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Habit of Scleropyrenium. A-D, S. japonicum (A-B, thalli with perithecia, holotype; C-D, thalli lacking perithecia, Harada 8868); E-F, S. kurokawae (holotype).
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The genus Dermatocarpon and its allied genera of the lichen family Verrucariaceae in Japan are taxonomically revised. Eleven species belonging to the following five genera are recognized: Catapyrenium Flotow, Dearmatocarpella Harada, Dermatocarpon Eschweiler, Neocatapyrenium Harada, and Scleropyrenium Harada. Of these genera, three are described as...
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A revision of lichenicolous fungi on Verrucaria s. lat. in Ukraine is provided. As a result, 12 species of lichenicolous fungi on Verrucaria s. lat. are reported from Ukraine. Among them, Zwackhiomyces khodosovtsevii on Verrucaria cf. nigrescens is described as new to science and Lichenopeltella coppinsii on V. muralis, Stigmidium marinum on V. muc...
Citations
... 筆頭著者は，日本産のアナイボゴケ科の広義カワイ ワタケ属 Dermatocarpon s.lat. の分類学的検討を行っ た 結 果，Dermatocarpon s.str., Catapyrenium, Dermatocarpella, Neocatapyrenium, Scleropyrenium の 5 属 に 分 割し，計 11 種を認 めた (Harada 1993 ...
Placidium squamulosum in the family Verrucariaceae is reported from Chiba-ken, central Japan, with a detailed description and illustrations. (In Japanese)/ドロヒメカワイワタケ(子嚢地衣類，アナイボゴケ科)は千葉県 に産す．Lichenology 22 (1·2): 37-42. / ドロヒメカワイワタケ Placidium squamulosum の千葉県内における生育を確認した．この標本に基づく詳細な記載と図を示す．本種は国内では石灰岩生と考えられていたが，石灰岩地ではない千葉県において発見されたことは特筆に値する．
... According to the previous research of lichenized, lichenicolous, and allied fungi for Iran, 15 species of Verrucaria have been documented (Seaward et al., 2008;Sohrabi, 2005;Valadbeigi & Sipman, 2010). Nine species of this genus transfer to genera Bagliettoa, Placopyrenium, Verrucula, Verruculopsis, Heteroplacidium and Placidiopsis (Breuss, 1996;Gueidan et al., 2009;Harada, 1993). Considering the variety of climates and the vastness of Iran, the species diversity of this family appears to be much higher (Kamyabi Abkouh et al., 2020). ...
This study focused on the taxonomic evaluation of the genus Verrucaria Shrad (Ascomycota, Verrucariaceae) in northeast Iran. Lichen samples were collected from the Khorasan Razavi province and their morphological, anatomical, and ecological characteristics were investigated. According to the result, the species Verrucaria ahtii Pykälä, Launis and Myllys, Verrucaria cataleptoides (Nyl.) Nyl., Verrucaria dolosa Hepp., Verrucaria hochstetteri Fr., and Verrucaria muralis Ach., are new records from Iran.
... Since it regularly experiences water level fluctuations, it is also considered a "subaquatic" lichen [2,9]. Dermatocarpon species remained poorly studied due to the lack of uniform, discrete characters, and morphological variability [1,18]. The recent morphological and molecular studies have addressed the various fundamental questions about evolution, diversity, and phylogenetic position of the genera [1,7,9,16,20,43]. ...
... The thallus is monophyllous or polyphyllous, umbilicate, up to 5 cm across, the upper surface of the thallus is grey, lower surface light brown to brown, lacunose, or wrinkled and lacking rhizines. The lower cortex of the thallus is Dermatocarpon-type (sensu Harada [18]). Perithecia numerous, immersed, ostiole brown to dark brown; ascospores hyaline, simple, sometimes with one pseudo septa, broadly ellipsoidal, 10.2-13.5 × 6.1-7.9 µm. ...
