Figure 3 - uploaded by Peter Zajác
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Invasive plants are introduced multicellular organisms of the kingdom Plantae, which produce their food by photosynthesis. An invasive plant has the ability to thrive and spread aggressively outside its native range. A naturally aggressive plant may be especially invasive when it is introduced to a new habitat. The basic literature emphasizes mainl...
Citations
... Such volume consequently indicates a low rate of municipal waste recycling which does not only bring environmental and legislative problems in the form of landfilling of waste but also conflicts of interest in the sustainable use of landscape, economic losses, health risks, and other negative disservices [18,20]. Impacts on biodiversity are less studied, while the inappropriate recycling of biomass from expansive weeds and invasive plants does not respect the legislation and it can be a source of propagules of these non-native plants whose ecological and socioeconomic importance in Slovakia varies [21][22][23][24], while the management of expansive and invasive plant species (including the recycling of their biomass) is demanding [25]. ...
... F. japonica management. Several authors from Central Europe have already dealt with the management of the dangerous invasive species as well as its possible use as phytomass or nature-based engineering solution (Šrubař & Albín, 2005;Cvachová & Gojdičová, 2008;Barták et al., 2010;Fehér et al., 2016;Hoerbinger & Rauch, 2019;Dudáš et al., 2020). ...
Globally, invasive species represent a serious threat to biodiversity and to the ecosystem. As an undesirable part of riparian ecosystems, invasive plants form continuous growths on the banks of watercourses. One of the biggest problems at river bank sites is Japanese knotweed, Fallopia japonica (Houtt.) Ronse Decr, which is an extremely invasive and aggressive weed. The topic of the interaction of flow and invasive plant species in shore stands is rich and presents a wide range of possibilities for research. The presented paper brings the results of our studies on the invasions of F. japonica in chosen riparian vegetation sites in Austria and Slovakia from 2011–2020 (36 stands). Our research was aimed at the survey on the changes in the distribution (spread) of F. japonica at the selected river sites; assessment of the impact of the watercourse regime on the spread of F. japonica; monitoring of the population growth dynamics of F. japonica and assessment of possibilities for effective eradication of F. japonica in context of the riparian vegetation management. We used standard techniques of field survey, mapping, flow modeling/simulation, and laboratory experiments. Our research results showed that water streams are not primary invasion starters until there is a flood. As long as flooding does not exceed the critical speed of the water stream, there is no direct damage to the invasive plant. The water body can be a secondary trigger for plant invasion at normal speeds. In addition, F. japonica reproduction ability directly conditions its population dynamic growth. We can report that selective invasion removal adapted to local conditions can be most suitable and beneficial for municipalities.
... In central and Eastern Europe, two Caucasian hogweeds species, H. mantegazzianum and H. sosnowskyi, became problematic, e.g., in Poland [14], Ukraine [26,27], Russia [22]. Giant hogweed has been known from the Czech Republic [31][32][33][34][35][36][37], Germany [38][39][40], Austria [41], Great Britain [42], Slovakia [43], Croatia [44], Denmark [45], Norway [46]. The range of Caucasian hogweeds became so wide that they were the subject of many advanced spatial analyses, which were a great contribution of knowledge to the modern invasion ecol-ogy [47][48][49][50][51][52][53]. ...
Caucasian hogweeds are plants introduced to Europe from the Caucasus area. This review concerns the two most common ones—the giant hogweed Heracleum mantegazzianum and the Sosnowsky’s hogweed Heracleum sosnowskyi. The first of them was imported as garden decorations from the 19th century, mainly to Western Europe, while the second one was introduced from the mid–20th century to agricultural areas in Eastern Europe. Nowadays, these two species create one of the most problematic invasions in the world. This review aimed to synthesize research on those invaders based on 277 articles selected from the “Scopus” database. Most of the articles concerned their extensive distribution, at least on a continental scale and the rapid dispersal. The reviewed research showed that the complex physicochemical properties of hogweeds tissues and secretions significantly affected insects, aphids, ants, nematodes, fungi, soil microorganisms, plant communities, birds, and many other components of the ecosystems. This knowledge turned out to be disproportionately small to the scale of the problem. The review also showed what ecological traits of hogweeds were responsible for their wide and various role in the environment. Thus far, no effective method to eradicate Caucasian hogweeds has been found. This could be a growing mistake, given that they are probably during the rapid evolutionary changes within the range of their invasion.
