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Heat map and abundance patterns of differentially accumulated proteins in the eighth internode of the hybrids and parental lines. Note: Differences in accumulation are presented as a continuous range of colours. Red corresponds to the maximum accumulation (grey value: 449574); green corresponds to the minimum accumulation (grey value: 0); and yellow corresponds to the median accumulation (grey value: 224787).
Source publication
Ear height is an important maize morphological trait that influences plant lodging resistance in the field, and is based on the number and length of internodes under the ear. To explore the effect of internodes on ear height, the internodes under the ear were analysed in four commercial hybrids (Jinsai6850, Zhengdan958, Xundan20, and Yuyu22) from d...
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... Yuyu22 (54.11 and 52.39%) ( Fig. 2; Table S2). In other words, the extent of the heterosis was inconsistent with the heterosis performance for the extended internodes, ear height, and plant height. (Fig. 3). Moreover, 15, 16, 22, and 13 pro- tein spots with >1.5-fold difference (P < 0.05) were excised from gels and identified by MS, respectively (Fig. 4, Table S4). The majority (54/66) of these protein spots were additively accumulated in the four hybrids, espe- cially in Xundan20 (21/22). The non-additively accumulated protein spots exhibited different patterns in the four hybrids, even for the hybrids in the same heterotic group [i.e., Zhengdan958 (+, ++, and +−) and Xundan20 (−)] ...
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... (Fig. 4, Table S4). The majority (54/66) of these protein spots were additively accumulated in the four hybrids, espe- cially in Xundan20 (21/22). The non-additively accumulated protein spots exhibited different patterns in the four hybrids, even for the hybrids in the same heterotic group [i.e., Zhengdan958 (+, ++, and +−) and Xundan20 (−)] (Fig. 4, Table S4). The 66 protein spots (peptides are listed in Table S5) were represented by 46 GenBank accessions. Additionally, some GenBank accessions were identified in the same hybrid twice with different accumulation patterns, likely because of distinct post-translational modifications of the correspond- ing proteins. GenBank accessions ...
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... in all hybrids. However, gi|195613358 accumulated dif- ferently in the four hybrids (protein spots 2 and 3 in Jinsai6850, 16 in Zhengdan958, 42 in Xundan20, and 63 in Yuyu22), while the accumulation patterns for gi|226499080 were similar in the four hybrids (protein spot 10 in Jinsai6850, 27 in Zhengdan958, 50 in Xundan20, and 65 in Yuyu22) (Fig. 4, Table S4). organismal systems, cellular processes, and unknown (Fig. 5, Table S6). Metabolism was the largest category, with 74% (49/66) of the differentially accumulated protein spots, implying metabolic activities are critical for internode development and heterosis. The metabolism category was further divided into seven subcategories, ...
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... effects on gene expression or protein accumulation differentially contribute to the heterosis of a particular trait at specific developmental stages 2 . The overwhelming additive accumulation of differentially accumulated proteins in the four hybrids was associated with a non-additive effect on the heterosis performance of the eighth internode (Fig. 4, Tables S2 and 4). Similar results were also reported for maize embryos at 6 days after fertilisation 25 , while another study concluded that the moderate transcriptional expression of the SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS locus could result in an over-dominant effect on yield 26 . These results proved that an additive interaction at the ...
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Citations
... Plant height (PH) is one of the most important traits for grain yield in breeding programs for maize, and is highly heritable despite its complex, polygenic nature [61,62]. On the other hand, certain authors pointed out that plant height, measured over time, can provide an assessment of physiology and critical genetic traits, as well as the influence of environmental conditions on plant performance [63][64][65][66][67][68]. Plant height is associated with the grain number per spike, biomass production, and harvest index, and thus increases grain yield and quality [69]. ...
Citation: Ljubičić, N.; Popović, V.; Kostić, M.; Pajić, M.; Buden, M.; Gligorević, K.; Dražić, M.; Bižić, M.; Crnojević, V. Multivariate Interaction
... The use of Paclobutrazol is reported to be able to shorten the segment (Wen et al., 2013) due to the suppression of kaurene, which inhibits gibberellin biosynthesis so that cell division morphologically decreases. Paclobutrazol could also suppress the effect of IAA in plants (Soumya et al., 2017), while IAA could induce internode elongation (Chen et al., 2018). ...
