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Habitus of representative species of Pimelia included in this study: A, P. (Amblypteraca) chrysomeloides fornicata (Portugal: Troia); B, P. (Amblypteraca) chrysomeloides chrysomeloides (Spain: Málaga: Torre de la Sal); C, P. (Ambypteraca) rotundipennis (Morocco: El Ghazoua); D, P. (Ambypteraca) fairmairii (Morocco: Ounagha); E, P. (Amblyptera) scabrosa (Spain: Cádiz: Tarifa, Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Luz); F, P. (Amblyptera) tristis (Morocco: Moulay Bouzerktoun); G, P. (Magrebmelia) maura (Spain: Cádiz: Medina Sidonia); H, P. (Magrebmelia) escalerai (Spain: Ceuta: Desnarigado-Monte Hacho); I, P. (Magrebmelia) thomsoni (Morocco: Djebel Siroua). Photographs by M.G-.P. and J.L.R.
Source publication
The geographic distribution of a species is shaped by its biology and by environmental and palaeogeographic factors that interact at different spatial-temporal scales, which leads to distributions and diversification patterns observed between and within lineages. The darkling beetle genus Pimelia has been diversifying for more than 31.2 Mya showing...
Contexts in source publication
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... beetles of the genus Pimelia Fabricius, 1775 (Tenebrionidae) ( Fig. 1) are flightless and poor dispersers (Fattorini, 2008), which has resulted in high endemicity levels in the Mediterranean Basin ( Papadopoulou et al., 2009;Mas-Peinado et al., 2018). Pimelia is one of the most diverse genera of Pimeliini Latreille, 1802. It consists of approximately 324 species, in 14 subgenera, distributed mainly in ...
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... Coll. Reitter, Pimelia scabrosa fornicatiformis det. dr. Kaszab: 10 exx. (MTM) (Fig. 10C); Casablanca// Cotypus P. sculptilis Reitt. Coll.Reitter// P. rotundipen. v. simonis Sen. det. ...
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... state reconstruction based on mtDNA located the ancestral area of P. chrysomeloides in north-western Morocco, most likely in the Kenitra/La Mamora area ( Supporting Information, Fig. S1). Two dispersal events from north-western Morocco to the Iberian Peninsula were identified for this group. ...
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... TMRCA for these two lineages occurred around 2.5 Mya (95% HPD: 1.2-3.7 Myr) and, thus, this dispersal event necessarily occurred after this date (Pleistocene). The second event involved the populations of P. chrysomeloides chrysomeloides currently found on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar (Málaga and Cádiz on the Spanish side and Tangier in Morocco) ( Supporting Information, Fig. S1), which form a well-supported monophyletic group. The TMRCA of this clade can be traced back to 340 000 yr (95% HPD: 150 000-586 000 yr), which suggests a recent dispersion and establishment of the southern Iberian populations. ...
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... time estimates placed the TMRCA of P. chrysomeloides at 4.23 Mya (95% HPD: 2.58-5.67) ( Fig. 5; Supporting Information, Fig. S1), P. scabrosa at 1.67 Mya (95% HPD: 0.92-2.56) ( Supporting Information, Fig. S2) and P. maura at 1.65 Mya (95% HPD: 0.98-2.60), all of them around the Plio/ Pleistocene (Supporting Information, Table S4) and in concordance with a previous phylogeographic study (Stroscio et al., 2011). Pimelia chrysomeloides showed an abrupt ...
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... chrysomeloides showed an abrupt demographic decline around 500 000 years ago ( Supporting Information, Fig. S3). Pimelia scabrosa and P. chrysomeloides showed signals of demographic (1-3), which indicate diversification routes of Amblypteraca (red) and Amblyptera (blue) throughout the western Mediterranean Basin since the Early Miocene, based on biogeographical reconstructions of western Mediterranean Pimelia ( Mas-Peinado et al., 2018). Maps 1-3 modified from Andeweg (2002); Meulenkamp & Sissingh (2003). ...