... Zaznamenali sme znižovanie celkového množstva stanovíšť s výskytom inváznych neofytov (Eliáš et al., 1999;Eliáš, 2000aEliáš, , b, 2001aCvachová, Gojdičová, 2003;Fehér, 2009;Halmová, Fehér, 2009;Pauková, Eliáš, 2010;Fehér et al., 2016;Dudáš et al., 2020), aj Českej republiky (Šrubař, Morávková, 2007;Barták, et al., 2010 . Najčastejšie sa vyskytuje pozdĺž vodných tokov, železničných a cestných komunikácií, na synantrópnych stanovištiach, na opustených plochách a na skládkach odpadov (Alberternst, Bőhmer, 2011;Pauková, Onuferová, 2011;Pauková, 2013a, b). ...
... The lack of data must be taken into account in the interpretation of the abundance and distribution of these hybrids ]. Hybrid F. × bohemica was spread not only in Slovakia [Eliáš 2004, Beniak et al. 2015, Fehér et al. 2016], but also in many other countries such as Czech Republic [Chrtek and Chrtková 1983] ] and eighteen years later, the area was three times larger (1461 m 2 ). The area of localities spreading along the roads and railways decreased by up to 25% and 27% for the last eight years. ...
... One population of F. × bohemica on the banks of the river Váh on the left side was removed. The significance of water flows is variable for different types of invasive plants found other authors [Beniak et al. 2015, Fehér et al. 2016. It is less significant for the species of the Fallopia genus, which corresponds well with our results. ...
PAUKOVÁ, Žaneta: Biotic invasions – mapping, management and legislation of invasive plant species. Habilitation thesis. Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra. Faculty of European Studies and Regional Development, Department of Regional Bioenergetics. Nitra: FESRD SPU, 2021, 127 p.
Biotic (biological) invasions represent a phenomenon that currently receives increased attention. This is largely due to the fact that they can have serious environmental, health or socioeconomic consequences. Therefore, they directly or indirectly affect humans. Although papers evaluating the positive consequences of biotic invasions have been published in recent years, the predominance of negative impacts is much more pronounced and growing to catastrophic proportions. Biotic invasions are the second most serious cause of global biodiversity loss. Invasive species can quickly occupy new habitats and displace native domestic species. Plants are a suitable model organism for plotting their behavioural changes as a result of, among other factors, climate change and global warming. Our research focused on invasive plant species, in particular, herb species: common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca), giant hogweed (Heracleum mantegazzianum), Bohemian knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica), Japanese knotweed (Fallopia japonica), Himalayan balsam (Impatiens gladulifera) as well as tree species: tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima) and boxelder maple (Negundo aceroides). All of these taxa represent successful invasive neophytes that have been able to spread to almost entire Europe in a relatively short period, in the order of decades. These taxa are able to compete with other plant species and often displace native species from ecosystems. We focused mainly on the mapping of their occurrence and distribution in various types of biotopes in Slovakia (e.g. along the riverbanks, roads and railways, abandoned and unused areas, cemeteries, parks, etc.). Our results point out that the areas of invasive species are increasing. For example, the area invaded by the hybrid Fallopia × bohemica increased by 120 % in ten years, although management measures were implemented on half of the areas with its occurrence. We confirm that without the implementation of effective management measures, it is not possible to eradicate invasive organisms or at least prevent their further spread. Special attention should be paid to regular monitoring of invasive plant species in protected areas. We found the occurrence of dangerous giant hogweed in the protection zone of the PIENINY National Park and massive spread of the tree of heaven, boxelder maple and Himalayan balsam in the Danube Islands Nature Reserve. We consider insufficient compliance with the law, reluctance to allocate the necessary funds to combat invasive species, short-staffed nature conservation institutions and weak awareness of the professional and lay public about the harmfulness of invasive species to be a serious problem.