The genus Dermatocarpon (Verrucariaceae) is a rock-inhabiting lichen, mostly grows along the edges of lakes, rivers, streams, and watercourses. Dermatocarpon species are widely distributed from the tropics to the polar regions. In present study, D. miniatum samples were collected from the Indian Himalayas; the mycobiont and their photobionts are identified using morphological and molecular methods. The ITS rDNA markers was amplified for the DNA extracted from cultured photobiont isolates and mycobiont. The light and confocal laser scanning microscope were used for morphological evaluation of the photobionts. The nuclear ITS rDNA gene of the mycobionts and photobionts were sequenced to confirm identity. The phylogenetic trees of mycobionts and photobionts were constructed using the Maximum likelihood method that revealed an evolutionary affinity of lichen D. miniatum and photobiont Diplosphaera chodatii with similar taxa. The D. chodatii (Trebouxiophyceae) was associated with all samples of D. miniatum. This study concludes that Diplosphaera chodatii is the primary photobiont associated with D. miniatum. To the best of our knowledge this is the first study of diversity for the photobiont associated with D. miniatum from India.
... Dermatocarpon is a monophyletic genus in the family Verrucariaceae with a distinctly foliose thallus (Gueidan et al. 2009). Many Dermatocarpon species are typical elements of lichen communities on either seeping rock or in streams and on lake margins, with thalli sometimes reaching up to several centimetres in diameter (Harada 1993;Orange & Coppins 2009;Heiðmarsson 2017). Aquatic and subaquatic species of Dermatocarpon have often been used as diagnostic species to define the zones of characteristic lichen vegetation units, defined by the length and frequency of hydration periods (Ried 1960a, b;Rosentreter 1984;Gilbert & Giavarini 1997, 2000Krzewicka et al. 2017). ...
Temperature preferences and small-scale distribution patterns of four Dermatocarpon taxa in the catchment areas of two Bulgarian rivers were analyzed. Taxa with an overall alpine or arctic-alpine distribution were restricted to microhabitats with the lowest water and rock surface temperatures. A trend for increasing Dermatocarpon rivulorum thallus diameter and colony size (aggregates of thalli) with decreasing temperature was identified. Data on pH and conductivity of the water for the study sites are provided for all taxa. Dermatocarpon arnoldianum is reported for the first time from Bulgaria, confirmed by ITS sequence data, and its known range extends to South-East Europe. All previous records of D. rivulorum from Bulgaria were based on misidentified specimens of D. arnoldianum . Freshwater taxa of Dermatocarpon are proposed as a tool for monitoring the biological effects of temperature changes due to global climate change. Thallus and colony size are recommended as additional features for monitoring populations of threatened Dermatocarpon species.
... The lichen nomenclature follows Nordin et al. (2011a) and some other works (Darbishire 1909;Oxner 1933;Harada 1993;Moberg 1995;Makarova 2004;Blanco et al. 2004;Sipman 2006;Hafellner & Türk 2016). Description. ...
Fifty-six species of saxicolous lichens are reported for the first time from the Kodar Range. Circinaria scyphulifera is described as new to science. Aspicilia nikrapensis and Fuscidea submollis are new for Russia; Aspicilia sublapponica , Lepra monogona and Thelignya lignyota are new for southern Siberia; and 35 species of saxicolous lichens are reported for the first time for the Stanovoye Nagor’e highlands. Fuscopannaria ahlneri alredy appears in the Red Data Book of the Trans-Baikal Territory.
... Ephebe brasiliensis, Jenmannia goebeli, J. osorioii, Rinodina rivularis, Staurothele diffractella, Verrucaria laevatoides), but no ecological studies or surveys specifically dedicated to freshwater lichens have been carried out and species numbers are certainly much higher than currently known. In Asia important taxonomic accounts, ecological notes and biogeographic information can be found for Japan (Yoshimura 1963;Harada 1992Harada , 1993Harada , 1996a and for Yunnan in China (Harada and Wang 1996, 2006a, b, 2008 and other species not found in temperate areas, but as one moves towards the humid tropics, the percentage of species found in other climatic zones drops further. Of the ten species identified by Zahlbruckner (1934) from Indonesian collections at elevations of 500-1700 m, only two are reported from other tropical countries and none from temperate areas. ...
