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Monitoring microenvironment at the farm level has recently become one of the hottest topics in precision agriculture. Zigbee technology is then the most prospective candidate for wirelessly networking those field sensors due to its low cost and power consumption and flexible architecture. The microclimate monitoring system in this research is a sui...
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Context 1
... hardware diagram of each Zigbee node is illustrated in Fig. 2. The micro-climate sensor node was photographed and shown in Fig 3. Each micro-climate sensor node was equipped with the air temperature and humidity sensors. The micro-climate sensor node consists of a microcontroller unit, air temperature and humidity sensors, a ZigBee module, a solar panel and a power supply unit. ...
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An innovative wireless monitoring system for measuring greenhouse climatic parameters was developed to overcome the problems related to wires cabling such as presence of a dense net of wires hampering the cultivation practices, wires subjected to high temperature and relative humidity, rodents that can damage wires. The system exploits battery-powe...
Citations
... IoT consists of a network containing systems, applications, platforms, and physical objects, which use embedded technology to communicate and interact with internal and external environments [32,33]; its application in agriculture is fundamental in optimizing field activities [34][35][36]. There is a relevant set of IoT applications in air monitoring [37], soil monitoring [38], water monitoring [39], disease monitoring [40], environmental condition monitoring [41], crop and plant growth monitoring [42], temperature monitoring [43], and humidity monitoring [44]. ...
Small-scale agriculture is important. However, there are still limitations regarding the implementation of technologies in small-scale agriculture due to the high costs accompanying them. Therefore, it is essential to seek viable and low-cost solutions since the insertion of technologies in agriculture, especially irrigated agriculture, guarantees the sustainable expansion of production capacity. The present work applied the Internet of Things concept to an automated irrigation system powered by photovoltaic panels. The materials used in the prototype consisted of Arduino Uno R3, the ESP8266 development board, a soil moisture sensor, a current sensor, a voltage sensor, a flow sensor, and a humidity and temperature sensor. The prototype was designed to take system readings and send them to the Adafruit platform IO. Furthermore, it was programmed to perform remote irrigation control, enabling this to be activated from distant points through the platform. The medium proved efficient for the monitoring and remote control of the system. This indicates that it is possible to use this medium in small automated irrigation systems.
... Climate is an essential parameter in determining agriculture's results [2], the location of solar panels to obtain maximum energy yields, urban building planning, climate change risk mitigation, and controlling flood and drought risks. Therefore, real-time climate monitoring systems are usually used to obtain this information [3]. The Indonesian Meteorological Agency (BMKG) has 34 IOP Publishing doi: 10.1088/1755-1315/1167/1/012033 2 climatological observation stations across Indonesia; one of them is the Dramaga Climatological Station located in Bogor, West Java. ...
A climatological station has several obligations to conduct climatological observations over a long-term time range, with the observed parameters consisting of air temperature, relative humidity, solar radiation, air pressure, wind, rainfall, and soil temperature. At the moment, the BMKG (Indonesia Meteorological Administration) Climate Station manages to do the task conventionally with the observer on duty. By utilizing state-of-the-art technology, an internet-based automatic climate monitoring system was designed to ease the data users’ ability to conduct real-time climate monitoring anywhere connected to the Internet. Dramaga Climatological Station is one of BMKG's observational stations to be used as a sample for digital instrument monitoring. The Digital Climatological Station (DCS) was a system capable of measuring elements of climate automatically that was designed using the Campbell CR1000X datalogger for data acquisition, multiple meteorological sensors, and a solar-based power system. The sensors in this system were a combination of sensors with voltage output and serial (SDI-12) output, so that all the sensors could match the number of logger ports. The overall industrial-grade sensors had a maximum error of 2.38%. Acquired data from the logger was sent via the Amazon AWS IoT Core MQTT Broker using the MQTT protocol. Subscribing was carried out on the server by Node-Red, stored in a MySQL database, and displayed using Grafana on a desktop or mobile phone. The system managed to transmit the data with more than 97% completion out of 1440 daily records. The mentioned instrument is expected to be a pioneer in observation automation in order to assist the observer while improving accuracy.