Keywords: biotic invasions, invasive plant species, neophytes, mapping, management
... A single plant is capable of producing 5,000 up to more than 100,000 fruits (Pyšek et al., 1995;Tiley et al., 1996). H. mantegazzianum is hemicryptophyt (Ellenberg et al., 1991) with low or zero level of edibility (Fehér et al., 2016). Ružičková et al. (1996). ...
In recent years, giant hogweed [Heracleum mantegazzianum (Somm. et Levier)], an invasive neophyte, has spread aggressively in intensively farmed agricultural landscape in the Central Europe. This toxic invasive plant prefers drier agricultural fields or grasslands. The aim of this paper was to study the distribution and population dynamics of H. mantegazzianum and to evaluate its management measures taken in the town of Spišská Stará Ves in the Kežmarok district located in northern Slovakia. H. mantegazzianum has successfully spread in the cadastral area of Spišská Stará Ves in the buffer zone of the National Park of Pieniny. The total area of the PIENAP and its buffer zone invaded by H. mantegazzianum was approximately 457,000 m2. The research took place in 2013, on an area colonized by the species (28,900 m2) located on the land of the former agricultural cooperative farm. The taxon has spread mainly on abandoned areas (64.7% of the total area occupied by H. mantegazzianum), on permanent grasslands (28%) and along the banks of the Dunajec river (7.3%), where it formed polycenoses with a group dispersion. The population density of H. mantegazzianum decreased by about 46% on the research sites after the management measures provided in July 2013. It can be concluded that the management measures were poorly effective, because as evidenced by of the area occupied by the species.
... Samples from inflorescences contained the maximal percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the leaves' samples showed the maximal cumulative percentage of sesquiterpene and monoterpene hydrocarbons (Shelepova et al., 2018). The threats and benefits to food production from S. canadensis in the Nitra river basin are described in detail (Fehér et al., 2016). ...
The phytochemical characteristics of alien species have not yet been fully studied. Meanwhile, the reserves of their raw materials in the secondary distribution range are very large and can be used as new sources of functional ingredients for food, nutraceuticals, cosmeceuticals, and medicines. Particular attention is attracted by species which have closely related native plants that are included in the official pharmacopeia. Solidago canadensis L. in Slovakia has already formed powerful thickets, and a similar species Solidago virgaurea L. is used as a medicinal plant. The goal of our study is to examine biologically active compounds from leaves and inflorescences of Solidago canadensis collected in some invasive populations along the Nitra river and Gron river. Leaves and inflorescences of 3 populations have been taken for analysis. In addition, we tested herbal tea was made by a traditional procedure using 2 types of fermentation. The following parameters have been understudying: total dry matter, ash and protein content, total lipid, saccharides, vitamin C content, total carotenoid content, amino acids content, elemental analysis, and antioxidant activity. Mean values and variations of these parameters are given in the article. The results demonstrated that S. canadensis can be a valuable raw material resource for many sectors of the economy with the possibility of its wider application in the future.
... One population of F. × bohemica on the banks of the river Váh on the left side was removed. The significance of water flows is variable for different types of invasive plants found other authors [Beniak et al. 2015, Fehér et al. 2016]. It is less significant for the species of the Fallopia genus, which corresponds well with our results. ...
At the global level, the invasion of alien organisms is considered the second largest threat to biodiversity. Hybrid Japanese Knotweed (Fallopia × bohemica) is an invasive alien species in Slovakia, which is indigenous to eastern Asia. Ragweed is a significant threat to agriculture in Central Europe. In this study, we compare the current occurrence and spread of invasive populations of hybrid Fallopia × bohemica (Polygonaceae) in Hlohovec town (SW Slovakia) in intensively farmed agricultural landscape after eighteen years. In 2001, it had colonized the area of 1520 m ² on 54 localities and in 2011 it increased by 120% (3338 m ² , 63 localities); however, in 2018 it decreased by 9% (3051 m ² , 43 localities). Surprisingly, the research results in the period 2011-2018 showed that the further spread of hybrid in Hlohovec was not confirmed; even the total colonized area had decreased. The main reason for the reduction of surface area occupied by F. x bohemica is the management measures carried out on habitats railway communications, roads and extensively cultivated fields (home gardens). The size of the areas in 2018 was significantly dependent on the size of the areas in 2001 (r = 0.682) and in 2011 (r = 0.907).