Lichens are symbiotic systems consisting of a dominating fungus, one or several photosynthetic active algae or cyanobacteria and co-inhabitants such as heterotrophic bacteria and further fungi. Their balanced composition of two to many different organisms makes lichens miniaturised ecosystems in themselves (Seaward 1988). They are distinguished from other fungal-algal associations by the dominating role of the fungus, the exhabitant, which provides the overall form and structure of the lichen, over the photobiont, the inhabitant surrounded by the fungal hyphae (Hawksworth and Honegger 1994). Furthermore, fungi and heterotrophic bacteria can co-inhabit the symbiotic structure as parasites or saprophytes (Hodkinson and Lutzoni 2009; Bates et al. 2011; Bjelland et al. 2011). Lichenisation is a successful mode of nutrition for c. 40% of all known ascomycetes, but only for a small percentage of basidiomycetes. Hawksworth (2000), mostly based on morphological characters, estimated there to be c. 13.500 lichenised fungi, but the rapidly increasing number of taxonomic revisions via molecular markers has revealed a large number of new cryptic and semi-cryptic species (Crespo and Lumbsch 2010). Recent examples of such speciation in freshwater lichens were demonstrated for Peltigera (Lendemer and O'Brien 2011) and Hydropunctaria (Orange 2012). Based on a case study on the family Lobariaceae, the number of phylogenetic species of lichenised fungi may be exceptionally four to five times higher than previous estimates for some genera (Moncada et al. 2013).
Lichenisation, mainly in the Ascomycota, has independently evolved on several occasions (Lutzoni et al. 2001), but there is no clear evidence if or how often this occurred on land or in aquatic environments. Today the vast majority of lichenised fungi are restricted to terrestrial environments and their thalli disintegrate or are quickly taken over by non-symbiotic fungi if they are fully hydrated for extended periods of time. Among the Ascomycota, the Verrucariales and Lichinales stand out as the orders which contribute the highest numbers of species to freshwater habitats and include most of the dominating lichens in the permanently submerged zone. A few lineages of fully aquatic lichens have also evolved several times independently in the Peltigerales (e.g. Collema dichotomum, Peltigera hydrothyria). Further taxa in the Pertusariales, Peltigerales and Ostropales can be important in sub-aquatic habitats, but most other orders are represented by only a few species or are entirely absent in aquatic and sub-aquatic environments. The Lecanorales, the largest order of mostly lichenised Ascomycota, is remarkable for the poor representation of its members in freshwater habitats.
The number of truly aquatic lichens in permanently submerged habitats is small, with less than ten species in temperate areas of the Northern Hemisphere confirmed as capable of surviving several years of submersion. About 170 species worldwide are more or less restricted to freshwater habitats, but these are typically at most temporarily immersed, being best characterised as amphibious or sub-aquatic. However, together with other taxa with wider ecological amplitude but regularly present in semi-aquatic habitats, the total number of described freshwater lichens in this wide sense (Keller 2000) comes close to 250 species. Furthermore, freshwater lichens are host to more than 20 species of lichenicolous fungi, a remarkably high percentage of which belong to the family Verrucariaceae, probably due to physiological adaptations of the fungi in this family to a pronounced gas diffusion-limited micro-environment. It could also reflect a facilitated interaction with the dominating photobionts (Diplosphaera, Dilabifilum, Heterococcus) in freshwater Verrucariaceae by parasites which have evolved in the same family and which may still retain relevant physiological traits to access these unusual algal groups as a food source. This fascinating hypothesis requires further studies since these parasitic fungi could have evolved from ancestors which have used the same algae as their current hosts Convergent evolution of similar morphologies is common in freshwater lichens and traditional species delimitations are in need of revision based on molecular markers. Hence, all estimates of species diversity in freshwater habitats are still highly uncertain. Specialised aquatic lichens in temperate areas are often associated with algal taxa which are not found in lichens from other habitats, but little is known on the algal partners of aquatic lichens in other parts of the world. Decline and recovery of aquatic and amphibious lichens as a result of environmental changes have been analysed in various countries of temperate areas in the Northern Hemisphere, but data and conservation strategies are largely lacking for subtropical and tropical areas, as well as for temperate areas in the Southern Hemisphere. Freshwater lichens have been proposed as biological indicators of water level fluctuations, stream-bed stability, acidity, water quality, silting, and as passive monitors for heavy metals. Since there is a general similarity of life-forms of freshwater lichens across the world in comparable habitats, there is the potential to develop standards for globally applicable methodologies using freshwater lichens as bioindicators.
