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Due to the many benefits provided by both the third-generation (3G) mobile networks and the IEEE 802.11 wireless local area networks (WLANs), it is desirable to integrate both types of networks. While studies specifying generic integration architectures are abundant, there are little or no studies that are dedicated for applications performance ove...
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... runs were conducted for different integration settings. As shown in Table 2 the Mobile IP provides faster handover than mSCTP since mSCTP handover traffic is performed with application server. In addition, mSCTP over loose coupling produce very high handover delay when compared to other settings. ...
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It is with no doubt that recent trends indicate that cellular networks based on the 3G standards and wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) coexist to offer multimedia services to end users. However, while users roam throughout this heterogeneous network, they should be automatically and transparently switched from one access technology to another su...
Wireless community these days debate frequently about convergence (next generation) network, a wireless system that is likely to appear after the successful deployment of the current third-generation (3G) systems. Towards convergence of various wireless networks, the integration of universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and wireless local...
Citations
... In this paper authors have presented different architectures for the dynamic home agent placement, so that Mobile Ip can be supported for heterogenous roaming. Results obtained by them shows that UMTS gives poor performance while WLAN provides average outcome.Marwan Abu-Amara et al [9], implemented loose coupling and tight coupling schemes. Along with these integration methods they have considered Mobile IP and mSCTP as the mobility schemes. ...
A promising next generation wireless network model would combine the benefits of third generation cellular networks with those of Wireless Local Area networks. Integration of the wide geographical range of the former and the high data rates of the latter would provide hotspots with unprecedented capabilities that would revolutionize wireless communication. The achievement of these objectives crucially involves the development of integration architecture. Factors such as authentication, cost-performance benefit, security, accounting, handoff latency, mobility support, and billing mechanisms decide the integration point. In this article, we review two existing 3G-WLAN integration architectures: Tight and Loose Coupling. The study is performed via experimental simulation tests using OPNET in settings where the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Network (UMTS) network connects to a WLAN network at different integration points. These are the Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) and the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN). Simulations of the two integration schemes studied measure the parameters and the application delays that occur in cases of direct communication across the UMTS-WLAN networks without first accessing external data networks. The results obtained from this study are compared. The application types studied include FTP, HTTP and VOIP. The parameters measured include load, throughput and end-to-end packet delay.
... Results obtained by them shows that UMTS gives poor performance while WLAN provides average outcome. Marwan Abu-Amara et al[9], implemented two different integration schemes .i.e. loose coupling and tight coupling. ...
Integration of different networks in real-time scenario can provide more benefits related to speed, bandwidth, and connectivity. UMTS and WLAN are two different types of networks with varying specifications. Integrating both the networks will be helpful in making use of all the features simultaneously WLAN networks provide higher data rate but cover smaller areas, while UMTS offers better connectivity with low-speed data rates and also covers larger areas at a time. It means integration of these services can provide higher speed wireless data services with ubiquitous connectivity. This paper focuses on implementing integrated UMTS–WLAN architecture using IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) as an intermediate network. IMS enables the user to switch from one network to another without interrupting a call. The main purpose of using IMS is to minimize the delay incurred during the hand off process and also the authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) process servers are inbuilt in its architecture. In this paper, integrating architecture has been implemented by two methods named as loose coupling and tight coupling. To compare the effect of using IMS, different scenarios with and without IMS have been simulated in OPNET Modeler 14. Comparison has been made on the basis of response time and download time for web browsing and FTP applications.
... RNC performs mobility management, encryption and radio resource management. Mobile users also access wireless network provided by node-B [11]. ...
Heterogeneous network designing involves some interworking issues such as seamless handoff or roaming, mobility management, security and charging problems etc. The integration of WLAN and UMTS network is probable to create more opportunities for service providers to provide enhanced services to customers. There are mainly three issues measured to obtain seamless continuity: interworking architecture, fast inter-system handovers and real time services similar (QoS) in both networks. This paper focuses on exploring enhancement in the service domain through the hybrid architecture (hybrid of loose coupling and tight coupling) compare to individual architecture based interworking between UMTS and WLAN. The loose coupling internetworking architecture, though it is simplest and easy to deploy, offer increased handover latency reducing QoS by way of delayed services. Under tight coupling internetworking system, users of WLAN are able to get the services of UMTS with guaranteed QoS along with seamless mobility. On other hand the capacity of UMTS core network nodes may not handle/manage bulky data traffic from WLAN because of the fact that UMTS core network nodes are primarily designed to handle/manage circuit voice calls or short packets. Based on the traffic type, a hybrid coupling scheme differentiates the data paths. The data path for real time traffic is taken up tightly coupled network architecture while non-real time traffic/bulky traffic is taken up loosely coupled network architecture to enhance over all service level.
... Roaming around APs is done in layer-2 via an Inter-AP Protocol (IAPP). [9] Beacons contains cell-id called as the AP's MAC address and network-id called as Extended Service Set Identifier (ESSID) are periodically generated by the AP's along with other information. When WLAN is switched on, the MN gets connected to the AP by transmitting an associate request frame to an AP. ...
all over the world want to stay connected by audio as well as video services.3G provide this facility. WLAN provides better data speeds at lower rates. In a wireless network various multiple access technologies such as wireless LAN and UMTS are used because cellular networks like UMTS provide various voice and data services and WLAN provides high speed. Integration of these two allows operators to deploy low cost and high speed WLAN to cover hotspot. Furthermore the architecture of WLAN and UMTS integration allows mobile nodes to continue data connection (ps) through WLAN and voice connection (cs) in parallel. In this paper WLAN and UMTS architecture along with its advantages and handover scheme is being proposed.