... Irmak et al., 2019), and inform the use of precision agricultural technologies both within and between fields for better control of inputs and outputs (e.g. Watthanawisuth et al., 2009). Microclimate data could therefore be a tool to aid efficient agricultural land use planning, implementation, and management to maximise yields, optimise resource use and minimise waste. ...
Context
Against a background of unprecedented climate change, humanity faces the challenge of how to increase global food production without compromising the natural environment. Crop suitability models can indicate the best locations to grow different crops and, in doing so, support efficient use of land to leave space for, or share space with, nature. However, challenges in downscaling the climate data needed to drive these models to make predictions for the future has meant that they are often run using national or regional climate projections. At finer spatial scales, variation in climate conditions can have a substantial influence on yield and so the continued use of coarse resolution climate data risks maladaptive agricultural decisions. Opportunities to grow novel crops, for which knowledge of local variation in microclimate may be critical, may be missed.
Objective
We demonstrate how microclimate information can be acquired for a region and used to run a mechanistic crop suitability model under present day and possible future climate scenarios.
Methods
We use microclimate modelling techniques to generate 100 m spatial resolution climate datasets for the south-west of the UK for present day (2012–2017) and predicted future (2042–2047) time periods. We use these data to run the mechanistic crop model WOrld FOod STudies (WOFOST) for 56 crop varieties, which returns information on maximum crop yields for each planting month.
Results and conclusions
Over short distances, we find that the highest attainable yields vary substantially and discuss how these differences mean that field-level assessments of climate suitability could support land-use decisions, enabling food production whilst protecting biodiversity.
Significance
We provide code for running WOFOST in the WofostR R package, thus enabling integration with microclimate models and meaning that our methodology could be applied anywhere in the world. As such, we make available to anyone the tools to predict climate suitability for crops at high spatial resolution for both present day and possible future climate scenarios.
... Consequently, resources and trained personnel to set up and maintain a sufficient number of stations are lacking to adequately cover the spatiotemporal variability of meteorological variables [4,5]. Additionally, growing interest in microclimate monitoring for precision agriculture [6][7][8] or urban climate and heat island studies [9,10] requires weather stations that are inexpensive, efficient, and provide local and reliable data for modelling applications. Ideally, the design of such weather stations meets the following criteria: (i) robustness to reduce calibration frequency; (ii) compact design for ease of handling and to minimize sensor damage; (iii) low maintenance; (iv) low power requirements; (v) low cost; (vi) compatibility with different logger systems; (vii) wireless communication. ...
Affordable and accurate weather monitoring systems are essential in low-income and developing countries and, more recently, are needed in small-scale research such as precision agriculture and urban climate studies. A variety of low-cost solutions are available on the market, but the use of non-standard technologies raises concerns for data quality. Research-grade all-in-one weather stations could present a reliable, cost effective solution while being robust and easy to use. This study evaluates the performance of the commercially available ATMOS41 all-in-one weather station. Three stations were deployed next to a high-performance reference station over a three-month period. The ATMOS41 stations showed good performance compared to the reference, and close agreement among the three stations for most standard weather variables. However, measured atmospheric pressure showed uncertainties >0.6 hPa and solar radiation was underestimated by 3%, which could be corrected with a locally obtained linear regression function. Furthermore, precipitation measurements showed considerable variability, with observed differences of ±7.5% compared to the reference gauge, which suggests relatively high susceptibility to wind-induced errors. Overall, the station is well suited for private user applications such as farming, while the use in research should consider the limitations of the station, especially regarding precise precipitation measurements.
... But other tangible items such as computers, printers, foodstuffs, and clothing materials are shipped manually to the customer by courier or fax or post. [11]. ...