Abstract Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a low-calorie alternative sweetener. The superior varieties of Stevia in Indonesia are limited. Availability of seeds plays an important role in the Stevia plant breeding program for both the selection stage and the production of high-yielding varieties. Tissue culture is the best method of Stevia propagation, but the low adaptability of plantlets causes death in the acclimatization phase. The growth and root morphology of 12 crossbreed Stevia were evaluated. A Completely Randomized Design was used with factorial consisting of two factors were Stevia genotypes (STG1,7,8,10, SBG3,4,5,7,10, SGB2,3, and SBT11) and the plant growth regulator (PGR) concentration of Paclobutrazol (PBZ) (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 ppm) and indole acetic acid (IAA) control (0.5 and 1 ppm). The results showed that the fastest shoot emergence time was SBT11 at 0.1 and 0.5 ppm PBZ media at 4 days after culture (DAC). The fastest root emergence time was SBG7 at 0.1 and 1 ppm PBZ media (8 DAC). The highest shoots were at 1 ppm IAA media (18 cm). The highest number of shoots was STG10 at 1 ppm PBZ and SBG3 at 0.5 ppm IAA (4 shoots). The highest number of internodes was SBG5 at 0.5 ppm IAA (25 internodes). The highest number of leaves was SBG3 at 0.5 ppm IAA (57 leaves). The highest number of roots was SGB2 at 0.5 ppm PBZ (5 roots). The greenest leaf color was SBG7 at 1 ppm PBZ media. The PBZ accelerated the emergence of shoots and roots and the number of roots. Keywords : Genotype, Interaction, in vitro , Paclobutrazol, Stevia. Abstrak Stevia ( Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) merupakan sumber pemanis alternatif berkalori rendah. Varietas unggul Stevia di Indonesia terbatas. Ketersediaan bibit menjadi kunci dalam program pemuliaan tanaman Stevia baik untuk pada tahap seleksi maupun produksi varietas unggul. Kultur jaringan adalah metode perbanyakan Stevia terbaik, tetapi kemampuan adaptasi planlet yang rendah menyebabkan kematian pada fase aklimatisasi. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengevaluasi pertumbuhan dan morfologi akar dari 12 Stevia hasil persilangan. Metode percobaan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap faktorial dua faktor, yaitu genotipe Stevia (STG1,7,8,10, SBG3,4,5,7,10, SGB2,3, and SBT11) dan konsentrasi zat pengatur tumbuh paklobutrazol (PBZ) (0,1; 0,5; dan 1,0 ppm) serta indole acetic acid (IAA) sebagai kontrol (0,5 dan 1 ppm). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan waktu muncul tunas tercepat adalah SBT11 pada 0,1 dan 0,5 ppm PBZ pada 4 hari setelah tanam (HST). Waktu muncul akar tercepat adalah SBG7 pada 0,1 dan 1 ppm PBZ (8 HST). Tunas tertinggi diperoleh pada media 1 ppm IAA (18 cm). Jumlah tunas terbanyak diperoleh STG10 pada 1 ppm PBZ dan SBG3 pada 0,5 ppm IAA (4 tunas). Jumlah ruas terbanyak diperoleh SBG5 pada 0,5 ppm IAA (25 ruas). Jumlah daun terbanyak diperoleh SBG3 pada 0,5 ppm IAA (57 daun). Jumlah akar terbanyak diperoleh SGB2 pada 0,5 ppm PBZ (5 akar). Warna daun terhijau diperoleh SBG7 pada 1 ppm PBZ. Kata Kunci : Genotipe, Interaksi, in vitro , Paclobutrazol, Stevia.
... The most critical agronomic traits of maize are plant height, ear height, and stem diameter, all of which are directly related to crop lodging resistance, biomass production, and yield [35][36][37][38]. In general, different effects were observed for each of the agronomic traits of maize (plant height, ear height, and stem diameter) when N fertilization was applied, as shown in Figure 2. In comparison with the zero-N treatment, the NPK fertilizer application only improved maize ear height, which resulted in poor maize lodging resistance. ...
