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Background: Blended biomass, a new feedstock for pellets production potentially be viable to support the demand for wood pellets at present and in the future. Combustion behavior and characteristics tests were carried out in thermogravimetry (TG) analyzer with an air flow rate of 100 ml/min and heating rate of 20 °C/min. Heat flow and heat required...
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... released during the combustion of biomass samples at heating rate of 20 °C/min was calculated based on the area under DSC curve as presented in Figure 1 and Figure 3b. The low heat release (4.5 – 6.7 kJ/kg) in agricultural biomass might be due to breaking of low volatile chemical bound. Similar results were found by by Kok and Özgür [13] for rice husk and miscanthus biomass. In woody biomass the chemical bonds are not easily broken and this might result in the release of higher amount of heat (10 -12 kJ/kg) than agricultural biomass. The heat released due to combustion of individual agricultural and woody biomass as well as their blends is shown in Figure 5. Blending of agricultural with woody biomass improved the release of energy. Several reason could be behind such result. For instance, increase in carbon and hydrogen content, and contribution of lignin from woody biomass in the blend. As presented in Figure 5, the energy released from the blend biomass was in the range of 7.0 to 10 kJ/kg. Combustion behavior and thermal analysis of selected agricultural and woody biomass and their blend was investigated in this study. The differences in thermal behavior of agricultural and woody biomass were analyzed and the following conclusions were derived: The reactivity, combustion behavior and degradation rate peak of the agricultural biomass changed after blending them with woody biomass. Typically, agricultural biomass contains higher amount of inorganic minerals which can result in higher emissions and problem during combustion process. Blending agricultural residues with forestry biomass helped to reduce the sulfur, copper, chlorine and ash content that can possibly meet the standard limit of biomass fuel. There was some improvement in heat released (6.94 to 9.26 kJ/kg) during combustion for blended biomass as compared to individual agricultural biomass (reed canary grass - 5.4 kJ/kg, timothy hay- 6.78 kJ/kg, and switchgrass - 4.59 kJ/kg). Overall, blending of agricultural biomass with woody biomass can be considered as one of the alternative options to increase the biomass fuel feedstock such as pellet production to meet the future demand. Future works will be proposed to study the biomass availability in Malaysia for industrial application and meeting pellets demand of neighbourhood country. The authors appreciate the financial assistance from New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fishries; New Brunswick Soil and Crop Improvement Association; New Brunswick Agricultural Council; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; New Brunswick Innovation Foundation; and Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, ...
Context 2
... released during the combustion of biomass samples at heating rate of 20 °C/min was calculated based on the area under DSC curve as presented in Figure 1 and Figure 3b. The low heat release (4.5 – 6.7 kJ/kg) in agricultural biomass might be due to breaking of low volatile chemical bound. Similar results were found by by Kok and Özgür [13] for rice husk and miscanthus biomass. In woody biomass the chemical bonds are not easily broken and this might result in the release of higher amount of heat (10 -12 kJ/kg) than agricultural biomass. The heat released due to combustion of individual agricultural and woody biomass as well as their blends is shown in Figure 5. Blending of agricultural with woody biomass improved the release of energy. Several reason could be behind such result. For instance, increase in carbon and hydrogen content, and contribution of lignin from woody biomass in the blend. As presented in Figure 5, the energy released from the blend biomass was in the range of 7.0 to 10 kJ/kg. Combustion behavior and thermal analysis of selected agricultural and woody biomass and their blend was investigated in this study. The differences in thermal behavior of agricultural and woody biomass were analyzed and the following conclusions were derived: The reactivity, combustion behavior and degradation rate peak of the agricultural biomass changed after blending them with woody biomass. Typically, agricultural biomass contains higher amount of inorganic minerals which can result in higher emissions and problem during combustion process. Blending agricultural residues with forestry biomass helped to reduce the sulfur, copper, chlorine and ash content that can possibly meet the standard limit of biomass fuel. There was some improvement in heat released (6.94 to 9.26 kJ/kg) during combustion for blended biomass as compared to individual agricultural biomass (reed canary grass - 5.4 kJ/kg, timothy hay- 6.78 kJ/kg, and switchgrass - 4.59 kJ/kg). Overall, blending of agricultural biomass with woody biomass can be considered as one of the alternative options to increase the biomass fuel feedstock such as pellet production to meet the future demand. Future works will be proposed to study the biomass availability in Malaysia for industrial application and meeting pellets demand of neighbourhood country. The authors appreciate the financial assistance from New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fishries; New Brunswick Soil and Crop Improvement Association; New Brunswick Agricultural Council; Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada; New Brunswick Innovation Foundation; and Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, ...