... Salkintzis also discussed authentication, authorisation, accounting (AAA) signaling for interworking 3G/WLAN rather than analysing performance. Finally, Abu-Amara, et al. [11] present the performance of loose coupling and open coupling with two mobility schemes. ...
... Salkintzis also discussed authentication, authorisation, accounting (AAA) signaling for interworking 3G/WLAN rather than analysing performance. Finally, Abu-Amara, et al. [11] present the performance of loose coupling and open coupling with two mobility schemes. The results presented by Abu-Amara, et al. provided the motivation to analyse the performance of loose coupling and tight coupling with various internet applications. ...
It is a universally stated design requirement that next generation mobile systems will be compatible and inter-operable with IPv6 and with various access technologies such as 802.11x. The current growth of WLANs worldwide has yielded a demand to integrate with existing 3G mobile technologies. Interworking incorporates all of the best features of an individual network into a single integrated system thus providing ubiquitous data services with high data rates in WLAN hotspots. The attempt to build hybrid networks has been linked with many technical challenges such as seamless vertical handovers across WLAN/3G radio technologies, security, common authentication, unified accounting & billing, etc. This paper evaluates the performance of two 3G/WLAN integration schemes: Tight and Loose Coupling. Mobile IP is used as a mobility management scheme and EAP-AKA for common authentication.
... Related works performed vertical handover simulation in 4G networks using NS-2 [2], Opnet [3] and Matlab [4] were found, but not in NCTUns and the tool does not have a component by vertical handover. Our objective is to include this component within the tool, using a NCTUns API and scripts have written in C and PERL languages. ...
This paper presents the simulation of Vertical Handover Algorithms (VHA) using NCTUns and tested them on scenarios with WiFi/GPRS or WiFi/WiMAX Mobile networks: The first evaluates parameters such as the network bandwidth, economic cost of the connection and the mobile node mobility and uses a cost function to evaluate candidate networks. The second one is based on application requirements such as bandwidth, latency and % packet loss rate. The third one organizes the nodes connections to balance the load on connection points, optimize battery consumption, or both. We developed several scripts in C and PERL language for inclusion in the tool like other components and use a NCTUns API to communicate with the simulation engine. In simulation scenario we use the multi-interface node for Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) networks or a node for each technology, but they behave as a single node with multiple interfaces. Simulations results are used to analyze the VHAs performance measuring handover delay, number of avoided handovers and computational cost of the algorithms.
The decrease in internet delivery in vertical handover between
universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and wireless LAN has
liquidated some establishments that studiedly depend on it for the growth of
their establishment. This is caused by congestion, interference, and low
throughput that deter internet delivery. Meanwhile, this is overcome by
introducing the development of an intelligent model for an increased
internet delivery in vertical handover between universal mobile
telecommunication system (UMTS) and wireless LAN. To achieve this it is
done in this manner, characterizing the delay in vertical handover between
universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and wireless LAN
(WLAN), determining the low throughput and low SNR that causes such
delay, and designing a vertical rule base that monitors the causes of the
delay in vertical hand over and improves its internet delivery, training ANN
in the vertical rule base for an improved vertical hand over and data
delivery, developing an algorithm that will implement it for an improved
handover. Then, design a SIMULINK model for the development of an
intelligent model for an increased internet delivery in vertical handover
between universal mobile telecommunication system (UMTS) and wireless
LAN and validate and justify the performance improvement of vertical
handover between universal mobile telecommunication systems (UMTS)
and wireless LAN (WLAN) with and without a developed intelligent model.
The results obtained are the highest conventional delay occurred on day 6
and is 16 while when the developed intelligent model is incorporated into the
system on the same day is reduced to13.76, in the wireless LAN (WLAN) the
In these days, telecommunication services such as video on demand, music download, video streaming, video conferencing and VoIP are becoming part of user's daily activities. These applications demand high-quality service, particularly for voice and real-time sessions. So it is very important to increase the quality of data for telecommunication as well as the seamless connectivity between the users. The rapid evolution of wireless and mobile communication technologies raises the challenge of satisfying different technology features in a unified architecture. For example, while WLAN technologies provide QoS and high data rates, they lack the wide coverage and powerful mobility management supported by UMTS. On the other hand, UMTS users suffer from lower QoS compared to WLAN. Looking at the combined benefit of both heterogeneous networks is the motivating factor of UMTS/MANET integration, the very hot research topic in the literature. This paper proposes different solutions for UMTS/MANET integration; the solution is based on an implementation of two coupling schemes that are later enhanced to support handover solutions. The work involves network simulation and comparative analysis for the proposed solutions, as well. We took into consideration the routing protocols so the AODV was chosen as one of the best protocols to use in the MANET network, also the EIGRP to use in UMTS network.
The future generation of wireless system is expected to provide multimedia, multi class services any time anywhere with seamless mobility and Quality of Service (QoS). In such environment, optimal vertical handoff latency plays an important and challenging role to guarantee seamless mobility. In this paper, we present study of inter mobility between integrated UMTS and WLAN network. The impact of network traffic load, application types and speed of mobile node on the performance of downward vertical handoff latency is investigated. Network layer handoff latency optimization with adjusting RA (router advertisement) delay is also analyzed. The simulation is carried out using simulator ns-2.29 with NIST add on module.
