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Each year billions of dollars are spent worldwide on insect control in agriculture [1]. Despite
this expenditure, up to 40% of a crop can be lost to insect damage, particularly in developing
countries [2]. Some of the most damaging insect species belong to the Lepidoptera, the
second largest insect order comprised of moths and butterflies. The larv...
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... gene Ipt expressed in tobacco and tomato Isopentenyl- from Agrobacterium tumefaciens . decreased leaf consumption by M. sexta transferase gene Codes for a key enzyme in the and reduced survival of the peach potato (ipt) cytokinin-biosynthetic pathway. aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera) [61]. Nutrient uptake by midgut cells is energized by the electrical difference created by the K+ pump. The K+ pump Transgenic corn plants expressing RNAi also regulates midgut lumen dsRNA of a V-ATPase from Diabrotica constructs: pH and determines the virgifera (western corn rootworm [WCR], 1) Vacuolar potassium concentration in Coleoptera) showed significant reduction ATPase blood, epithelial cells and in WCR feeding and plant damage [63]. midgut lumen [62]. The primary motor for transport is a vacuolar-type proton ATPase. Cytochrome P450 H. armigera fed on plants expressing 2) Cytochrome monooxygenase permits insects cytochrome P450 dsRNA had retarded P450 to tolerate otherwise inhibitory growth. Growth inhibition was more monooxygenase concentrations of the cotton dramatic in the presence of gossypol [64]. metabolite, gossypol. Pupae of the giant silkmoth ( Hyalophora cecropia ) were injected with hemolin dsRNA and developed normally into moths. After mating, no larvae emerged Recognition of microbial from the eggs which had malformed infection is an essential first embryos [65]. step in immunity in insects. Prior infection of M. sexta larvae with Induction of this protective 3) Hemolin non-pathogenic E. coli, elicited effective effect is associated with up- immunity against subsequent infection regulation of microbial pattern by the lethal pathogen Photorhabdus recognition protein genes such luminescens . Injection of hemolin dsRNA as hemolin. left the insect more susceptible to P. luminescens infection than insects that had not experienced prior infection with E. coli [66]. Helicoverpa species (Figure 1) are polyphagous pests of at least 181 plant species from 49 families including cotton, corn, soybeans, tobacco and chick-pea [67-69]. They are one of the most serious pests in cotton-producing countries like Australia, India and China, causing enormous economic problems [70,71]. One of the reasons these pests are so damaging is the larva’s feeding preference for plant structures that are high in nitrogen, principally reproductive structures and growing points such as cotton buds and bolls, corn ears, tobacco buds, and sorghum heads. Damage to these structures has a direct influence on yield [67]. H. armigera larvae are foliar feeders at the early instar stage and shift to developing seeds or bolls at later stages [72]. H. armigera is a major problem in Australia because it has developed resistance to many of the chemical insecticides that have been used for its control [68,73]. Unlike other lepidopteran species, H. armigera larvae don’t migrate far from their original host plant, consequently their populations in agricultural areas are exposed to consistent selection pressure, leading to greater resistance to insecticides [5]. In the 1995/96 growing season, transgenic cotton known as Ingard that expressed the Cry1Ac gene became commercially available in Australia [71]. To preserve the susceptibility of lepidopterans to Bt toxins, a conservative resistance management plan was imposed, where planting of Ingard cotton was restricted to 30% of the cotton production area per farm [71]. The average amount of insecticide used per hectare was 44% lower on Ingard cotton compared to conventional cotton [71]. In the 2004/05 growing season, Ingard cotton was replaced by Bollgard II, which expressed both the Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab genes [71]. Restrictions were not placed on this new variety and Bollgard II cotton comprised around 80% of the total cotton area planted in Australia during the 2004/05 and 2005/06 seasons [71] and 95% of the total cotton area in the 2010/2011 season [19]. This reduced the average amount of insecticide used per hectare by 85% compared to conventional cotton [71]. So far, there have been no reported field failures of Bollgard II due to resistance. However, while alleles that confer resistance to Cry1Ac in H. armigera are rare in the field, alleles that confer resistance to Cry2Ab are more common. As As the mentioned products previously, of most transgenes insects are are ingested responsible by the for insect major pest crop and losses therefore worldwide. act through In addition the gut, most to direct of the impacts focus has on been yield, on insects