... In external morphology, the new taxon is also confused with Neocatapyrenium cladonioideum (Vain.) Harada and Scleropyrenium kurokawae Harada [6]. ...
In this paper, we describe Endocarpon subramulosum as a new species from temperate regions of South Korea, which grows over soil on rocks. The proposed new species is morphologically similar to E. ramulosum Harada, which has so far been reported from Japan.
... The terminology used in the descriptions and the explanations above follow: in case of thallus Nash (2008); cortex, Gueiden et al. (2007); medulla, Thüs and Schultz (2008); hamathecium, Orange (2008); conidiomata, Harada (1993). ...
... Ascospores simple, rounded to ellipsoid, of size variable between species or populations, but in general characterized by a median length greater than 12 μm and a length/width ratio greater than 2, without halo. Conidiomata sometimes present, Staurothele-type (Harada 1993), conidia simple, bacilliform, 3-4.5 × 1-1.5 μm. ...
... It has black-bordered areoles attached to the substrate by short stipe-like holdfasts. The pycnidia are of Dermatocarpon-type (Harada 1993). According to Roux (unpubl., see Gueidan et al. 2009), the hamathecium of P. bucekii is composed, as in all Verrucariaceae, of periphyses (very diffi cult to observe and not seen in Ménard & Roux 1995) and of short periphysoids. ...
A taxonomic treatment of the genus Verrucaria s.l. in Poland is provided, based on a study of ca 1700 specimens from Polish and foreign herbaria. A total of 62 species belonging to seven genera currently separated within Verrucaria s.l. are presented including two new combinations, Verruculopsis minutum (Hepp) Krzewicka and Parabagliettoa disjuncta (Arnold) Krzewicka. The following genera and species are recognized in the study area: Bagliettoa - B. baldensis (A. Massal.) Vězda, B. calciseda (DC.) Gueidan & CI. Roux, B. marmorea (Scop.) Gueidan & CI. Roux, B. parmigerella (Zahlbr.) Vězda & Poelt; Hydropunctaria - H. maura (Wahlenb.) Keller, Gueidan & Thüs, H. rheitrophila (Zschacke) Keller, Gueidan & Thüs, H. scabra (Vězda) Keller, Gueidan & Thüs; Parabagliettoa - P. cyanea (A. Massal.) Gueidan & CI. Roux, P. disjuncta, P. dufourii (DC.) Gueidan & CI. Roux; Placopyrenium - P. canellum (Nyl.) Gueidan & CI. Roux, P.fuscellum (Turner) Gueidan & CI. Roux, P. trachyticum (Hazsl.) Breuss; Verrucaria - V. acrotella auct., V. amylacea Hepp, V. andesiatica Servít, V. aquatitis Mudd, V. bryoctona (Th.Fr.) Orange, V. caerulea DC, V. cataleptoides (Nyl.) Nyl., V. cernaensis Zschacke, V. cincta Hepp, V. denudata Zschacke, V. dolosa Hepp, V. elaeina Borrer, V. elaeomelaena (A. Massal.) Arnold, V.funckii (Spreng.) Zahlbr., V. hochstetteri Fr., V. latebrosa Körb., V. macrostoma DC, V. maculiformis Kremp., V. madida Orange, V. margacea (Wahlenb.) Wahlenb., V. muralis Ach., V. myrioearpa Hepp, V. nigrescens Pers., V. nigroumbrina (A. Massal.) Servít, V. obfuscans (Nyl.) Nyl., V. ochrostoma Borrer, V. pachyderma (Arnold) Arnold, V. pinguicula A. Massal., V. policensis Servít, V.polonica J. Nowak, V.polysticta Borrer, V. praetermissa (Trevisan) Anzi, V. procopii Servít, V. sphaerospora Anzi, V. sublobulata Servít, V. submauroides auct., V. submersella Servít, V. tectorum (A. Massal.) KCrb., V. tristis (A. Massal.) Kremp., V. umbrinula Nyl., V. viridicans Servít, V. viridula (Schrad.) Ach., V. xyloxena Norman; Verrucula - V. elegantaria (Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & CI. Roux, V. helvetica (B. de Lesd.) Nav.-Ros. & CI. Roux, V. polycarparia Nav.-Ros. & CI. Roux, V. protearia (Zehetl.) Nav.