... The resource potential of these «new species» didn't studyied in detail yet. The direct and indirect effects of occurrence of invasive plants on food production and other positive externalities of its appearence have been analysed only for a few species (Fehér et al., 2016). In this regard not without interest is genus Solidago L. that comprises about 100 species, five of them occurring in the Old World. ...
Hydro distilled essential oils in air-dry samples of aerial parts of Solidago canadensis L., (Asteraceae) from eight local invasive populations were investigated by GC-MS analysis. A comparative study on quantity and composition of the essential oils obtained from plants, growing in different ecological and climatic conditions, ontogenesis phase and different plant organs was carried out The major compounds detected in oil samples of S. canadensis were α-pinene (1.3-61.27%), limonene (0.5-22.5%), bornyl acetat (3.4-29.8%) and germacrene D (1.8-39.2%). Samples from inflorescences contained the maximal percentage of monoterpene hydrocarbons, while the leaves' samples showed the maximal cumulative percentage of sesquiterpene and monoterpene hydrocarbons. Data obtained from our studies confirm the availability of alien invasive species Solidago canadensis for medicine and many other purposes. The variability of the qualitative and quantitative composition of essential oils in different geographical locations will allow futher selection of form containing the maximum amount of active substances.
Bibliografia obsahuje práce publikované a prezentované v rokoch 1991–2017. Bibliografia je štrukturovaná rovnako ako textová časť práce, t.j. podľa problematiky so zameraním na jednotlivé antropogénne biotopy a ich fytodiverzitu, resp. druhy rastlín a ich spoločenstvá (vegetáciu).
Lists of papers on flora and vegetation of the anthropogenic habitats of Slovakia published in last 25 years (in the period 1991-2017) structured by topics and habitats. More than 830 papers. Topics: Antropogénne biotopy: kategorizácia a charakteristiky biotopov / Anthropogenic habitats: cathegorization and habitat characteristics .Terminologické otázky /Terminology. Synantropné druhy rastlín vo Flóre Slovenska / Synanthropic plant species in Flora of Slovakia. Vzácne a ohrozené druhy / Rare and endangered species. Zoznamy nepôvodných druhov rastlín Slovenska / Lists of alien plant species in Slovakia. Rozšírenie synantropných druhov na Slovensku / Distribution of synanthropic species in Slovakia. Invázne druhy rastlín / Invasive alien species of plants. Invazibilita spoločenstiev / Invasibility of plant communities. Synantropná vegetácia Slovenska / Synanthropic vegetation of Slovakia. Rastlinstvo polí v poľnohospodárskej krajine (obrábané polia, prielohy, medze) / Vegetation of fields in agriculutural landscape (arable fields, fallows, field margins). Vinohrady, ovocné sady a výsadby rýchlorastúcich („energetických“) rastlín / Vineyards, orchards and energy plants plantagies). Ľudské sídla - mestá a dediny / Human settlements – towns and villages. Cintoríny / Cemeteries. Hrady, hradné zrúcaniny a staré múry / Castles, castle ruins and old walls. Skládky odpadu (banské haldy, smetiská a skládky komunálneho odpadu) / Waste sites (heaps, waste hills). Ťažobné jamy (lomy, kameňolomy)/ Pits. Pozemné a riečne komunikácie (železnice, cesty, riečne prístavy a lodné prekladiská) / Terrestrial and river communications (railways, roads, river harbours and boat transfer sites). Antropogénne biotopy v pôvodnej lesnej krajine (rúbaniská, vývratiská, požiariská, vnadiská, krmoviská) /Anthropogenic habitats in native forest landscape (clearings, windthrows, firesites, bait sites, wild food sites ).