transgene also encoded reduce yields proteins by that making target crops the insect more susceptible midgut and/or to disease the peritrophic causing pathogens membrane [8]. to Last disrupt decade, digestion most control or nutrition measures [53,54,79-81]. focused on the Generally, use of chemical the detrimental pesticides, effects a curative on larval pest control and insect strategy growth that was result useful from for limited rapid control assimilation of certain of nutrients pest outbreaks. [82-85]. Furthermore, However, excessive any severe and delay indiscriminate in growth and large-scale development, use of pesticides in a natural has setting, led to development lengthens the of period pesticide-resistant in which the insects larvae [74]. are Additionally, vulnerable to the natural long- term predators and extensive such as mice, use of spiders synthetic and chemicals predaceous has led insects to concerns [30,86,87]. regarding The use their of transgenic impact on food plants safety, that express associated insecticidal human health agents and thus the reduces environment the population [8]. As the use of insect of pesticides pests and for prevention reduces the of usage insect-associated of chemical insecticides. losses cannot This be extends overlooked the useful in agriculture, life of the there insecticides is a greater and need also reduces to develop the ecological alternative damage or additional they may technologies cause [61]. which As with would any allow new method a more selective of insect use control, of pesticides the impact and of provide transgenic sustainable plants crop on non-target protection and [52]. beneficial To achieve insects, this objective, particularly it is necessary pollinators to such enhance as honey the resistance bees, needs of plants to be to assessed pests and [88-90]. pathogens Table 1 through lists integrated a number pest of management biotechnology (IPM) approaches programs. tested They on lepidopteran will need to insects. consist Since of the a combination discovery that of dsRNA control strategies including (A) the use of natural biocontrol factors such as pathogens, predators or parasites [75]; (B) various preventive pest control strategies including crop rotation, intercropping, and cultivation of pest-resistant varieties of plants [8] and (C) genetic control via the release ...
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... As a significant agricultural pest in China (Pan et al., 2013), Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) has caused increasing harm to wine and grape cultivation areas in recent years, becoming one of the most important control targets for grapes (Pan et al., 2021). Currently, most of the cultivation areas use broad-spectrum chemicals to kill A. lucorum (Stevens et al., 2012), which pollutes the environment and also leaves residue that is harmful to humans and other animals (Wangari Nderitu Heng Yao and Suhong Gao contributed equally to this work and should be considered cofirst authors. et al., 2020). ...
To investigate the molecular mechanism of the defense response of “Cabernet Sauvignon” grapes to feeding by Apolygus lucorum, high‐throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the transcriptome of grape leaves under three different treatments: feeding by A. lucorum, puncture injury, and an untreated control. The research findings indicated that the differentially expressed genes were primarily enriched in three aspects: cellular composition, molecular function, and biological process. These genes were found to be involved in 42 metabolic pathways, particularly in plant hormone signaling metabolism, plant‐pathogen interaction, MAPK signaling pathway, and other metabolic pathways associated with plant‐induced insect resistance. Feeding by A. lucorum stimulated and upregulated a significant number of genes related to jasmonic acid and calcium ion pathways, suggesting their crucial role in the defense molecular mechanism of “Cabernet Sauvignon” grapes. The consistency between the gene expression and transcriptome sequencing results further supports these findings. This study provides a reference for the further exploration of the defense response in “Cabernet Sauvignon” grapes by elucidating the expression of relevant genes during feeding by A. lucorum.
... Insecticides provide the first line of defense against insect pests, but their extensive use has resulted in side effects such as killing the beneficial insects, environmental pollution and residues in foods (Pedigo and Rice, 2006;Stevens et al., 2012 andEhab, 2012), hazard in human health and pest resistance problems (Nderitu et al., 2020). Therefore, it is necessary to develop new and eco-friendly strategies of pest management as host plant resistance (Sharma, 2007). ...
... Full sterility in fruit fly males usually lower the quality and it's typically better to lower the dose in order to achieve a greater induction of sterility in field females by having more competitive males [173] . ...