Optimizing fertilization strategies is crucial for obtaining high crop yields and efficient N utilization. This study aimed to understand the potential increase in crop yield and the N utilization efficiency under biochar-based fertilizer (BF) in a maize–Chinese cabbage rotation system. Biochar-based slow-release fertilizer (BF) is an important nutrient-efficient management strategy. The yields and growth-related traits of the crops, N utilization efficiency, quality, and dynamic changes in soil inorganic N in a maize-cabbage rotation system were investigated in a pot experiment under three N fertilizer application strategies in 2019–2020; the maize stage included (1) zero-N fertilizer, i.e., control (N 0 g pot−1); (2) NPK (N 5.25 g pot−1); and (3) BF (N 5.25 g pot−1). The Chinese cabbage stage included (1) zero-N fertilizer, i.e., control (N 0 g pot−1); (2) NPK (N 6.25 g pot−1); and (3) BF (N 6.25 g pot−1). Compared with the CK and NPK treatments, the BF treatment had the highest average maize and Chinese cabbage yields at 86.99 g plant−1 and 498.88 g plant−1, respectively. BF improved the plant height, stem diameter, and ear height of maize and the leaf length, leaf width, and leaf number of Chinese cabbage, as well as increased the N utilization efficiency of maize and cabbage. BF increased the starch content of maize grain and the amino acid, sugar, and vitamin C contents of cabbage. In the critical growth stages of maize and Chinese cabbage, BF application increased the content of soil inorganic N, which coincided with the nutrient requirements in the critical growth stages of the crops. Overall, BF is an effective method to improve crop yield and N utilization in the maize–Chinese cabbage rotation systems and is a fertilization strategy with broad applicability prospects.
... Recent studies have provided evidence for a correlation between auxin and cytokinin and heterosis. The high expression of auxin-related genes has played a positive role in promoting heterosis in crops such as Arabidopsis [8], maize [29], and cotton [30]. These reports further support our conclusions. ...
Background
Heterosis is an important biological phenomenon in which the hybrids exceed the parents in many traits. However, the molecular mechanism underlying seedling heterosis remains unclear.
Results
In the present study, we analyzed the leaf transcriptomes of strong hybrids (AM, HM) and weak hybrids (CM, HW) and their parents (A, C, H, M, and W) at two periods. Phenotypically, hybrids had obvious biomass heterosis at the seedling stage, with statistically significant differences between the strong and weak hybrids. The transcriptomic analysis demonstrated that the number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between parents was the highest. Further analysis showed that most DEGs were biased toward parental expression. The biological processes of the two periods were significantly enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction and photosynthetic pathways. In the plant hormone signaling pathway, DEG expression was high in hybrids, with expression differences between strong and weak hybrids. In addition, DEGs related to cell size were identified. Similar changes were observed during photosynthesis. The enhanced leaf area of hybrids generated an increase in photosynthetic products, which was consistent with the phenotype of the biomass. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis of different hybrids and parents revealed that hub genes in vigorous hybrid were mainly enriched in the plant hormone signal transduction and regulation of plant hormones.
Conclusion
Plant hormone signaling and photosynthesis pathways, as well as differential expression of plant cell size-related genes, jointly regulate the dynamic changes between strong and weak hybrids and the generation of seedling-stage heterosis. This study may elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying early biomass heterosis and help enhance canola yield.
... Previously, the studies on internode length were mainly focused on the plant height in crops, i.e., soybean [21,22], maize [23], wheat [24], rice [25], etc. The endogenous production of plant growth hormones (PGR) in small proportion is indispensable in the regulation of internode length. ...
The internode length affects the status of fruiting branches and shapes the vine architecture. MYB TFs (transcription factors) have been widely studied and reported to control many biological processes including secondary metabolism, abiotic stresses, growth and development, etc. However, the roles of MYB TFs in regulating internode length remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that a secondary metabolism-related R2R3-MYB TF AaMYBC1 from Actinidia arguta was involved in the regulation of internode length by combined analysis of transcriptome and metabolome of transgenic tobacco plants. The metabolome analysis of OE (over-expressed tobacco) and WT (wild-typed tobacco) showed that there were a total of 1000 metabolites, 176 of which had significant differences. A key metabolite pme1651 annotated as indole 3-acetic acid belonged to phytohormone that was involved in internode length regulation. The RNA-seq analysis presented 446 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between OE and WT, 14 of which were common DEGs in KEGG and GO enrichment. Through the combined analysis of metabolome and transcriptome in transgenic and wild-type tobacco, three key genes including two SAUR and a GH3 gene were possibly involved in internode elongation. Finally, a regulatory module was deduced to show the role of AaMYBC1 in internode elongation. Our results proposed a molecular mechanism of AaMYBC1 regulating internode length by mediated auxin signaling, implying the potential role in regulating the vine architecture.
... Auxin is known as the 'growth' hormone because, via a combination of local biosynthesis and transport (Brumos et al., 2018), it is involved in almost all aspects of plant growth and development (reviewed in Enders & Strader, 2015;Chen et al., 2018;reviewed in Dong & Huang, 2018;reviewed in Luo et al., 2018;reviewed in Basunia & Nonhebel, 2019;Bernardi et al., 2019;Chen & McClung, 2019). These processes consume a substantial amount of the cellular energy budget, but how does auxin influence energy generation or use to enable its growth-promoting effects? ...