Today e-commerce is the latest worldwide way of doing business trading. Growing
innovations like the internet, network and satellite technology allow companies to move to
online businesses. Today e-commerce has an infinite influence on the culture that changes the
way people around the world do their lives. This has huge consequences for manufacturers,
distributors, dealers, wholesalers, and customers. There are plenty of businesses coming
forward and beginning e-commerce business from the last 6 decades so that eighty percent of
companies have achieved enormous market success. Nowadays, the progress of e-commerce
is largely continuing, as it is now compulsory for the company to carry out data analytics to
withstand the market. A lot of data will be generated in various aspects such as advertisement,
information exchange, order and payment, delivery, customer support, and customer reviews
when trading through the internet. The company's main challenge is how to use the data to
further improve the product. These companies are now creating a research department that
performs data analysis using different technologies and makes a good contribution to the profit
of companies and helps the company to make good decisions. Wal-Mart is the largest vendor
in the United States and has also expanded its market in twenty-eight countries around the
world. Now it was struggling to keep in top position because of the enormous competition
from other firms. It was, therefore, premeditated to use excessive amounts of the present
dataset from the past several years to analyze it using special research teams. This paper
examined the various elements of the e-commerce industry, the list of possible data produced
in e-commerce, the need for data analysis in e-commerce, the challenges of performing data
analysis in e-commerce, the technologies needed to achieve data analysis in e-commerce, how
companies use the dataset to survive on the market and how Wal-Mart company performs data
analytics to understand business scenario.
... WSN, Sensors 3 Watthanawisuth et al. [6] 2009 A real-time air monitoring system of microclimate WSN, ZigBee, SHT1 Sensors 4 Lu et al. [7] 2010 Environmental monitoring system GPRS, Sensors 5 Ehsan et al. [8] 2012 Delay-tolerant WSN for the monitoring and tracking of animals WSN, Sensors 6 Postolache et al. [9] 2013 Water quality assessment through the measurementof conductivity, temperature, and turbidity WSN, Sensors 7 Ferreet al. [10] 2013 online microclimate monitoring and control system for greenhouses WSN, Sensors 8 Minboet al. [11] 2013 IoT-based agricultural production system for stabilizing supply and demand for agricultural products WSN, Sensors, Predictive Analysis 9 Kyriazis et al. [12] 2013 Heat and electricity management & Eco-conscious cruise control for publictransportation GPS, WiFi, M2M, 10 Chen et al. [13] 2014 Monitoring multi-layer soil temperature and moisture in a farmland fields WSN, ZigBee, GPRS, Sensors 11 Fourati et al. [14] 2014 Web-based decision support system communicating with WSN for irrigation scheduling in fields WSN, Sensors 12 Khrijiet al. [15] 2014 Precision irrigation solution WSN, TelosB motes 13 Zaidi et al. [16] 2014 IoT Empowered Smart Lighting Ambiance and Proximity Sensors, PIR, Wifi, ZigBee, BLE 14 Skouby et al. [17] 2014 Smart Home and Smart City Solutions enabled by 5G, IoT, AAI and CoT Services ...
... WSN, Sensors 3 Watthanawisuth et al. [6] 2009 A real-time air monitoring system of microclimate WSN, ZigBee, SHT1 Sensors 4 Lu et al. [7] 2010 Environmental monitoring system GPRS, Sensors 5 Ehsan et al. [8] 2012 Delay-tolerant WSN for the monitoring and tracking of animals WSN, Sensors 6 Postolache et al. [9] 2013 Water quality assessment through the measurementof conductivity, temperature, and turbidity WSN, Sensors 7 Ferreet al. [10] 2013 online microclimate monitoring and control system for greenhouses WSN, Sensors 8 Minboet al. [11] 2013 IoT-based agricultural production system for stabilizing supply and demand for agricultural products WSN, Sensors, Predictive Analysis 9 Kyriazis et al. [12] 2013 Heat and electricity management & Eco-conscious cruise control for publictransportation GPS, WiFi, M2M, 10 Chen et al. [13] 2014 Monitoring multi-layer soil temperature and moisture in a farmland fields WSN, ZigBee, GPRS, Sensors 11 Fourati et al. [14] 2014 Web-based decision support system communicating with WSN for irrigation scheduling in fields WSN, Sensors 12 Khrijiet al. [15] 2014 Precision irrigation solution WSN, TelosB motes 13 Zaidi et al. [16] 2014 IoT Empowered Smart Lighting Ambiance and Proximity Sensors, PIR, Wifi, ZigBee, BLE 14 Skouby et al. [17] 2014 Smart Home and Smart City Solutions enabled by 5G, IoT, AAI and CoT Services ...