Agriculture is considered an important source of national income for a lot of countries and most of inhabitants of these countries are dependent on farming for their food. Insects have been one of the most important sources of food production damage, accounting for 20% to 30% of global production losses. Approximately 67,000 insect species are thought to inflict harm to plantations and tropical regions, which are often the poorest in the world and are hit hardest by insect pests. Agriculture spends billions of dollars each year on insect control around the world. Pesticide use has resulted in pesticide-resistant insects, a drop in beneficial insect populations, and a slew of other negative effects for humans and the environment. These concerns have led researchers to consider a different approach in order to produce more environmentally friendly insect control tactics that use both synthetic and natural chemicals. The use of bio-pesticides in pest management has been increasing in recent years. There are three types of the ecofriendly management agents bio-pesticides have been identified as follows: bio-control organisms (pathogenic microorganism, predators and parasites); plant-incorporated protectants (transgenic Bt toxin); and biochemical pesticides (botanical pesticides and other natural compounds. Most of chemical companies such as Monsato, Dupont, and Ciba Geigy, are now promoting biotechnology as a strategy to ensure high productivity, these companies invests millions of dollars in biotechnology research to develop genetically modified crops, animals, and microorganisms to combat pests, produce fertilizer, and improve efficiency. Where they uploaded this businesses and scientific institutions are the slogans that biotechnology is the future of agriculture.
... This suggests that insect pests pose a severe danger to food security and sustainable development, necessitating the development of effective plant protection technologies to prevent and control pest-related crop losses (Oerke et al., 2006). Chemical pesticides provide the first line of defense for farmers against insect pests, and their widespread use has resulted in a number of issues, including the killing of the beneficial insects, environmental pollution (Pedigo and Rice, 2006;Stevens et al., 2012), human and animal health problems and; imparting resistance in pests (Nderitu et al., 2020). To meet these challenges, it is necessary to move towards more sustainable and modern agricultural practices. ...
... Several studies have also reported that volatile compounds such as methyl jasmonate, one of the key regulators of plants' defensive response to insect herbivores, inhibit gut protease after wounding. (Singh et al., 2016), cause neighboring unwounded plants to produce proteinase inhibitors, effectively prearming the local population against insect attack (Stevens et al., 2012). Legume trypsin inhibitors inhibit a wide spectrum of proteases and have an insecticidal activity against a variety of key insects (Macedo et al., 2004;Sharma, 2015). ...
Annually, the cost of insect pest control in agriculture crosses billions of dollars around the world. Until recently, broad-spectrum synthetic pesticides were considered as the most effective means of pest control in agriculture. However, over the years, the overreliance on pesticides has caused adverse effects on beneficial insects, human health and the environment, and has led to the development of pesticide resistant insects. There is a critical need for the development of alternative pest management strategies aiming for minimum use of pesticides and conservation of natural enemies for maintaining the ecological balance of the environment. Host plant resistance plays a vital role in integrated pest management but the development of insect-resistant varieties through conventional ways of host plant resistance takes time, and is challenging as it involves many quantitative traits positioned at various loci. Biotechnological approaches such as gene editing, gene transformation, marker-assisted selection etc. in this direction have recently opened up a new era of insect control options. These could contribute towards about exploring a much wider array of novel insecticidal genes that would otherwise be beyond the scope of conventional breeding. Biotechnological interventions can alter the gene expression level and pattern as well as the development of transgenic varieties with insecticidal genes and can improve pest management by providing access to novel molecules. This review will discuss the emerging biotechnological tools available to develop insect-resistant engineered crop genotypes with a better ability to resist the attack of insect pests.
... The second model is that of signal transduction pathway. The initial step is similar to the first model but here instead of oligomerization of the toxin and following steps, here on binding to the cadherin receptor a Mg ++ dependent signal cascade pathway is initiated that involves a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, adenyl cyclase and protein kinase A leading to cell death (Stevens et al., 2012). ...
... Despite different works on enhanced plant protection after transforming plants with genes encoding for PIs, there are no commercial application due to chiefly the limitations, viz., level of expression of proteinase inhibitor in the transgenic plant and the capacity of the insect to react to proteinase inhibitor ingestion (Stevens et al., 2012). The use of single transgene producing a proteinase inhibitor targeting one single proteinase or a class of proteinase in the insect midgut is the major limiting factor. ...
... It produces two types of Bt toxins namely Cry and Cyt. They are classified further by a systematic nomenclature that describes the Cry group into Cry1 to Cry55 and the Cyt group into Cyt1 to Cyt2 (Stevens et al. 2012). Upon ingestion, these crystal proteins dissolve in the midgut of the insect's alimentary tract, which is characterized by its alkaline nature, discharging one or more insecticidal crystalline proteins (ICPs). ...