-Ros. & CI. Roux; and Verruculopsis - V. lecideoides (A. Massal.) Gueidan & CI. Roux, V. minutum. Three species, Parabagliettoa disjuncta, Verrucula elegantaria and V. polycarparia are reported for the first time from Poland. Twenty five taxa are excluded from the survey because they were mistakenly reported or not confirmed for the study area. The morphology, anatomy, ecology and known distribution of all treated taxa are discussed. Keys for the identification of genera and particular groups of the species are provided. Additional nomenclatural and taxonomic clarification include the typification of Thrombium lecideoides A. Massal., Verrucaria aquatilis var. aerimontana Servít and Verrucaria timkoii Servít, and the synonymy of Lithoicea nigrescens var. acrotella A. Massal. with Verrucaria nigrescens, Verrucaria amylacea f. compacta Arnold with Verrucaria amylacea, Verrucaria aquatilis var. aerimontana with Verrucaria aquatilis, Verrucaria atroviridis Servít with Verrucaria aquatilis, Verrucaria denudata f. dissulta Servít with Verrucaria funckii, Verrucaria elaeina var. determinata Körb. with Verrucaria praetermissa, Verrucaria elaeina var. effusa Korb. with Verrucaria submersella, Verrucaria hoffmanni Hepp with Bagliettoa marmorea, Verrucaria maura var. opaca Körb. with Hydropunctaria scabra, Verrucaria nigrofusca Servít with Verrucaria nigroumbrina, Verrucaria sublobulata var. robustior Servít with Verrucaria sublobulata, Verrucaria timkoii with Bagliettoa calciseda. The name Verrucaria funckiana is rejected because it proved illegitimate as it was nomenclaturally superfluous when published.
... occur mostly on soil, sometimes directly on rocks or in crevices and on ledges, and even living as parasites; most species occur on calcareous substrata. They are distributed mainly in temperate, semiarid or cold areas of both hemispheres (Breuss 1990a; Harada 1993; Breuss 1996a). Traditionally, many species included in Catapyrenium s. lat. ...
... Records from Andorra, Granada, La Rioja (Casares & Llimona 1984 *** Lower cortex cells (8) 13·8±2·7 (23) (9) 11·9±1·7 (15) ** (8) 13·8±2·7 (23) (5) 11·7±3·4 (18) ** Rhizohyphae (5) 6·6±0·8 (8) (5) 5·8±0·5 (7) *** (5) 6·6±0·8 (8) (4) 4·6±0·8 (6) *** Ascospore length (14) 17·8±1·8 (22) (12) 14·4±1·3 (17) *** (14) 17·8±1·8 (22) (9) 12·3±1·9 (17) *** Ascospore width (6) 7·9±1 (11) (6) 6·7±0·5 (8) *** (6) 7·9±1 (11) (5) 5·7±0·5 (7) *** Ascospore length/breadth ratio Bolea 1998; Burgaz et al. 2007) and Portugal (Sampaio 1924; Jansen 1993) could not be revised and are not included in the map (Fig. 4B). Catapyrenium cinereum is an arctic-alpine taxon, found in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, New Zealand and North and South America (Breuss 1993Breuss , 2001aBreuss , 2002a Harada 1993; Egea 1996). Thallus squamulose; squamules tightly contiguous , adnate or with slightly raised margins , forming a continuous thallus, small, 1–4 mm wide, finely crenulate; upper surface faintly pruinose, greenish grey to brownish, never darker at margins; lower surface dark, with dark rhizohyphae. ...
... 42 Notes. Anatomically, the specimen collected in Spain is very similar to the specimens described by Harada (1993), although the squamules are thicker and wider, and more lobate rather than sublinear as Harada described; in addition our specimen has a thin epinecral layer whereas the species was described as lacking this layer. We did not feel these differences were sufficient to justify describing a new species, so we include this specimen as N. cladonioideum. ...
A taxonomic treatment of the genera included in Catapyrenium s. lat. in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands is provided, based on study of c . 2000 specimens from both herbaria and fresh material collected by the authors from 2005 to 2009 in numerous localities.