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... evolutionary history of Pimelia in the western Mediterranean Basin is one of intricate intraspecific processes occurring in a complex palaeobiogeographic scenario. Our phylogenetic and biogeographic analyses suggest that the Strait of Gibraltar has functioned as either a historical geographic barrier or alternatively (1, 2), which indicate diversification route of Magrebmelia throughout the western Mediterranean Basin since the Early Miocene [East lineage (red) and South lineage (purple)], based on biogeographical reconstructions of western Mediterranean Pimelia ( Mas- Peinado et al., 2018). Populations morphologically assignable to P. xauenensis but related to P. mauritanica are indicated by specimen numbers. ...
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... the syntype specimen from Portugal, pointed out by , is available for lectotype designation, the morphology of which is that of a characteristic Iberian P. maura. As we indicated previously, there is solid evidence to consider that this specimen is part of the type series of P. maura, in accordance with Article 72.4.1.1 of the ICZN (ICZN, 1999). The designation of a lectotype is necessary for the taxonomic purpose of fixing the name-bearing type of the nominal taxon P. maura, since our results separate North African and Iberian populations into two differentiated species. ...
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... designate as lectotype of P. maura (by present designation) the specimen labelled Pimelia maura Sol T Portugal J 66 (round white-yellowish label, handwritten) // Maura Portugal (rectangular whiteyellowish label, printed) // Muséum Paris Coll. Solier ICZN (ICZN, 1999), this designation entails that the type locality of P. maura becomes 'Portugal' and thus, the name must be solely applied to the Iberian populations. ...
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... conducted a comparative morphological revision of the type series of P. escalerai and the specimens from Tangiers assigned to P. maura by these authors (Fig. 10E, F), together with a large series from Ceuta (more than 30 specimens). We conclude that there are no significant morphological differences between them, and that discriminated differences (elongated elytra and shorter pronotum) that are part of the intraspecific variability of P. escalerai within the Tingitanian Peninsula. In addition, ...
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... species are so far included in Magrebmelia: Pimelia (Magrebmelia) atlantis Solier, 1836, Pimelia (Magrebmelia) boyeri Solier, 1836, Pimelia (Magrebmelia) escalerai Castro Tovar & Ferrer, 2012 maura, Pimelia (Magrebmelia) mauritanica Solier, 1836, Pimelia (Magrebmelia) thomsoni Nevinson, 1889 and Pimelia (Magrebmelia) xauenensis Escalera, 1923 (Fig. 10D). Additional material is necessary to resolve the relationships between P. mauritanica and the genetically diverse populations included within P. ...
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Aim: The contributions of historical biogeography, morphology and climatic niche evolution in shaping species diversification have been typically examined separately. To fill this gap, we assessed the relative role of geologic history, environment and phenotypic trait evolution in lineage diversification of green lizards in the Mediterranean biodiversity hotspot.
Location: Eurasia and North Africa.
Taxon: Green lizards (genera Timon and Lacerta).
Methods: For all green lizard lineages, we characterized distributional ranges and external morphological traits across discrete biogeographical areas, occupied macro-habitats and climatic niches using environmental variables that represent average and extreme climatic conditions. To assess the contribution of geographical factors in shaping diversity patterns, we evaluated the fit of 24 biogeographical models. We used BAMM and estimated phylogenetic signal to assess the rates of lineage diversification and of pheno-typic and climatic niche evolution, and to determine whether these processes occurred steadily or at specific time periods as a response to palaeogeological or palaeoclimatic events. Finally, we tested for associations between phenotypic traits and lineage diversification using trait-dependent diversification analyses (QuaSSE, ES-sim and STRAPP).
Results: Biogeographical analyses favoured a dispersal-vicariance model explaining speciation patterns in green lizards, including jump dispersal and constrained dispersal by geographical distance. Lineages accumulated gradually towards the present, with minor divergence in morphological traits and conservatism of climatic niches. In contrast, in the Lacerta agilis lineage, niche evolution may have allowed expansion towards colder environments. Morphological and climatic niche evolution were un-coupled from diversification rates.
Main Conclusions: Biogeographical processes largely explain the constant lineage diversification of green lizards in the Mediterranean Basin since the Miocene, followed by gradual phenotypic divergence unrelated to cladogenesis. Climatic niche conservatism promoted the accumulation of lineages within the Mediterranean, except for L. agilis, where climatic niche evolution might underpin its range spread towards higher latitudes. K E Y W O R D S climatic niche evolution, dispersal, diversity hotspot, integrative biogeography, Lacerta, phylogenetic comparative methods, Timon
