroscopy combined with a machine learning algorithm has the potential to be applied to identify Bachu mushrooms and the cumulative variance explanation rate can be used to select the characteristic number. This method can also be used to identify other types of edible fungi and has a broad application prospect.
... Helvella species are distributed worldwide, especially in temperate regions (Dissing 1966, Abbott andCurrah 1997). Some of them are edible, for example, H. bachu Q. Zhao, Zhu L. Yang & K.D. Hyde (Zhao et al. 2016a) and H. taiyuanensis B. Liu, Du & J.Z. Cao (Liu et al. 1985), and some are medicinal, for example, H. lacunosa Afzel. (Shameem et al. 2016). ...
... Zhuang et al. (2018) provided a checklist of 37 Helvella species occurring in China up to 2013. Recently, Zhao and his collaborators (Ariyawansa et al. 2015, Hyde et al. 2016, Zhao et al. 2016a, 2016b, Tibpromma et al. 2017) described 12 new species with two bearing cupulate apothecia (Table 2), as well as two new Chinese records, H. subglabra N.S. Weber and H. ulvinenii Harmaja. ...
Helvella species are ascomycetous macrofungi with saddle-shaped or cupulate apothecia. They are distributed worldwide and play an important ecological role as ectomycorrhizal symbionts. A recent multi-locus phylogenetic study of the genus suggested that the cupulate group of Helvella was in need of comprehensive revision. In this study, all the specimens of cupulate Helvella sensu lato with ribbed stipes deposited in HMAS were examined morphologically and molecularly. A four-locus phylogeny was reconstructed using partial sequences of the heat shock protein 90, nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region 2, nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-α genes. Three clades were revealed in Helvella sensu stricto. Twenty species were included in the analysis, of which 13 are distributed in China. Three new species, H. acetabuloides, H. sichuanensis and H. tianshanensis, are described and illustrated in detail. A neotype was designated for H. taiyuanensis. Helvella calycina is a new record for China, while Dissingia leucomelaena should be excluded from Chinese mycota. Hsp90 and ITS2 are recommended as useful supplementary barcodes for species identifications of the genus.
... Berk. ( Wen et al. 2017), Flammulina velutipes ( Zhao et al. 2016a), Phellinus laevigatus (P. Karst.) ...
The huge land areas in China provide highly diverse habitats for macrofungi. Of these macrofungi, many are directly related to people’s daily life and have been utilized by ancient Chinese for at least 6800 years. In this study, we evaluate the current known resource diversity of Chinese macrofungi. A total of 1662 taxa are summarized, and all species names and their authorities have been checked and corrected according to authentic mycological databases. Among the 1662 taxa, 1020, 692, and 480 are considered to be edible, medicinal and poisonous mushrooms, respectively. A few of edible macrofungi in China are commonly used for commercial production. All known medicinal functions are labeled for medicinal species. The most common medicinal functions possessed by Chinese macrofungi are antitumor or anticancer, followed by antioxidant and antimicrobial. A total of 277 Chinese macrofungi are edible simultaneously with certain medicinal functions and without known toxicity. These species could be treated as “Gold Mushrooms”. Contrarily, 193 edible and/or medicinal species are also recognized as poisonous mushrooms. To avoid poisoning caused by these species, ingestion either in a proper way or in small amounts is important. However, the mycotoxins metabolized by these poisonous species could be a huge wealth of natural products yet to be explored. How to utilize these Chinese macrofungal resources is a critical to benefit humans worldwide.
... Nguyen et al. (2013) used ITS and LSU nrDNA sequences and morphology to discriminate among at least four distinct species of the H. lacunosa species complex in western North American, and Landeros et al. (2015) used partial LSU sequences to study infrageneric groups of Helvella from Europe and North America. Recently, Ariyawansa et al. (2015) used the ITS, Zhao et al. (2015) ITS and a concatenated multilocus dataset of ITS, LSU, tef, rpb2 and mcm7, and Zhao et al. (2017) a dataset of ITS, LSU and tef to discriminate and describe new species of the H. lacunosa, H. crispa and H. monachella morphospecies complexes in China. To this array of genes we add hsp as an informative additional gene of utility in species identification in Helvella. ...
... They reported that Helvella differed remarkably from other molecular studies of pezizomycete genera at that time in that the ITS nrDNA region was too divergent to align across the breadth of the genus and that even the usually highly conserved ssu and 5.8S nrDNA gene varied among the species. Nevertheless, later studies have shown that ITS may be a useful nrDNA region to include in a multilocus dataset in smaller genera and lineages and subgroups of highly divergent pezizomycete genera as well, e.g., in Morchella (Taskin et al. 2010, 2012, Du et al. 2012a, Otidea , and Helvella (Zhao et al. , 2017. ...
... We assume that comparable results will be found for Helvella, thus it would be advantageous to provide ITS sequences for all Helvella species as well. ITS sequences for selected Helvella species have been obtained in some studies (Landvik et al. 1999, Nguyen et al. 2013, Ariyawansa et al. 2015, 2017. However, we only managed to amplify ITS for a few species in our initial trials. ...