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Citations
... When it comes to recording transactions between two parties, the blockchain is "an open, distributed ledger that can do so in a way that can be checked and is permanent." [2]. Now that blockchain technology is gaining traction, researchers are looking at its potential uses in a variety of industries, including the agriculture industry, with the goal of improving supply chain transparency and traceability. ...
... A supply chain is "the operations from production through distribution that get agricultural or horticulture goods from the farm to the table [2]," which is what agricultural food supply chain management is all about. The supply chain for agri-food goods is substantially more complex and difficult to manage than other supply chains due to the presence of a broad range of stakeholders and external influences. ...
To facilitate complex interactions between regional players and the agricultural environment, modern agriculture supply chains have arisen. Supply chain processes that include several parties, such as production, processing, and delivery, interacting with one another. Lack of transparency in the agricultural supply chain is a major contributor to the incidence of fraud in this industry. A lack of openness on the part of organisations leads to worries about potential financial losses, diminishing customer trust, and dwindling brand value. Several fundamental changes to the existing supply chain architecture are required to foster the development of an effective and reliable trade environment. It is widely recognised that blockchain technology has the potential to increase visibility across agricultural and food supply chains. Businesses are using blockchain and IoT to implement more egalitarian, sustainable, and consumer-friendly methods of food production. Based on what we learned, blockchain technology may be useful in the push for a more transparent and responsible food supply chain. The primary goal of this study is to create a decentralised application framework called AgriBlock that can be used for managing the supply chains of agricultural products using blockchain technology. The developed work AgriBlock will aid in making the supply chain process more open and clear to every participant involved.
... In addition, the entire contact of fuel and additives can be achieved during the mixing and pelletization process. It may positively support the effects of the additives on plant biomass' ash chemistry [18][19][20][21][22][23]. ...
Global energy consumption is increasing every year, and, despite their many negative impacts, fossil fuels are a major source of energy, but their reserves are gradually depleting. One of the promising but underutilized resources is plant biomass (phytomass). The main problem of plant biomass combustion is the low melting temperature of ash, but there are also problems with corrosion of heat exchangers and clogging of heat-exchanging surfaces. This work is concerned with the production of straw pellets in order to increase the melting temperature of ash by adding an additive. The paper sludge contains substances that can increase the melting point of ash and was therefore added to the pellet samples. This additive was mixed with straw in ratios from 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 (straw/paper sludge). The use of paper sludge showed positive effects on increasing the melting temperature of the ash samples. The deformation temperature of the ash has already risen from 1020 to 1260 °C after the addition of 10% sludge, which is comparable to wood pellets.
This article examines the impact that blockchain technology has had on agriculture and the food supply chain, presents ongoing projects and initiatives that are already underway, and discusses the overall implications, challenges, and potential of the technology while maintaining an analytical perspective on the degree to which these projects have matured. Agriculture supply chains in the modern era have developed with an objective to create an interconnected system between the local stakeholders and the agricultural environment link with some complex interaction. Complex interaction in terms of various aspects of supply chain management including the production, processing, and product delivery etc. There is a lack of transparency in agricultural supply chains, which is shown by the frequent occurrence of fraudulent activities. This lack of openness causes concerns about potential financial losses, erodes the confidence of customers, and reduces the value of business brands. The current architecture of the supply chain has to have some basic changes made to it in order to facilitate the development of a trade environment that is both effective and trustworthy. There is widespread agreement that blockchain technology has the potential to increase openness in agricultural and food supply networks. Blockchain technology and the internet of things are being used by companies in order to satisfy customers' requirements for food production methods that are not just safe and sustainable but also egalitarian. Our research has shown that blockchain is a potentially useful technology for achieving a transparent food supply chain. There are currently many initiatives underway in a wide variety of food products and food-related issues. Despite this, there are still many obstacles and problems to overcome, which prevent its widespread adoption among farmers and other systems. These issues entail a combination of technological factors, educational programmers, regulatory structures, and policy frameworks.
As an underlying support technology, blockchain is a shared ledger system and a computational paradigm, which is decentralized, and it is highly compatible with the distributed economic system. The distributed scheduling model of agricultural business resources based on the public service platform is a comprehensive solution to the current situation of agricultural industry which is ”scattered, small, disorderly and weak”, and plays an important role in integrating decentralized resource and making on-demand scheduling. Aiming at some key problems in the current Chinese public service platform, this paper proposes a public blockchain of agricultural supply chain system based on double chain architecture, mainly studying the dual chain structure and its storage mode, resource rent-seeking and matching mechanism and consensus algorithm. The results show that the chain of agricultural supply chain based on double chain structure can take into account the openness and security of transaction information and the privacy of enterprise information, can self-adaptively complete rent-seeking and matching of resources, and greatly enhance the credibility of the public service platform and the overall efficiency of the system.