... Bt toxins mainly affect the larvae of certain insect orders including Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths), Diptera and Coleoptera (larval and adult beetles). So far, no report on the toxicity of Bt toxins to people, wildlife, or most beneficial insects and therefore, these toxins have overwhelming opportunities for biological control of insect pests (Stevens et al. 2012). Genes encoding Bt toxins are engineered to develop molecular technologies for 2017a). ...
This book is the first comprehensive assemblage of contemporary knowledge relevant to genomics and other omics in date palm. Volume 2 consists of 11 chapters. Part I, Nutritional and Pharmaceuticals Properties, covers the utilization of date palm as an ingredient of various food products, a source of bioactive compounds and the production of nanomaterials. Part II, Omics Technologies, addresses omics resources, proteomics and metabolomics. Part III, Molecular Breeding and Genome Modification, focuses on genetic improvement technologies based on mutagenesis, quantitative traits loci and genome editing. Part IV, Genomics of Abiotic and Biotic Stress, covers metagenomics of beneficial microbes to enhance tolerance to abiotic stress and the various genomics advances as they apply to insect control.
This volume represents the efforts of 34 international scientists from 12 countries and contains 65 figures and 19 tables to illustrate presented concepts. Volume 1 is published under the title: Phylogeny, Biodiversity and Mapping.
... It produces two types of Bt toxins namely Cry and Cyt. They are classified further by a systematic nomenclature that describes the Cry group into Cry1 to Cry55 and the Cyt group into Cyt1 to Cyt2 (Stevens et al. 2012). Upon ingestion, these crystal proteins dissolve in the midgut of the insect's alimentary tract, which is characterized by its alkaline nature, discharging one or more insecticidal crystalline proteins (ICPs). ...
... Bt toxins mainly affect the larvae of certain insect orders including Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths), Diptera and Coleoptera (larval and adult beetles). So far, no report on the toxicity of Bt toxins to people, wildlife, or most beneficial insects and therefore, these toxins have overwhelming opportunities for biological control of insect pests (Stevens et al. 2012). Genes encoding Bt toxins are engineered to develop molecular technologies for 2017a). ...
The date palm is unquestionably the keystone tree species of agriculture insemiarid and arid lands of the Near East and North Africa, and it is nowsuccessfully being grown commercially in South Asia, Southern Africa,Iberia, the Americas and Australia. This important multipurpose palm is anessential local nutritional resource for humans and animals, providing asource of income to farmers through fruit sales, the leaves and wood offeringan array of other useful products and the trees themselves delivering eco-logical services by creating a favorable microenvironment for habitation,cultivation of other agricultural crops and animal husbandry.In the coming decades, the major challenge for plant breeders is to sustainand improve upon date fruit production, through genetic improvement tocounter biotic threats such that presented by the red palm weevil and bayouddisease, as well as abiotic stresses caused by drought, extreme temperaturesand high soil or water salinity. Genomic studies are the best way forward toachieve such ends, along with the adoption of best practices for cultivationof the palms and improved postharvest fruit handling and marketing tominimize diminished quality and marketable quantity. A deeper knowledgeof the date palm genome also offers a promising opportunity to explore suchtopics as biofortification to discover new products.This book is thefirst comprehensive assemblage of contemporaryknowledge and research work relevant to genomics and other omics in datepalm. It highlights the recent progress in the development of plant biotech-nology, associated molecular tools and their usage in plant breeding
... It produces two types of Bt toxins namely Cry and Cyt. They are classified further by a systematic nomenclature that describes the Cry group into Cry1 to Cry55 and the Cyt group into Cyt1 to Cyt2 (Stevens et al. 2012). Upon ingestion, these crystal proteins dissolve in the midgut of the insect's alimentary tract, which is characterized by its alkaline nature, discharging one or more insecticidal crystalline proteins (ICPs). ...
... Bt toxins mainly affect the larvae of certain insect orders including Lepidoptera (butterflies, moths), Diptera and Coleoptera (larval and adult beetles). So far, no report on the toxicity of Bt toxins to people, wildlife, or most beneficial insects and therefore, these toxins have overwhelming opportunities for biological control of insect pests (Stevens et al. 2012). Genes encoding Bt toxins are engineered to develop molecular technologies for the production of transgenic plants, which gain resistance to the larvae of insect pests belonging to the order Lepidoptera (Duke 2011). ...