Auxin is the ‘growth hormone’ and modulation of its concentration correlates with changes in photosynthesis and respiration, influencing the cellular energy budget for biosynthesis and proliferation. However, the relative importance of mechanisms by which auxin directly influences photosynthesis and respiration, or vice versa, are unclear. Here we bring together recent evidence linking auxin with photosynthesis, plastid biogenesis, mitochondrial metabolism and retrograde signalling and through it we propose three hypotheses to test to unify current findings. These require delving into the control of auxin conjugation to primary metabolic intermediates, translational control under auxin regulation and post‐translational influences of auxin on primary metabolic processes.
... In maize production, the small EH/PH ratio is a very important morphological trait because small ratio gives stability to the plant, no crops lodging and congestion of harvesters during mechanized harvesting . It was reported that the length and the number of internodes directly affect this morphological trait (Chen et al ., 2018;Wang et al ., 2021) . Some studies confirmed that differences in plant height are mainly due to differences in the length of the middle internode, while differences in maize ear height are mainly due to differences in the number of internodes below the primary maize ear (Liu et al ., 2021) . ...
In a large number of plant species, including maize, different phenotypic traits have undergone major changes through the breeding process, resulting in the creation of varieties and hybrids of good agronomic performance. This study aimed to examine the variability of the plant height (PH) and plant height to the uppermost ear (EH) of maize top cross hybrids obtained from crossing 31 local landraces with three genetically divergent testers (L217, L73B013 and L255/75-5). Top cross hybrids were tested in a two-year experiment, at four locations, in two replicates. The grand mean of top cross hybrids for PH and EH were 255.8 cm and 101.8 cm. Analysis of variance showed that all sources of variation (environment - year × location (E), landrace (B), tester effect (A), as well as their interactions) were highly significant (p≤0.01), except for triple interaction (A × B × E). The coefficients of variation for the PH and EH were 4.76% and 8.87%. A highly significant correlation was found between the examined traits (r=0.785; p <0.01). Linear regression of PH and EH shows that the increase of EH by 0.5 cm is followed by the 1 cm of PH increase. Based on the results, the general combining ability (GCA) of landraces for the examined traits, is under the influence of the additive effect of genes, i.e. tall landraces per se in crosses with all three testers give tall hybrids and inversely. In maize production, a trait of interest is the small EH/PH ratio. Landraces MB1960, MB642 and MB1890 showed the best GCA for a given trait, so they can serve as sources of a given trait in pre-breeding programmes.
... Whereas it was conversely found that maize plant height was basically unchanged, while ear height decreased, along with long-term commercial hybrid maize selection in the United States (Duvick et al., 2004). The differences in maize plant height and ear height have been shown to be caused by differences in both the total internode number and internode length, and differences in both the internode number and internode length below the primary ear, respectively (Zhu et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2018). For some hybrids, a significant difference in ear height is caused by longer internodes, especially between the sixth and seventh internodes and between the seventh and eighth internodes (Chen et al., 2018). ...
... The differences in maize plant height and ear height have been shown to be caused by differences in both the total internode number and internode length, and differences in both the internode number and internode length below the primary ear, respectively (Zhu et al., 2013;Chen et al., 2018). For some hybrids, a significant difference in ear height is caused by longer internodes, especially between the sixth and seventh internodes and between the seventh and eighth internodes (Chen et al., 2018). For maize cultivars released from the 1950s to the 2010s in China, the internode number per plant was not found to change significantly with cultivar replacement, the lengths of the first to eighth internodes below the ear slightly decreased, and the lengths of the ninth to sixteenth internodes increased (Ma et al., 2014b). ...
... Differences in the heights of maize plants may be due to differences in the internode length, differences in the internode number, or both. Chen et al. (2018) reported that, for extended internodes, a significant difference in ear height was contributed by longer internodes, especially between the sixth and seventh internodes and between the seventh and eighth internodes. In this study, the differences in plant height between different cultivars were mainly due to differences in the mean internode length, and the differences in ear height were mainly due to the differences in the internode number below the primary ear (Fig. 3A, B). ...
