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Non-renewable energy resources such as fossil fuels, and coal were depleted as the increase of global energy demand. Moreover, environmental aspect becomes a major concern which recommends people to utilize bio-based resources. Waste cooking oil is one of the economical sources for biofuel production and become the most used raw material for biodie...
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Context 1
... value becomes important property for a material which directly related to further usage as a type of fuel [14]. The heating value of several products and commercial fuels listed in Table 2. Caloric value of products from catalytic and thermal cracking processes shows their characteristic. ...
Context 2
... octane number of compounds tends to support combustion reaction, prevent knocking which result in higher heating value [14]. Table 2 reveals that the heating value of cracking products tend to increase in the product of lower process temperature except its decreasing from 500°C to 450°C in thermal cracking processes. The caloric value of thermal and cracking products are appreciably similar to standard fuels marketed in Indonesia. ...
Citations
... The reactor serves as a site for the catalytic cracking process to take place. Several studies reported that the temperature required for the catalytic cracking process of crude palm oil is 450-550 °C [13]. The temperature in the furnace must be able to heat the reactor at a temperature of 450-550 °C in the FCC system so that it can carry out the catalytic cracking process of crude palm oil. ...
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is a method of cracking vegetable oils into simpler fractions and green fuel oils. One component of the FCC system is the FCC furnace. The FCC furnace is where the combustion process occurs and provides high heat transfer throughout the FCC system, especially for heating the reactor. The reactor temperature is the catalyst cracking temperature. The cracking temperature of the catalyst depends on the feed oil used in the cracking process, such as crude palm oil at 450‒550 °C or crude bio-oil at 300 °C. The fuel for heating an FCC furnace is usually coal. To reduce coal, we use a mixture of Azolla microphylla biomass with biochar and bio-oil from goat manure. The aim of this study was to analyze the mixture of Azolla microphylla biomass with biochar and bio-oil from goat manure to obtain sufficient furnace temperature to heat the FCC reactor, perform analytical calculations to obtain the volume of flue gas formed from the combustion reaction. We conducted two experiments; the first experiment used a mixture of 1 kg of Goat Manure Biochar (GMBC) with 0.5 kg of Azolla microphylla and the second experiment used a mixture of one kg of GMBC with 0.5 kg of Azolla microphylla plus 300 ml of Goat Manure Bio-oil (GMBO). A fuel mixture of one kilogram GMBC with 0.5 kg Azolla is not effective in combustion because the maximum temperature in the furnace is 177 °C but the fuel mixture of one kg GMBC, 0.5 kg Azolla and 300 ml GMBO has a furnace temperature of 472.75 °C, which can heat the stripper up to 313.25 °C so that cracking can occur in the raw bio-oil. Analysis of combustion results showed an increase in total CO2 volume from experiment one and experiment two of 0.966
... The similar transformation might also occur over C 18 fatty acids forming shorter hydrocarbon. Indeed, as the deoxygenation involves thermal reaction, the cracking of FFAs via CeC bond cleavage forming shorter chain fatty acid will be immediately triggered [42,56]. Deoxygenation of these shorter chain fatty acid will result in formation of more jet fuel range hydrocarbon (C 8 , C 9 , C 10 , C 12 , C 14 ). ...
... Lower FFA derived feedstock greatly reduced the chances of olefins from undergoes hydrogenation reaction forming n-paraffin. It has been proved by Dewanto et al. [56] findings that low FFA feedstock will reduce the chances of cracking activity meaning availability of Hþ will be lower. Thereby, the content of n-paraffins will remain as it is. ...
The production of jet fuel from renewable source (i.e., biomass) has been improving since the past few years. In Malaysia, palm-based biomass is being widely studied for the production of transportation fuels due to its abundant supply. Hence, this study focused on the production of bio-jet fuel from different types of palm oil (e.g., palm-based waste cooking oil, palm olein, palm kernel oil) through deoxygenation process. Several types of deoxygenation catalysts (e.g., CaO, Zeolite, V2O5, Pd/C, TiO2) were selected to investigate the efficiency of jet fuel-based hydrocarbon production under condition of 400 C for 2 h with different catalyst loading (e.g., 0 wt%, 5 wt%, 6 wt%, 7 wt%, 8 wt%, 9 wt% and 10 wt%). The physicochemical properties of yielded liquid fuel were tested by using GC-MS analyses, as well as density, kinematic viscosity, cloud point, pour point, smoke point, flash point and final boiling point. The deoxygenation of PKO over Pd/C at 8 wt% yielded the highest molar concentration of 96% liquid product (e.g., nparaffins, isoparaffins, olefins, naphthenes, aromatic) and 73% of jet paraffins selectivity (C8eC16) under 400 C for 2 h. In addition, the physicochemical properties of palm-based liquid fuel are complied with standard Jet A-1 fuel, in accordance to ASTM standards. The low temperature fluidity, combustion characteristics, and fuel volatility of this liquid product were comparable to Jet A-1 fuel.
... The oil contains the main compound of free fatty acids. 1 The largest content of free fatty acids (FFA) includes lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and oleic acid. 2 This FFA has a large molecular size so that, to convert it into biofuel, mesoporous material is needed in the process of adsorption and separation of molecules. 3 Research on mesoporous materials has become a major topic in the field of catalyst 4 and adsorption. ...