Insects are important organisms that threaten global food security due to their serious damage to food and feed crops. Despite the impact on the environment and human health, the application of enormous quantities of insecticides to control insect pests is a general practice. Insects tend to develop resistance not only to synthetic insecticides but also to Bt crops that have been recently introduced into the field. Insects developed resistance to Bt toxins via diversified mechanisms including suppression of toxin activation within the midgut, toxin receptor mutations and modifications in the innate immune system. In this chapter, emphasis is focused on the alternative biotechnological approaches for insect control, the molecular basis underpinning the development of insecticide resistance in insects and the most recent genomic and genetic tools that revolutionized understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Moreover, the chapter describes the intrinsic mechanisms of plant resistance to insect attack, with especial reference to the date palm, in addition to the date palm major insect pests and how the tree defends itself against these pests. This chapter also addresses the prospects of utilizing the promising genomic/genetic-based technologies to manage the date palm insect pests and to forecast the possibility of resistance development by these pests.
... The second model is that of signal transduction pathway. The initial step is similar to the first model but here instead of oligomerization of the toxin and following steps, here on binding to the cadherin receptor a Mg ++ dependent signal cascade pathway is initiated that involves a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, adenyl cyclase and protein kinase A leading to cell death (Stevens et al., 2012). ...
... Despite different works on enhanced plant protection after transforming plants with genes encoding for PIs, there are no commercial application due to chiefly the limitations, viz., level of expression of proteinase inhibitor in the transgenic plant and the capacity of the insect to react to proteinase inhibitor ingestion (Stevens et al., 2012). The use of single transgene producing a proteinase inhibitor targeting one single proteinase or a class of proteinase in the insect midgut is the major limiting factor. ...
Tomato is one of the most important species of vegetables in the world.
Tomatoes can be infected with about 200 diseases which reduce their
production. Many resistant genes (R-genes) have been discovered in this
plant, whose proteins recognize pathogens’ avirulent proteins and activate
the mechanisms for defense. Cf for Cladosporium fulvum, Ve for Verticillium
dahlia, and Cmm for Clavibacter michiganensis, etc., are some of
the known R-genes which has been identified and pyramided in tomato
lines. Marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding are very important
breeding strategies to confer wide spectrum and long-lasting resistance to
diseases that cause loss of tomato yields. Genetic engineering is one of
the many methods for producing better, new crops. For the production of
new resistant varieties, developments in biotechnological methods need to
be reforms to the new genes anticipated from resistance tomato lineages.
... The second model is that of signal transduction pathway. The initial step is similar to the first model but here instead of oligomerization of the toxin and following steps, here on binding to the cadherin receptor a Mg ++ dependent signal cascade pathway is initiated that involves a guanine nucleotide-binding protein, adenyl cyclase and protein kinase A leading to cell death (Stevens et al., 2012). ...
... Despite different works on enhanced plant protection after transforming plants with genes encoding for PIs, there are no commercial application due to chiefly the limitations, viz., level of expression of proteinase inhibitor in the transgenic plant and the capacity of the insect to react to proteinase inhibitor ingestion (Stevens et al., 2012). The use of single transgene producing a proteinase inhibitor targeting one single proteinase or a class of proteinase in the insect midgut is the major limiting factor. ...
Tomato is one of the most important species of vegetables in the world.
Tomatoes can be infected with about 200 diseases which reduce their
production. Many resistant genes (R-genes) have been discovered in this
plant, whose proteins recognize pathogens’ avirulent proteins and activate
the mechanisms for defense. Cf for Cladosporium fulvum, Ve for Verticillium
dahlia, and Cmm for Clavibacter michiganensis, etc., are some of
the known R-genes which has been identified and pyramided in tomato
lines. Marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding are very important
breeding strategies to confer wide spectrum and long-lasting resistance to
diseases that cause loss of tomato yields. Genetic engineering is one of
the many methods for producing better, new crops. For the production of
new resistant varieties, developments in biotechnological methods need to
be reforms to the new genes anticipated from resistance tomato lineages.