A total of 33 species belonging to six of the eight genera included in Catapyrenium s. lat. are present in the region, which correspond to c . 80% of species from Europe. The genera are Anthracocarpon Breuss, Catapyrenium Flot. ( Catapyrenium s. str.), Heteroplacidium Breuss, Involucropyrenium Breuss, Neocatapyrenium H. Harada and Placidium A. Massal. The genus Neocatapyrenium is reported for the first time from this region. Clavascidium liratum , the only representative of the genus Clavascidium in the region, has been reduced to synonymy with Anthracocarpon virescens .
Heteroplacidium acervatum, H. congestum and Neocatapyrenium cladonioideum are new to Europe. Involucropyrenium pusillum , only previously known from Austria, I. waltheri , an arctic-alpine species, and Neocatapyrenium latzelii , known from Croatia and Greece, are cited for the first time in the Iberian Peninsula. Placidium subrufescens and P. tenellum, two mainly Mediterranean species, are also new records from the Iberian Peninsula. Placidium boccanum is here for the first time cited in Spain, and Anthracocarpon virescens , Heteroplacidium contumescens , Placidium imbecillum and P. michelii are new to Portugal. Most of the remaining species showed a considerable expansion of their known ranges. Placidium pyrenaicum is reduced to synonymy with P. velebiticum .
Keys to genera and species occurring in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands are presented.
... Flotow is a squamulose genus with perithecial ascomata belonging to the Verrucariaceae (Verrucariales, Ascomycota). The genus was split into eight genera (Harada 1993, Breuss 1996a), based on combinations of characters such as the type of pycnidium, ascus shape and arrangement of the ascospores, thallus anatomy and morphology (structure of the upper cortex and type of anchoring organs) and presence or absence of an involucrellum. Under this classification the eight genera of Catapyrenium s.l. are Anthracocarpon Breuss, Catapyrenium Flot. ...
... Anthracocarpon, Clavascidium, Heteroplacidium , Neocatapyrenium and Placidium develop a well defined eucortex, clearly differentiated from the medulla, and with larger cells (lachneum-type sensu Breuss 1990 Breuss , 1996a). Scleropyrenium is the only genus that has a pachydermatous upper cortex (Harada 1993). Another important character that segregates this complex is a Dermatocarpon-type pycnidium, present in Catapyrenium s. str. ...
... For example the internode supporting the sister relationship of Placocarpus schaereri and Verrucula received a bootstrap support value barely above 50% with wMP and below 50% with ML or the constrained relation between Catapyrenium cinereum and C. daedaleum was recovered only by wMP (FIG. 1Breuss 1990, Harada 1993). In addition C. dactylinum lacks a rhizohyphal weft (a constant feature in Catapyrenium s. str.), attaching to the substrate by its elongated basal ends. ...
The current classification of what used to be called Catapyrenium comprises eight genera belonging to distinct lineages in the Verrucariaceae. Previous phylogenetic studies have shown that the redefined genus Catapyrenium (Catapyrenium s. str.) is monophyletic and sister of Placidiopsis within the Staurothele group, but this relationship was based on only two species from each genus. We conducted a phylogenetic study of Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis as currently delimited to evaluate the monophyly of each genus and infer infrageneric relationships. An initial family level phylogenetic analysis based on the nuLSU locus and implementing a backbone constraint tree (with both weighted maximum parsimony and bootstrap maximum likelihood approaches) was performed to infer phylogenetic placements of Catapyrenium and Placidiopsis taxa not included in previous molecular systematic studies. The results of this analysis were used to define the ingroup for a second phylogenetic analysis based on nuITS and nuLSU and centered on Catapyrenium s. str. and Placidiopsis. Placidiopsis was found to be monophyletic, whereas Catapyrenium s. str. was not. Catapyrenium dactylinum was found to be closely related to Placopyrenium caeruleopulvinum and Placopyrenium stanfordii, all of which were closely related to Placocarpus schaereri and Verrucula. In addition we found genus Placopyrenium to be polyphyletic. The resulting trees confirmed that Catapyrenium s. str. (excluding C. dactylinum) and Placidiopsis constitute two sister monophyletic entities. The data do not support Placidiopsis cinerascens and P. tenella as two distinct species because no characters can be used to distinguish them. Thus P. tenella is here reduced to synonymy with P. cinerascens.