Maize (Zea mays L.) height morphological traits (i.e., plant height, ear height, and ear ratio) are important parts of maize plant type structure and have played an important role in the improvement of maize lodging resistance and historical increases in grain yield. In this study, field experiments were conducted from 2013 to 2016 at 23 sites in China between 26°30′–46°45′ N latitude and 81°19′–130°16′ E longitude. Five common cultivars and one planting density (6.0 × 10⁴ plants ha⁻¹) were used to determine the amplitude of variation in maize height morphological traits for the same cultivars and the differences in maize height morphological traits between different cultivars. The results elucidated that the main factors affecting maize height morphological traits and characterize the responses of aboveground dry matter (DM) and grain yield to differences in plant height over a wide range of environmental conditions. The findings showed that for cultivars Denghai 11 (DH11), Nonghua 101 (NH101), Xianyu 335 (XY335), Zhengdan 958 (ZD958), and Zhongdan 909 (ZD909), plant heights ranged from 233.1 to 395.3, 240.7–389.6, 246.0–370.0, 201.8–327.3, and 199.1–346.7 cm, respectively, ear heights ranged from 93.2 to 186.0, 64.6–146.5, 70.5–170.0, 71.1–168.3, and 66.2–150.7 cm, respectively, and ear ratios ranged from 0.33 to 0.49, 0.26–0.47, 0.26–0.49, 0.35–0.54, and 0.32–0.50, across all sites and years. Furthermore, the mean internode length and mean internode length below the primary ear were found to be the main contributors to the differences in plant height and ear height, respectively. Additionally, the results of stepwise regression indicated that both plant height and ear height were mainly affected by photoperiod and minimum temperature but the major climatic variables influencing ear ratio varied among different cultivars. Moreover, a linear model showed that, for every 10 cm increase in maize plant height, the DM at silking, DM at physiological maturity, and grain yield increased by approximately 0.41 t ha⁻¹, 0.87 t ha⁻¹, and 0.38 t ha⁻¹, respectively.
... At the gene expression level, many recent studies have shown that heterosis can be revealed not only at the transcriptional level but also at the proteome level. Proteomics analysis indicated that indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content was positively correlated with the length of the eighth internode of maize, but negatively correlated with the extent of the heterosis of the length of the eighth internode (Chen Y. et al., 2018). Analysis of the proteomics of popcorn hybrid combinations revealed that 22 kinds of biological processes are related to non-additive proteins. ...
Heterosis is a common biological phenomenon in nature. It substantially contributes to the biomass yield and grain yield of plants. Moreover, this phenomenon results in high economic returns in agricultural production. However, the utilization of heterosis far exceeds the level of theoretical research on this phenomenon. In this review, the recent progress in research on heterosis in plants was reviewed from the aspects of classical genetics, parental genetic distance, quantitative trait loci, transcriptomes, proteomes, epigenetics (DNA methylation, histone modification, and small RNA), and hormone regulation. A regulatory network of various heterosis-related genes under the action of different regulatory factors was summarized. This review lays a foundation for the in-depth study of the molecular and physiological aspects of this phenomenon to promote its effects on increasing the yield of agricultural production.
... Moreover, heterosis is believed to be trait-dependent, suggesting that the fundamental mechanisms are effective within specific traits (Baranwal et al., 2012;Kaeppler, 2012). The intensity of heterosis, in fact, depends on genome structural variations (Jung and Casler, 2006;Zhang et al., 2007), epigenetic modifications, post-transcriptional events, and specific protein functions (Chen et al., 2018). Thus, of all biochemical events contributing to heterosis, specific protein expressions and functions involved in heterosis are critical to be characterized. ...
... Thus, of all biochemical events contributing to heterosis, specific protein expressions and functions involved in heterosis are critical to be characterized. For example, in a study with maize plants, Chen et al. (2018) detected 66 proteins and they categorized all proteins into six distinct classes, i.e. genetic information processing, organism structures, cellular processes, processing of environmental information, metabolism, and unknown proteins. ...
... Proteins in BXs and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathways were detected in maize plants, which can affect polar auxin transport and biosynthesis of IAA in internode development. Furthermore, the IAA amount was negatively associated, while positively correlated with the eighth internode length, but was positively correlated with the heterosis value of the eighth internode length (Chen et al., 2018). Our findings also showed that all of the proteins detected in the maize hybrids had positive heterosis (Fig. 4). ...
In the current research, the pattern of expression of hybrid proteins in the leaves of two maize inbred lines, B73 (♀) and MO17 (♂), as well as the F1, SC704, was investigated using 2-DE. A hydroponic experiment was conducted in a greenhouse. Leaf tissue proteome analysis of the two parents and their F1 showed that seven reproducible protein spots had significant modifications, revealing their up-regulation. These seven differentially expressed proteins were categorized into three functional groups, including the defense system, regulator, and energy metabolism. Proteomic analysis indicated that all proteins of the mid parent had prominent expression compared with that of the parental proteins. It can be concluded that in the significant vigor of hybrid SC704 was due to enhanced expression of proteins involved in defense, regulation, and energy metabolism.