Life is made easy by a rising technology, the Internet of Things, which promised transformation in the way we work, we live, we play, we analyze and we think. The influence of IoT is seen everywhere today, from consumer products to military equipment, from motorbikes to airplanes, from manufacturing units to industries, and from daily use items to utility components and from house to smart cities. The everyday use objects which are being combined with Internet connection and data analytics capabilities guarantee ease of doing work, ease of living, ease of analyzing, ease of thinking and ease of playing. In essence, IoT provides a flat-form to interconnect various electronic devices through the Internet and open up a new world of possibilities. Mobiloitte is a leading complete service solution development company for IoT, AI, and BOTS along with other related areas with time, security, scale and performance as its focus points. The company strives for 'Top Notch Quality Work' and 'Complete Customer Satisfaction' as its business ethics. E3 – Experience, Excellence, and Exuberance is the company's work motto for the 'Go-to-Market Strategy' of the company to provide unique services and solutions to its customers and by that keeping itself in advantage position in the field competition. The company is equally comfortable working with different types of setups like Start-Ups, Small & Medium Enterprises, Large Enterprises, Development Sector, Public-Private Partnerships, and Governments. Completion of more than 5000 projects in a decade is a testimony to that. In this paper, we attempted to analyze various IoT solutions the company provides, highlight their technical backgrounds and list out their applications. At present, the company is providing IoT solutions in a large spectrum covering areas like surveillance, power, video inspection, customer feedback, marketing, skill-building, security, etc. Besides, this article also deliberates business challenges and potential solutions to provide different IoT based solutions appropriate to customer requirements and lists out emerging IoT technologies with a futuristic outline.
... The aim of this sub-domain is to evaluate and determine the air condition in order to prevent from damaging effects. In [25] an IoT-based agricultural air, humidity, and temperature monitoring system has been proposed. This system offers a real-time microclimate monitoring solution that is based on WSNs. ...
The growing demand for food in terms of quality and quantity has increased the need for industrialization and intensification in the agriculture field. Internet of Things (IoT) is a highly promising technology that is offering many innovative solutions to modernize the agriculture sector. Research institutions and scientific groups are continuously working to deliver solutions and products using IoT to address different domains of agriculture. This paper presents a systematic literature review (SLR) by conducting a survey of IoT technologies and their current utilization in different application domains of the agriculture sector. The underlying SLR has been compiled by reviewing research articles published in well-reputed venues between 2006 and 2019. A total of 67 papers were carefully selected through a systematic process and classified accordingly. The primary objective of this systematic study is the collection of all relevant research on IoT agricultural applications, sensors/devices, communication protocols, and network types. Furthermore, it also discusses the main issues and challenges that are being investigated in the field of agriculture. Moreover, an IoT agriculture framework has been presented that contextualizes the representation of a wide range of current solutions in the field of agriculture. Similarly, country policies for IoT-based agriculture have also been presented. Lastly, open issues and challenges have been presented to provide the researchers promising future directions in the domain of IoT agriculture.
... In this IoT system water quality measured through the assessment of temperature, conductivity, and turbidity. Watthanawisuth et al. (2009) Air monitoring ...