Production of Cobalt/Mesoporous silica (Co/MS) and Cobalt-NH2/Mesoporous silica (Co-NH2/MS) catalysts had been carried out where the Co metal content was 2 wt.% against mesoporous silica. The deposition of Co metal on mesoporous silica was executed using the wet impregnation method. The functionalization of –NH2 from the 3- APTMS compound was done by the grafting method. Both catalysts were compared their catalytic activity and selectivity through the hydrocracking process of waste coconut oil into biofuel (gasoline and diesel fractions). The result showed that the Co/MS-2% catalyst had a larger surface area (23.2191 m2 /g) than the Co-NH2/MS-2% catalyst (17.7923 m2 /g). The Co/MS-2% catalyst produced slightly more liquid product (77.008 wt.%) than CoNH2/MS-2% (76.767 wt.%). Meanwhile, the Co-NH2/MS-2% catalyst produced more biofuel (74.54%) than the Co/MS-2% catalyst (70.86%). Furthermore, the selectivity of the catalyst against the gasoline fraction (40.2643 wt.%) was obtained by the Co-NH2/MS-2%, while the selectivity of the catalyst against the diesel fraction (17.7118 wt.%) was produced by Co/MS-2%
... ECENTLY, the demand for petroleum-based motor fuel like gasoline, diesel, and others has increased considerably due to rapid industrialization and increased population [1]. However, severe reliance on fossil fuel energy lead to depletion of fossil fuel reserves and environmental issues [2]. These negative side effect urge the researchers to develop alternative fuel which is renewable, efficient, and environment friendly. ...
... Thermochemical technologies such as catalytic pyrolysis can be used to convert biomass sources such as used cooking oil into bio-oil [7]. Used cooking oil is composed of triglyceride and fatty acid such as oleic acid, palmitic acid, etc., which can be cracked into hydrocarbons with shorter carbon chains and have conformity with the nature of fossil fuel [2]. However, high viscosity and low H/Ceff ratio of biomass feedstock cause a large amount of coke formation during cracking process which can reduce the yield of bio-oil [8][9]. ...
... The cracking product consists of organic liquid products, water, gas, and coke. The organic liquid product contains a large number of components of liquid hydrocarbons [9]. This hydrodeoxygenation reaction occurs at constant pressure in 55 bars, Figure 2 shows the percent yields of green diesel products that continue to rise with the higher operating temperature, the temperature of 315 o C is the optimum condition of the result at 68.2%. ...
Green diesel is an alternative solution for solving problems using biomass energy as a fuel source. The advantages of this second-generation green diesel or biodiesel (Gen-2nd) are capable of reaching cetane numbers 70-90, far higher than the Gen-1st biodiesel performance of cetane numbers 50-65, respectively. The production process is through hydrogenation reactions with hydrogen injection of 4-9 MPa, the use of heterogeneous NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalysts, and takes place in temperatures of 280 - 380°C. The need to design this catalytic hydrogenation reactor to convert crude palm oil (CPO) into green diesel fuel is good and safe when operating at high pressures and temperatures. The optimum operation was obtained by varying the amount of CPO oil raw material and NiMo/Al 2 O 3 catalyst used in producing the best percent yield and green diesel characterization. At a temperature of 315°C, the highest yield was 68.2%, where the number of products began to decline above these temperature conditions. The green diesel specifications obtained have met diesel oil standards (Directorate General of Oil and Gas, 2016) by testing density, kinematic viscosity, water content, flash point, calorific value, and cetane numbers.
... Biogasoline usually refers to bioethanol in mixture with petrol-gasoline employed in existing combustion engine [1] to solve the problem diminishing and hazardous-emission fuel of petroleum [1]. It can also be petro-gasoline equivalent producible from triglycerides via cracking [2], hydrolysisdeoxygenation [3], hydrothermal and pyrolysis [4] reactions. Our study used this biogasoline terminology here. ...
This paper reports on preparation and characterization of eggshell for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) reaction of waste cooking oil (WCO) to produce biogasoline. Hydrocarbon from condensate of gas emitted from a spherical flask reactor was agitated at 350, 400 and 450 resolution per minute (rpm) under 350, 400 and 450 oC reaction temperature by the one-factorat-a-time (OFAT) approach was analyzed by using a gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Acid compounds were also recorded. Earlier, the eggshell was ground, calcined at 900 oC for three hours and sieved into 250 – 425 m range of particle size before being analyzed using Fourier-transform-infrared-spectroscopy (FTIR) for calcium oxide content. About 30 wt% of biogasoline ranged from C4 to C12 of alkanes and alkenes was obtained from the 350-oC hydrocarbon condensate after 30, 45 and 60 min of which aromatic compounds increased with the reaction temperature. However, the biogasoline compounds decreased with the reaction temperature. More than 20 wt% was esters and free fatty acids of carbon number greater than 20 were also formed, respectively. Stirring speeds generally increased condensate yield but the increment does not have pattern due to various volatility of the content. The highest biogasoline yield through the FCC reaction was 4.5 wt% at 350 0C at 400 rpm stirring speed, and the product was found comparable with previous research and commercial gasoline.