Helvella
is a widespread, speciose genus of large apothecial ascomycetes (Pezizomycete:Pezizales) that are found in terrestrial biomes of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This study represents a beginning on assessing species limits and applying correct names forHelvellaspecies based on type material and specimens in the university herbaria (fungaria) of Copenhagen (C), Harvard (FH) and Oslo (O). We use morphology and phylogenetic evidence from four loci - heat shock protein 90 (hsp), translation elongation factor alpha (tef), RNA polymerase II (rpb2) and the nuclear large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) - to assess species boundaries in an expanded sample ofHelvellaspecimens from Europe. We combine the morphological and phylogenetic information from 55Helvellaspecies from Europe with a small sample ofHelvellaspecies from other regions of the world. Little intraspecific variation was detected within the species using these molecular markers;hspandrpb2markers provided useful barcodes for species delimitation in this genus, while LSU provided more variable resolution among the pertinent species. We discuss typification issues and identify molecular characteristics for 55 EuropeanHelvellaspecies, designate neo- and epitypes for 30 species, and describe sevenHelvellaspecies new to science, i.e.,H. alpicola,H. alpina,H. carnosa,H. danica,H. nannfeldtii,H. pubescensandH. scyphoides.
... Species of Helvella L. are widely distributed in the northern hemisphere (e.g. Zhao et al. 2015Zhao et al. , 2016a. Since Linnaeus (1753) proposed the generic name Helvella, numerous studies have been conducted to address the taxonomic issue and infrageneric division in Asia, Europe and North America (e.g. ...
... Since Linnaeus (1753) proposed the generic name Helvella, numerous studies have been conducted to address the taxonomic issue and infrageneric division in Asia, Europe and North America (e.g. Dissing 1966;Weber 1972;Häffner et al. 1987;Abbott and Currah 1997;Zhao et al. 2015Zhao et al. , 2016a. ...
This is a continuity of a series of taxonomic and phylogenetic papers on the fungi where materials were collected from many countries, examined and described. In addition to extensive morphological descriptions and appropriate asexual and sexual connections, DNA sequence data are also analysed from concatenated datasets to infer phylogenetic relationships and substantiate systematic positions of taxa within appropriate ranks. Wherever new species or combinations are proposed, we apply an integrative approach using morphological and molecular data as well as ecological features wherever applicable. Notes on 112 fungal taxa are compiled in this paper including Biatriosporaceae and Roussoellaceae, Didysimulans gen. nov., 81 new species, 18 new host records and new country records, five reference specimens, two new combinations, and three sexual and asexual morph reports. The new species are Amanita cornelii, A. emodotrygon, Angustimassarina alni, A. arezzoensis, A. italica, A. lonicerae, A. premilcurensis, Ascochyta italica, A. rosae, Austroboletus appendiculatus, Barriopsis thailandica, Berkleasmium ariense, Calophoma petasitis, Camarosporium laburnicola, C. moricola, C. grisea, C. ossea, C. paraincrustata, Colletotrichum sambucicola, Coprinopsis cerkezii, Cytospora gelida, Dacrymyces chiangraiensis, Didysimulans italica, D. mezzanensis, Entodesmium italica, Entoloma magnum, Evlachovaea indica, Exophiala italica, Favolus gracilisporus, Femsjonia monospora, Fomitopsis flabellata, F. roseoalba, Gongronella brasiliensis, Helvella crispoides, Hermatomyces chiangmaiensis, H. chromolaenae, Hysterium centramurum, Inflatispora caryotae, Inocybe brunneosquamulosa, I. luteobrunnea, I. rubrobrunnea, Keissleriella cirsii, Lepiota cylindrocystidia, L. flavocarpa, L. maerimensis, Lophiotrema guttulata, Marasmius luculentus, Morenoina calamicola, Moelleriella thanathonensis, Mucor stercorarius, Myrmecridium fluviae, Myrothecium septentrionale, Neosetophoma garethjonesii, Nigrograna cangshanensis, Nodulosphaeria guttulatum, N. multiseptata, N. sambuci, Panus subfasciatus, Paraleptosphaeria padi, Paraphaeosphaeria viciae, Parathyridaria robiniae, Penicillium punicae, Phaeosphaeria calamicola, Phaeosphaeriopsis yuccae, Pleurophoma italica, Polyporus brevibasidiosus, P. koreanus, P. orientivarius, P. parvovarius, P. subdictyopus, P. ulleungus, Pseudoasteromassaria spadicea, Rosellinia mearnsii, Rubroboletus demonensis, Russula yanheensis, Sigarispora muriformis, Sillia italica, Stagonosporopsis ailanthicola, Strobilomyces longistipitatus, Subplenodomus galicola and Wolfiporia pseudococos. The new combinations are Melanomma populina and Rubroboletus eastwoodiae. The reference specimens are Cookeina tricholoma, Gnomoniopsis sanguisorbae, Helvella costifera, Polythrincium trifolii and Russula virescens. The new host records and country records are Ascochyta medicaginicola, Boletellus emodensis, Cyptotrama asprata, Cytospora ceratosperma, Favolaschia auriscalpium, F. manipularis, Hysterobrevium mori, Lentinus sajor-caju, L. squarrosulus, L. velutinus, Leucocoprinus cretaceus, Lophiotrema vagabundum, Nothophoma quercina, Platystomum rosae, Pseudodidymosphaeria phlei, Tremella fuciformis, Truncatella spartii and Vaginatispora appendiculata and three sexual and asexual morphs are Aposphaeria corallinolutea, Dothiora buxi and Hypocrella calendulina.