Purpose of Study: The IoT is an emerging field nowadays and that can be used anywhere in automation, agriculture, controlling as well as monitoring of any object, which exists in the real world. We have to make use of IoT in Agriculture to increase productivity. Agro-industry processes could be more efficient by using IoT. It gives automation to agro-industry by reducing human intervention. In the current scenario, the sometime farmer doesn’t know the current status of the soil moisture and other things related to their land and don’t produce productive results towards crops. The purpose of this research study is to explore the usage of IoT devices and application areas that are being used in agriculture.
Methodology: The methodology behind this study is to identify trends and review the open challenges, application areas and architectures for IoT in agro-industry. This survey is based on a systematic literature review where related research is grouped into four domains such as monitoring, control, prediction, and logistics.
Main Findings: This research study presents a detailed work of the eminent researchers and designs of computer architecture that can be applied in agriculture for smart farming. This research study also highlights various unfolded challenges of IoT in agriculture.
Implications: This study can be beneficial for farmers, researchers, and professionals working in agricultural institutions for smart farming.
Novelty/Originality of the study: Various eminent researchers have been making efforts for smart farming by using IoT concepts in agriculture. But, a bouquet of unfolded challenges is still in a queue for their effective solution. This study makes some efforts to discuss past research and open challenges in IoT based agriculture.
Keywords: Internet of Things, IoT, Agricultural, Sensor data, Smart farming, Crop Residue, QoS, Challenges, Applications.
... The smart farm concept is depicted in Figure 1. A smart farm environmental monitoring system based on ZigBee is seen as one of the most practical solutions to these various problems due to its reduced complication and lower cost (Watthanawisuth et al. 2009). ...
In this paper, we evaluated several network routing energy models for smart farm application with consideration of several factors, such as mobility, traffic size and node size using wireless ZigBee technology. The energy models considered are generic, MICA and Zigbee compliant MICAz models. Wireless sensor networks deployment under several scenarios are considered in this paper, taken into account commercial farm specification with varying complex network deployment circumstances to further understand the energy constraint and requirement of the smart farm application. Several performance indicators, such as packet delivery ratio, throughput, jitter and the energy consumption are evaluated and analysed. The simulation result shows that both throughput and packet delivery ratio increases as the nodes density is increased, indicating that, smart farm network with higher nodes density have a superior Quality of Service (QoS) than networks with sparsely deployed nodes. It is also revealed that traffic from the mobile nodes causes increase in the energy consumption, overall network throughput, average end-to-end delay and average jitter, compared to static nodes traffic. Based on the results obtained, the Generic radio energy models consumed the highest total energy, while MICAz energy consumption model offers the least consumption, having the lowest ‘Idle’ and ‘receive’ modes consumption. The MICAz model also has the lowest total consumed energy as compared with the other energy models, suggesting that it is the most suitable energy model that should be adopted for future smart farm deployment.
... • Air monitoring: This subsection is adopted to appraise the environmental parameters by performing periodic measurement of fluctuations in nature, which is used to mitigate the damage of environmental resources and additionally incorporated as a biological system or the biosphere as an entirety to determine conceivable changes. For example, in [10] an agriculture-IoT framework was formulated with humidity sensors and temperature sensors (SHT15) fueled solaroriented boards. In [11], an ecological checking framework is proposed in light of GPRS innovation for observing apple plantations. ...
Cloud computing (CC) enables enumerable services to manipulate sensor data generated from X-internet of things (IoT) applications. It is accomplished by selecting an accurate decision-making system, sensors, and VMs. This paper reviews energy-efficient sensor, resource-based VM selection approaches for X-IoT applications. It is prompted to distinguish measurement functions, architectures, VM scheduling mechanism challenges. The first field was surveyed to identify the technical measurement variables of agriculture and the second field to distinguish the difficulties of sensor selection, communication impact on the rate of sensor data generation. The last field represents VM consolidation approaches based on a type of task, resource, and energy utilization rate impact on balancing the resources of VMs during sudden changes in the network field. The precise implementation details of selected articles are bounded with sensor energy consumption, edge computing modules, and communication strategies. The outcomes of investigation consolidate a sensor-cloud framework that implies prevailing solution to CC for X-IoT.
